Emerging evidence for potential role of Ca2+-ATPase-mediated calcium accumulation in symbiosomes of infected root nodule cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor M. Andreev
Keyword(s):  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Symbiotic Association ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Infected Root ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Given

Symbiosomes are organelle-like compartments responsible for nitrogen fixation in infected nodule cells of legumes, which are formed as a result of symbiotic association of soil bacteria rhizobia with certain plant root cells. They are virtually the only source of reduced nitrogen in the Earth’s biosphere, and consequently, are of great importance. It has been proven that the functioning of symbiosomes depends to a large extent on the transport of various metabolites and ions – most likely including Ca2+ – across the symbiosome membrane (SM). Although it has been well established that this cation is involved in the regulation of a broad spectrum of processes in cells of living organisms, its role in the functioning of symbiosomes remains obscure. This is despite available data indicating both its transport through the SM and accumulation within these compartments. This review summarises the results obtained in the course of studies on the given aspects of calcium behaviour in symbiosomes, and on this basis gives a possible explanation of the proper functional role in them of Ca2+.

scholarly journals A novel putative microtubule-associated protein is involved in arbuscule development during arbuscular mycorrhiza formation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania Ho-Plágaro ◽  
Raúl Huertas ◽  
María I Tamayo-Navarrete ◽  
Elison Blancaflor ◽  
Nuria Gavara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Root ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Filament Dynamics ◽  
Fungal Structure ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Mycorrhizal Development

Abstract The formation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis requires plant root host cells to undergo major structural and functional reprogramming in order to house the highly branched AM fungal structure for the reciprocal exchange of nutrients. These morphological modifications are associated with cytoskeleton remodelling. However, molecular bases and the role of microtubules (MTs) and actin filament dynamics during AM formation are largely unknown. In this study, the tomato tsb gene, belonging to a Solanaceae group of genes encoding MT-associated proteins for pollen development, was found to be highly expressed in root cells containing arbuscules. At earlier stages of mycorrhizal development, tsb overexpression enhanced the formation of highly developed and transcriptionally active arbuscules, while tsb silencing hampers the formation of mature arbuscules and represses arbuscule functionality. However, at later stages of mycorrhizal colonization, tsb OE roots accumulate fully developed transcriptionally inactive arbuscules, suggesting that the collapse and turnover of arbuscules might be impaired by TSB accumulation. Imaging analysis of the MT cytoskeleton in cortex root cells overexpressing tsb revealed that TSB is involved in MT-bundling. Taken together, our results provide unprecedented insights into the role of novel MT-associated protein in MT rearrangements throughout the different stages of the arbuscule life cycle.

BENEFITS OF NITROGENFIXATION TO THE NITROGENFIXING BACTERIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-43
Author(s):  
Shriya Phadnis
Keyword(s):  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Nitrogen Starvation ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Symbiotic Association ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Enzymatic Conversion ◽  
Mutualistic Symbiosis ◽  
Biological Nitrogen

The state of some plants being deprived from the availability of nitrogen causing nitrogen starvation leads to the phenomenon of Biological Nitrogen Fixation . Microorganisms are employed to enhance the availability of nitrogen to these plants. The major N2 - xing systems involve the symbiotic association between rhizobia soil bacteria and legumes. The enzymatic conversion of free nitrogen to ammonia occurs as a part of this symbiotic relationship. The signicant role of this phenomenon is enhancing the fertility of the soil and in the growth of the host plant that would otherwise be nitrogen limiting. This process has fascinated researchers in the agricultural sector for the yield of legume crops. This review article focuses on the benets that Rhizobium earns on being in mutualistic symbiosis with the leguminous plants.

scholarly journals Cooperation, Competition, and Specialized Metabolism in a Simplified Root Nodule Microbiome

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget L. Hansen ◽  
Rita de Cassia Pessotti ◽  
Monika S. Fischer ◽  
Alyssa Collins ◽  
Laila El-Hifnawi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Imaging Mass Spectrometry ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Specialized Metabolites ◽  
Brevibacillus Brevis

ABSTRACT Microbiomes associated with various plant structures often contain members with the potential to make specialized metabolites, e.g., molecules with antibacterial, antifungal, or siderophore activities. However, when and where microbes associated with plants produce specialized metabolites, and the potential role of these molecules in mediating intramicrobiome interactions, is not well understood. Root nodules of legume plants are organs devoted to hosting symbiotic bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen and have recently been shown to harbor a relatively simple accessory microbiome containing members with the ability to produce specialized metabolites in vitro. On the basis of these observations, we sought to develop a model nodule microbiome system for evaluating specialized microbial metabolism in planta. Starting with an inoculum derived from field-grown Medicago sativa nodules, serial passaging through gnotobiotic nodules yielded a simplified accessory community composed of four members: Brevibacillus brevis, Paenibacillus sp., Pantoea agglomerans, and Pseudomonas sp. Some members of this community exhibited clear cooperation in planta, while others were antagonistic and capable of disrupting cooperation between other partners. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–imaging mass spectrometry, we found that metabolites associated with individual taxa had unique distributions, indicating that some members of the nodule community were spatially segregated. Finally, we identified two families of molecules produced by B. brevis in planta as the antibacterial tyrocidines and a novel set of gramicidin-type molecules, which we term the britacidins. Collectively, these results indicate that in addition to nitrogen fixation, legume root nodules are likely also sites of active antimicrobial production.

Potential role of fungi and bacteria in Chinese fir replant soil

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qishui Zhang ◽  
John C. Zak
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Biotic Factors ◽  
Replant Problem

The role of soil fungi and Bacillus in the Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) replant problem was investigated. Several pathogenic fungi isolated were more abundant in replant than in non-replant woodland soil, but the species composition of soil bacteria showed no significant differences. Fumigation of replant soils with methyl bromide significantly increased the growth of Chinese fir compared with nonfumigated soils. Inoculation of steam-sterilized soil with the pathogenic fungi caused significant reduction of growth of Chinese fir seedlings, while amendment with bacteria from the soil had no effect on seedling growth. However, the combination of pathogenic fungi and bacteria greatly reduced plant growth and increased root rot compared with pathogenic fungi or bacteria alone. It is suggested that fungi alone or in combination with bacteria may be important biotic factors in the Chinese fir replant problem. Key words: fungi, bacteria, Chinese fir, replanted soil, seedling growth.

The rôle of aluminium in soil infertility and toxicity

1926 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 616-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Colloidal Systems ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Root Cells

1. The main results of soil investigations on the rôle of aluminium in soil infertility are reviewed, with particular regard to the physicochemical principles involved.2. Magistad's conclusion that soils or other nutrient media whose reaction values lie within the range pH 4·7 and pH 8·5 do not contain aluminium in soluble form, and are probably therefore not toxic to plants, is discussed in the light of modern knowledge of the properties of hydrous alumina and its peptisation phenomena.3. Dialysis experiments which have led to this generalisation are criticised on the grounds that they do not take into account the disturbing effect of dialysis on hydrous colloidal systems, and that dialyser membranes do not simulate plant-cell membranes.4. Aluminium may possibly penetrate plant-root cells, and, under certain conditions, may be translocated, within the plant body, in at least four different forms, namely, (a) simple ions, (b) more complex colloidal electrolytes, (c) co-ordinated complex anions, and (d) organo-compounds. These may conceivably be interconvertible.5. Aluminium appears to exert true toxic effect only when presented to plant roots as simple ions, or as the more soluble colloidal electrolytes. Apparently, the degree of toxicity varies for different plant species.6. The reaction conditions of nutrient media and of plant saps doubtless largely decide the form in which aluminium occurs therein. At reactions approaching the isoelectric point of hydrous alumina, toxic effects may never be exerted, although the assignation of a strict reaction-range applicable to all soils or nutrient media, and to all plant species, is probably inadmissible.7. Non-toxic forms of aluminium may apparently accumulate under certain conditions at definite tissue regions of certain plants, and may disturb their metabolic processes, disposing the plants to certain diseases.8. Within the reaction-range at which toxic aluminous solutes cannot exist in soils or other culture media, hydrogen-ions may exert controlling influence on plant growth, and may thus be of major significance in natural plant distribution, and in the behaviour of plants growing in normal agricultural soils.

scholarly journals Potential role of Zinc supplement in CVD and COVID-19 co-morbidity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Karim ◽  
Shahnaz Sultana ◽  
Rokaia Sultana ◽  
Mohammad Tariqur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Viral Replication ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Functional Expression ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Selective Treatment ◽  
Zinc Supplement ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
The Given

As far as the comorbidity is concerned, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) appear to be accounted for the highest prevalence, severity, and fatality among COVID 19 patients. A wide array of causal links connecting CVD and COVID-19 baffle the overall prognosis as well as the efficacy of the given therapeutic interventions. At the centre of this puzzle lies ACE2 that works as a receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 and functional expression of which is also needed to minimize vasoconstriction otherwise would lead to high blood pressure. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection seems to reduce the functional expression of ACE2. Given these circumstances, it might be advisable to consider a treatment plan for COVID-19 patients with CVD in an approach that would neither aggravate the vasodeleterious arm of RAAS nor compromise the vasoprotective arm of RAAS but is effective to minimize or if possible, inhibit the viral replication. A zinc supplement to the selective treatment plan, to be decided by the clinicians depending on the cardiovascular conditions of the patients, is hereafter proposed that might greatly enhance the therapeutic outcome. Notably, ACE2 is a zinc metalloenzyme and zinc is also known to inhibit viral replication.

POPDC proteins and cardiac function

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1393-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Brand
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Disease Genes ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Interaction Partners ◽  
And Function

Abstract The Popeye domain-containing gene family encodes a novel class of cAMP effector proteins in striated muscle tissue. In this short review, we first introduce the protein family and discuss their structure and function with an emphasis on their role in cyclic AMP signalling. Another focus of this review is the recently discovered role of POPDC genes as striated muscle disease genes, which have been associated with cardiac arrhythmia and muscular dystrophy. The pathological phenotypes observed in patients will be compared with phenotypes present in null and knockin mutations in zebrafish and mouse. A number of protein–protein interaction partners have been discovered and the potential role of POPDC proteins to control the subcellular localization and function of these interacting proteins will be discussed. Finally, we outline several areas, where research is urgently needed.

The Effect of Path Length and Display Size on Memory for Spatial Information

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Guérard ◽  
Sébastien Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Path Length ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Length Effect ◽  
Serial Memory ◽  
Fixed Reference ◽  
A Minor

In serial memory for spatial information, some studies showed that recall performance suffers when the distance between successive locations increases relatively to the size of the display in which they are presented (the path length effect; e.g., Parmentier et al., 2005) but not when distance is increased by enlarging the size of the display (e.g., Smyth & Scholey, 1994). In the present study, we examined the effect of varying the absolute and relative distance between to-be-remembered items on memory for spatial information. We manipulated path length using small (15″) and large (64″) screens within the same design. In two experiments, we showed that distance was disruptive mainly when it is varied relatively to a fixed reference frame, though increasing the size of the display also had a small deleterious effect on recall. The insertion of a retention interval did not influence these effects, suggesting that rehearsal plays a minor role in mediating the effects of distance on serial spatial memory. We discuss the potential role of perceptual organization in light of the pattern of results.

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