scholarly journals Comparative genomics in the wine bacterium Oenococcus oeni

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Anthony R Borneman ◽  
Eveline J Bartowsky
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Grape Juice ◽  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Oenococcus Oeni ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Spoilage Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Stability ◽  
Mouth Feel ◽  
By Products

The production of wine from grape juice relies on the combined actions of both yeast and bacteria which shape the aroma and flavour of wine through the production of secondary metabolites and the biochemical transformation of many grape-derived constituents. Whereas the principal wine yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is primarily involved in the alcoholic fermentation in which glucose and fructose are converted into alcohol, the wine bacterium, Oenococcus oeni, is primarily involved in a secondary fermentation reaction where malic acid is decarboxlyated into lactic acid. This conversion, known as malolactic fermentation (MLF), results in an increase in wine pH and reduction in the sourness of the wine, while also providing microbial stability through the reduction of potential carbon sources for wine spoilage bacteria such as Lactobacilli and Pediococci1. In addition to its primary role in performing MLF, the metabolic by-products produced during the growth of O. oeni in wine have been shown to positively contribute to the flavour and mouth feel of wines which have undergone MLF.

scholarly journals Characterization of Cold-Tolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cheongdo Using Phenotype Microarray

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 982
Author(s):  
Kyung-Mi Jung ◽  
Jongbeom Park ◽  
Jueun Jang ◽  
Seok-Hwa Jung ◽  
Sang Han Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Phenotype Microarray ◽  
Fermentation Performance ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cold Tolerant

The cold-tolerant yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is industrially useful for lager fermentation, high-quality wine, and frozen dough production. S. cerevisiae Cheongdo is a recent isolate from frozen peach samples which has a good fermentation performance at low temperatures and desirable flavor profiles. Here, phenotype microarray was used to investigate industrial potentials of S. cerevisiae Cheongdo using 192 carbon sources. Compared to commercial wine yeast S. cerevisiae EC1118, Cheongdo showed significantly different growth rates on 34 substrates. The principal component analysis of the results highlighted that the better growth of Cheongdo on galactose than on EC1118 was the most significant difference between the two strains. The intact GAL4 gene and the galactose fermentation performance at a low temperatures suggested that S. cerevisiae Cheongdo is a promising host for industrial fermentation rich in galactose, such as lactose and agarose.

scholarly journals Characterization of Alcohol-induced Filamentous Growth inSaccharomyces cerevisiae

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Lorenz ◽  
N. Shane Cutler ◽  
Joseph Heitman
Keyword(s):  
Cell Elongation ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Isoamyl Alcohol ◽  
Filamentous Growth ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Diploid Cells ◽  
By Products

Diploid cells of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae starved for nitrogen differentiate into a filamentous growth form. Poor carbon sources such as starches can also stimulate filamentation, whereas haploid cells undergo a similar invasive growth response in rich medium. Previous work has demonstrated a role for various alcohols, by-products of amino acid metabolism, in altering cellular morphology. We found that several alcohols, notably isoamyl alcohol and 1-butanol, stimulate filamentous growth in haploid cells in which this differentiation is normally repressed. Butanol also induces cell elongation and changes in budding pattern, leading to a pseudohyphal morphology, even in liquid medium. The filamentous colony morphology and cell elongation require elements of the pheromone-responsive MAPK cascade and TEC1, whereas components of the nutrient-sensing machinery, such as MEP2, GPA2, and GPR1, do not affect this phenomenon. A screen for 1-butanol–insensitive mutants identified additional proteins that regulate polarized growth (BUD8, BEM1, BEM4, and FIG1), mitochondrial function (MSM1, MRP21, and HMI1), and a transcriptional regulator (CHD1). Furthermore, we have also found that ethanol stimulates hyperfilamentation in diploid cells, again in a MAPK-dependent manner. Together, these results suggest that yeast may sense a combination of nutrient limitation and metabolic by-products to regulate differentiation.

scholarly journals Wine Yeast Peroxiredoxin TSA1 Plays a Role in Growth, Stress Response and Trehalose Metabolism in Biomass Propagation

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1537
Author(s):  
Víctor Garrigós ◽  
Cecilia Picazo ◽  
Emilia Matallana ◽  
Agustín Aranda
Keyword(s):  
Gene Deletion ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Thioredoxin Reductase ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Grape Juice ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Growth Stress ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Glycogen Accumulation

Peroxiredoxins are a family of peroxide-degrading enzymes for challenging oxidative stress. They receive their reducing power from redox-controlling proteins called thioredoxins, and these, in turn, from thioredoxin reductase. The main cytosolic peroxiredoxin is Tsa1, a moonlighting protein that also acts as protein chaperone a redox switch controlling some metabolic events. Gene deletion of peroxiredoxins in wine yeasts indicate that TSA1, thioredoxins and thioredoxin reductase TRR1 are required for normal growth in medium with glucose and sucrose as carbon sources. TSA1 gene deletion also diminishes growth in molasses, both in flasks and bioreactors. The TSA1 mutation brings about an expected change in redox parameters but, interestingly, it also triggers a variety of metabolic changes. It influences trehalose accumulation, lowering it in first molasses growth stages, but increasing it at the end of batch growth, when respiratory metabolism is set up. Glycogen accumulation at the entry of the stationary phase also increases in the tsa1Δ mutant. The mutation reduces fermentative capacity in grape juice, but the vinification profile does not significantly change. However, acetic acid and acetaldehyde production decrease when TSA1 is absent. Hence, TSA1 plays a role in the regulation of metabolic reactions leading to the production of such relevant enological molecules.

scholarly journals Molecular Basis of Fructose Utilization by the Wine Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a Mutated HXT3 Allele Enhances Fructose Fermentation

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 2432-2439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole Guillaume ◽  
Pierre Delobel ◽  
Jean-Marie Sablayrolles ◽  
Bruno Blondin
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Alcoholic Fermentation ◽  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Glycolytic Flux ◽  
Hexose Transporter ◽  
Wine Yeasts ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
High Fructose ◽  
Fructose Fermentation

ABSTRACT Fructose utilization by wine yeasts is critically important for the maintenance of a high fermentation rate at the end of alcoholic fermentation. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine yeast able to ferment grape must sugars to dryness was found to have a high fructose utilization capacity. We investigated the molecular basis of this enhanced fructose utilization capacity by studying the properties of several hexose transporter (HXT) genes. We found that this wine yeast harbored a mutated HXT3 allele. A functional analysis of this mutated allele was performed by examining expression in an hxt1-7Δ strain. Expression of the mutated allele alone was found to be sufficient for producing an increase in fructose utilization during fermentation similar to that observed in the commercial wine yeast. This work provides the first demonstration that the pattern of fructose utilization during wine fermentation can be altered by expression of a mutated hexose transporter in a wine yeast. We also found that the glycolytic flux could be increased by overexpression of the mutant transporter gene, with no effect on fructose utilization. Our data demonstrate that the Hxt3 hexose transporter plays a key role in determining the glucose/fructose utilization ratio during fermentation.

scholarly journals Maintenance of Mitochondrial Morphology Is Linked to Maintenance of the Mitochondrial Genome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genetics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 162 (3) ◽  
pp. 1147-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodor Hanekamp ◽  
Mary K Thorsness ◽  
Indrani Rebbapragada ◽  
Elizabeth M Fisher ◽  
Corrine Seebart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Mitochondrial Morphology ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
Dna Migration ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna Stability ◽  
Extragenic Suppressors

Abstract In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, certain mutant alleles of YME4, YME6, and MDM10 cause an increased rate of mitochondrial DNA migration to the nucleus, carbon-source-dependent alterations in mitochondrial morphology, and increased rates of mitochondrial DNA loss. While single mutants grow on media requiring mitochondrial respiration, any pairwise combination of these mutations causes a respiratory-deficient phenotype. This double-mutant phenotype allowed cloning of YME6, which is identical to MMM1 and encodes an outer mitochondrial membrane protein essential for maintaining normal mitochondrial morphology. Yeast strains bearing null mutations of MMM1 have altered mitochondrial morphology and a slow growth rate on all carbon sources and quantitatively lack mitochondrial DNA. Extragenic suppressors of MMM1 deletion mutants partially restore mitochondrial morphology to the wild-type state and have a corresponding increase in growth rate and mitochondrial DNA stability. A dominant suppressor also suppresses the phenotypes caused by a point mutation in MMM1, as well as by specific mutations in YME4 and MDM10.

The Cloning and Mapping of ADR6, a Gene Required for Sporulation and for Expression of the Alcohol Dehydrogenase II Isozyme From Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genetics ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-540
Author(s):  
Aileen K W Taguchi ◽  
Elton T Young
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Transcription Unit ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Recessive Mutation ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Upstream Activating Sequence ◽  
A Site

ABSTRACT The alcohol dehydrogenase II (ADH2) gene of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is not transcribed during growth on fermentable carbon sources such as glucose. Growth of yeast cells in a medium containing only nonfermentable carbon sources leads to a marked increase or derepression of ADH2 expression. The recessive mutation, adr6-1, leads to an inability to fully derepress ADH2 expression and to an inability to sporulate. The ADR6 gene product appears to act directly or indirectly on ADH2 sequences 3' to or including the presumptive TATAA box. The upstream activating sequence (UAS) located 5' to the TATAA box is not required for the Adr6- phenotype. Here, we describe the isolation of a recombinant plasmid containing the wild-type ADR6 gene. ADR6 codes for a 4.4-kb RNA which is present during growth both on glucose and on nonfermentable carbon sources. Disruption of the ADR6 transcription unit led to viable cells with decreased ADHII activity and an inability to sporulate. This indicates that both phenotypes result from mutations within a single gene and that the adr6-1 allele was representative of mutations at this locus. The ADR6 gene mapped to the left arm of chromosome XVI at a site 18 centimorgans from the centromere.

scholarly journals The Identification and Characterization of ADR6, a Gene Required for Sporulation and for Expression of the Alcohol Dehydrogenase II Isozyme From Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genetics ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-530
Author(s):  
Aileen K W Taguchi ◽  
Elton T Young
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Isocitrate Lyase ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Recessive Mutation ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Upstream Activating Sequence ◽  
Adh Activity ◽  
Identification And Characterization

ABSTRACT The alcohol dehydrogenase II isozyme (enzyme, ADHII; structural gene, ADH2) of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is under stringent carbon catabolite control. This cytoplasmic isozyme exhibits negligible activity during growth in media containing fermentable carbon sources such as glucose and is maximal during growth on nonfermentable carbon sources. A recessive mutation, adr6-1, and possibly two other alleles at this locus, were selected for their ability to decrease Ty-activated ADH2-6 c expression. The adr6-1 mutation led to decreased ADHII activity in both ADH2-6c and ADH2+ strains, and to decreased levels of ADH2 mRNA. Ty transcription and the expression of two other carbon catabolite regulated enzymes, isocitrate lyase and malate dehydrogenase, were unaffected by the adr6-1 mutation. adr6-1/adr6-1strains were defective for sporulation, indicating that adr6 mutations may have pleiotropic effects. The sporulation defect was not a consequence of decreased ADH activity. Since the ADH2-6c mutation is due to insertion of a 5.6-kb Ty element at the TATAA box, it appears that the ADR6+-dependent ADHII activity required ADH2 sequences 3′ to or including the TATAA box. The ADH2 upstream activating sequence (UAS) was probably not required. The ADR6 locus was unlinked to the ADR1 gene which encodes another trans-acting element required for ADH2 expression.

scholarly journals Screening and directed evolution of transporters to improve xylodextrin utilization in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenlu Zhang ◽  
Ligia Acosta-Sampson ◽  
Vivian Yaci Yu ◽  
Jamie H. D. Cate
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Directed Evolution ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Cellulosic Biofuel ◽  
Economic Production ◽  
Report Analysis ◽  
Selection Medium

AbstractThe economic production of cellulosic biofuel requires efficient and full utilization of all abundant carbohydrates naturally released from plant biomass by enzyme cocktails. Recently, we reconstituted the Neurospora crassa xylodextrin transport and consumption system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, enabling growth of yeast on xylodextrins aerobically. However, the consumption rate of xylodextrin requires improvement for industrial applications, including consumption in anaerobic conditions. As a first step in this improvement, we report analysis of orthologues of the N. crassa transporters CDT-1 and CDT-2. Transporter ST16 from Trichoderma virens enables faster aerobic growth of S. cerevisiae on xylodextrins compared to CDT-2. ST16 is a xylodextrin-specific transporter, and the xylobiose transport activity of ST16 is not inhibited by cellobiose. Other transporters identified in the screen also enable growth on xylodextrins including xylotriose. Taken together, these results indicate that multiple transporters might prove useful to improve xylodextrin utilization in S. cerevisiae. Efforts to use directed evolution to improve ST16 from a chromosomally-integrated copy were not successful, due to background growth of yeast on other carbon sources present in the selection medium. Future experiments will require increasing the baseline growth rate of the yeast population on xylodextrins, to ensure that the selective pressure exerted on xylodextrin transport can lead to isolation of improved xylodextrin transporters.

scholarly journals CAT8, a new zinc cluster-encoding gene necessary for derepression of gluconeogenic enzymes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1915-1922 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Hedges ◽  
M Proft ◽  
K D Entian
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Gene Activation ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Gluconeogenic Enzymes ◽  
Zinc Cluster ◽  
Promoter Fusion

The expression of gluconeogenic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (encoded by the FBP1 gene) depends on the carbon source. Analysis of the FBP1 promoter revealed two upstream activating elements, UAS1FBP1 and UAS2FBP1, which confer carbon source-dependent regulation on a heterologous reporter gene. On glucose media neither element was activated, whereas after transfer to ethanol a 100-fold derepression was observed. This gene activation depended on the previously identified derepression genes CAT1 (SNF1) (encoding a protein kinase) and CAT3 (SNF4) (probably encoding a subunit of Cat1p [Snf1p]). Screening for mutations specifically involved in UAS1FBP1 derepression revealed the new recessive derepression mutation cat8. The cat8 mutants also failed to derepress UAS2FBP1, and these mutants were unable to grow on nonfermentable carbon sources. The CAT8 gene encodes a zinc cluster protein related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gal4p. Deletion of CAT8 caused a defect in glucose derepression which affected all key gluconeogenic enzymes. Derepression of glucose-repressible invertase and maltase was still normally regulated. A CAT8-lacZ promoter fusion revealed that the CAT8 gene itself is repressed by Cat4p (Mig1p). These results suggest that gluconeogenic genes are derepressed upon binding of Cat8p, whose synthesis depends on the release of Cat4p (Mig1p) from the CAT8 promoter. However, gluconeogenic promoters are still glucose repressed in cat4 mutants, which indicates that in addition to its transcription, the Cat8p protein needs further activation. The observation that multicopy expression of CAT8 reverses the inability of cat1 and cat3 mutants to grow on ethanol indicates that Cat8p might be the substrate of the Cat1p/Cat3p protein kinase.

scholarly journals Cloning and characterization of BCY1, a locus encoding a regulatory subunit of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1371-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Toda ◽  
S Cameron ◽  
P Sass ◽  
M Zoller ◽  
J D Scott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Regulatory Subunit ◽  
Dependent Protein Kinase ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Regulatory Subunits ◽  
Dependent Protein

We have cloned a gene (BCY1) from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that encodes a regulatory subunit of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. The encoded protein has a structural organization similar to that of the RI and RII regulatory subunits of the mammalian cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Strains of S. cerevisiae with disrupted BCY1 genes do not display a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in vitro, fail to grow on many carbon sources, and are exquisitely sensitive to heat shock and starvation.

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