Riparian integrity affects diet and intestinal length of a generalist fish species

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Bolson Dala-Corte ◽  
Fernando Gertum Becker ◽  
Adriano Sanches Melo
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Riparian Zone ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Canopy Openness ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Intestinal Length ◽  
Terrestrial Insects ◽  
Autochthonous Production

Human activities in the riparian zone can affect the feeding of stream fish because they alter autochthonous production (periphyton, macrophytes and aquatic insects) and allochthonous inputs (terrestrial insects, leaves, seeds and fruits). In the present study we investigated how the diet and intestinal length of a persistent and generalist fish species (Bryconamericus iheringii, Characidae) responds to riparian modifications in 31 subtropical streams in southern Brazil. We hypothesised that intestinal length would be longer in populations inhabiting streams with converted riparian vegetation as a consequence of greater consumption of an indigestible and low-protein diet. Populations of B. iheringii from streams with a degraded riparian zone and reduced canopy cover had longer intestinal length (after accounting for body size), which was associated with decreased consumption of terrestrial plants and invertebrates and increased ingestion of filamentous algae, macrophytes and detritus. These results indicate that anthropic alteration of riparian zones and increased canopy openness trigger shifts in the diet and intestinal length of B. iheringii. The findings suggest that plasticity in intestinal length is an important characteristic to determine whether fish populations can persist in a variety of habitat conditions and cope with the digestion of a greater proportion of low-quality and low-protein food items in human-altered environments.

scholarly journals The effects of changes in nutritional demand on gastrointestinal parasitism in lactating rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Normanton ◽  
Jos G. M. Houdijk ◽  
Neil S. Jessop ◽  
Dave P. Knox ◽  
Ilias Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Nutrient Demand ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasitism

Lactating rats experience a breakdown of immunity to parasites, i.e. they carry larger worm burdens after re-infection compared to their non-lactating counterparts. Feeding high-protein foods to lactating rats results in reduced worm burdens. This could be attributed to changes in gastrointestinal environment or to overcoming effects of nutrient scarcity on host immunity. The latter hypothesis was addressed through a manipulation of nutrient demand by manipulating litter size. Twenty-three rats were immunized prior to mating and re-infected on day 2 of lactation with 1600 infective Nippostrongylus brasiliensis larvae. From parturition onwards, rats received ad libitum a low-protein food (100 g crude protein/kg). Litter sizes were standardised to nine (LS9), six (LS6) or three (LS3) pups, by day 2 of lactation. After a further 10 d, LS9 and LS6 rats carried more worms than LS3 rats. However, feeding treatments did not affect concentrations of mucosal inflammatory cells. Achieved feed intake did not differ consistently between the treatment groups. However, LS9 and LS6 rats lost weight, whilst LS3 rats gained weight during lactation. The results support the view that resistance to N. brasiliensis is sensitive to changes in nutrient demand, and the improved resistance to N. brasiliensis is likely due to effects of overcoming nutrient scarcity on host immunity.

scholarly journals Effect of land-use types on the ecomorphological structure of fish assemblage in distinct mesohabitats of neotropical streams

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Antunes Pessoa ◽  
Matheus Tenório Baumgartner ◽  
Marcelo Percilio Santana Junior ◽  
João Paulo Alves Pagotto ◽  
Luiz Gustavo Antunes Pessoa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Fish Assemblage ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Urban Streams ◽  
Land Use Types

Abstract The use and occupation of land by human population substantially influence environmental variables and fish assemblage in streams. However, there is little knowledge on how these changes affect the ecomorphological structure of fish assemblage in mesohabitats. Therefore, we aim to assess whether the land-use types affect the ecomorphological structure of fish assemblage in distinct mesohabitats. Environmental and ichthyofaunistic data were collected in three mesohabitats (rifles, runs, and pools) of five rural and five urban streams. Twenty-one ecomorphological indices were obtained from the mean of linear morphological measurements and areas of the fishes. Subsequently, the Euclidean distance was calculated, based on the ecomorphological indices, between each pair of species, to measure the ecomorphological distances for the mesohabitats of the rural and urban streams. The results show that the urban environment is more harmful to streams than the rural one, due to changes in the environmental variables and decrease in species richness. The main environmental changes found in urban streams were the decrease in canopy cover by riparian vegetation and dissolved oxygen, and the increase in electrical conductivity and bed silting. Also, there was a significant decrease in the morphological similarity between fish species in the mesohabitats of urban streams compared to rural ones. Therefore, we can conclude that the urban environment leads to the loss of morphologically similar fish species in the mesohabitats, with only a few functionally distinct species remaining.

scholarly journals Food resource variability in an Australian dryland river: evidence from the diet of two generalist native fish species

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sternberg ◽  
Stephen Balcombe ◽  
Jonathan Marshall ◽  
Jaye Lobegeiger
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Filamentous Algae ◽  
Boom And Bust ◽  
Dryland River ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Terrestrial Insects ◽  
Australian Fish ◽  
Resource Variability

To examine how food resource availability links with natural variation in primary productivity in the Moonie River, south-west Queensland, the diets of two native Australian fish species (Nematalosa erebi and Macquaria ambigua) were examined from fifteen waterholes in February, May and September 2006. N. erebi diets reflected strong ‘boom and bust’ patterns of food consumption, with high concentrations of benthic (non-filamentous) algae during boom (flow) times, moving to higher concentrations of filamentous algae and detritus during bust (no flow) periods. M. ambigua diets were primarily dominated by aquatic insects in all sampling periods. Although there was no clear ‘boom to bust’ pattern in relation to flow, M. ambigua secondary prey consumption revealed a compensatory switch between high energy prey (crustaceans) during more productive periods with terrestrial insects during less productive periods. The ability of both species of fish to switch from high to low concentrations of food quality under a variable environmental background allows them to persist through both high productive and low productive periods. This interaction between native biota and variable ‘boom’ and ‘bust’ conditions, and how changes to the natural hydrology will affect it is an important consideration of any future water resource development plans.

scholarly journals High Protein Food with Similar Phosphorus Content as Lower Protein Foods Increases Levels of Uremic Toxins

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 683-683
Author(s):  
Eden Ephraim ◽  
Dennis Jewell
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Treatment Period ◽  
Uremic Toxins ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Urine Ph ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the effect of feeding cats with reduced renal function a high protein food while maintaining phosphorus concentration across foods containing varying protein levels. Methods The study was conducted using 23 cats of 5–13 years of age with chronic kidney disease. After a 1 month washout period, cats were randomly assigned to one of the 6 groups of approximately 4 cats to receive 3 treatment foods, each for 111 days, in a sequence following the William's Latin Square design. The treatment foods contained on a dry matter basis, low (25.94%), medium (31.91%) or high (36.77%) protein and had similar other nutrient levels including Phosphorus. Average body weights were determined after each treatment period. Blood and urine samples were collected at the end of each treatment period to compare changes in levels of metabolites associated with progression of kidney disease. Results The consumption of the foods with different protein levels did not have an effect on body weight. Urine pH was significantly higher after cats were fed high protein food (P = 0.0003). Blood chemistry results showed that cats had significantly increased level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) after the consumption of the high protein food compared with the low protein food (P = 0.005). Increased urea levels were also confirmed from results of plasma metabolomics. Levels of microbial uremic toxins such as 3-indoxyl sulfate, 5-hydroxyindole sulfate, 6-hydroxyindole sulfate and 3-hydroxyindoline-one sulfate were significantly elevated after cats were fed high protein compared to both medium and low protein foods (P < 0.05). The glycine conjugate of butyric acid (butyrylglycine) was significantly lower in the plasma of cats fed the high protein compared to low protein food (P = 0.004). Levels of betaine were lower after feeding high protein compared to low (P = 0.001) and medium protein (P = 0.046) foods. Furthermore, cats had the lowest level of gamma-tocopherol/beta-tocopherol with high protein food compared to medium and low protein foods (P < 0.001). Conclusions Feeding high protein food to cats with chronic kidney disease leads to higher concentrations of uremic toxins in the blood. Funding Sources The study was funded by Hill's Pet Nutrition, Topeka, Kansas, USA.

Localization of mesenteric hyperemia during digestion in dogs

1976 ◽  
Vol 230 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
CC Chou ◽  
CP Hsieh ◽  
YM Yu ◽  
P Kvietys ◽  
LC Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Celiac Artery ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Jejunal Segment ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Mucosal Layer ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Jejunal Wall ◽  
Distribution Of Flow

For localization of the site of post-prandial mesenteric hyperemia, low-fat, low-protein food was placed in either the stomach, duodenum, or jejunum while blood flow was measured in the celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery (SMA), or jejunal vein of anesthetized dogs. Distribution of flow in the jejunal wall was also measured. After intragastric placement of food, celiac arterial flow increased within 5 min and remained elevated for 30-60 min; SMA flow increased within 30 min and stayed up for at least 3 h. Intra-duodenal infusion of digested food increased SMA flow but did not alter celiac flow or flow to an isolated jejunal segment. Placement of digested food into one jejunal segment increased flow to that segment did not affect flow was localized to the mucosal layer. These studies indicate that during digestion, blood flow increases in the mucosa of the intestine when exposed to chyme and is not changed in other areas of the gastrointestinal tract. Postprandial mesenteric hyperemia induced by low-fat, low-protein food is a local phenomenon.

scholarly journals Comparison of Glycomacropeptide with Phenylalanine Free-Synthetic Amino Acids in Test Meals to PKU Patients: No Significant Differences in Biomarkers, Including Plasma Phe Levels

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten K. Ahring ◽  
Allan M. Lund ◽  
Erik Jensen ◽  
Thomas G. Jensen ◽  
Karen Brøndum-Nielsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Synthetic Amino Acids ◽  
Vas Scores ◽  
Natural Peptide

Introduction. Management of phenylketonuria (PKU) is achieved through low-phenylalanine (Phe) diet, supplemented with low-protein food and mixture of free-synthetic (FS) amino acid (AA). Casein glycomacropeptide (CGMP) is a natural peptide released in whey during cheese-making and does not contain Phe. Lacprodan® CGMP-20 used in this study contained a small amount of Phe due to minor presence of other proteins/peptides.Objective. The purpose of this study was to compare absorption of CGMP-20 to FSAA with the aim of evaluating short-term effects on plasma AAs as well as biomarkers related to food intake.Methods. This study included 8 patients, who had four visits and tested four drink mixtures (DM1–4), consisting of CGMP, FSAA, or a combination. Plasma blood samples were collected at baseline, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes (min) after the meal. AA profiles and ghrelin were determined 6 times, while surrogate biomarkers were determined at baseline and 240 min. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used for evaluation of taste and satiety.Results. The surrogate biomarker concentrations and VAS scores for satiety and taste were nonsignificant between the four DMs, and there were only few significant results for AA profiles (not Phe).Conclusion. CGMP and FSAA had the overall same nonsignificant short-term effect on biomarkers, including Phe. This combination of FSAA and CGMP is a suitable supplement for PKU patients.

scholarly journals Notes on the ethnoicthyology of fishermen from the Tocantins river (Brazil)

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (0) ◽  
pp. 341-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Begossi ◽  
J. C. Garavello
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Fish Habitat ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Realized Niche ◽  
Folk Classification ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
Tocantins River

Ethnobiology includes the study of how populations perceive and classify organisms. This study focuses on the utilization and classification of fishes by fishermen from the Tocantins river. The study area is located between the cities of Imperatriz and Estreito (Maranhão and Tocantins States). Interviews with fishermen and collection of fish species were performed from October 1987 to June 1988. The criteria used by fishermen to classify fish species are mainly morphological, such as related to body shape and coloration. Fish habitat is also an information used in folk classification. Terrestrial plants and animals are a reference for some fish names. Fishermen showed a deeper knowledge and detailed classification of species of fish used for food, sale, or medicine. Folk classification represents the knowledge a population has on its environment, and it is more detailed on species which are part of its realized niche as indicated by this study.

scholarly journals Morphology of the digestive tract of Barbus xanthopterus and Ctenopharyngodon idella

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (0A) ◽  
pp. 187-196
Author(s):  
Abdulmotalib J. Al-Rudainy
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Intestinal Length ◽  
Pharyngeal Teeth ◽  
Mouth Width

The aim of this study is to detected the morphology of the alimentary canal in twofreshwater fish species, Gattan Barbus xanthopterus and Grass carp Ctenopharyngodo idellawhich belonged to cyprinidae.. Increasing in mouth width with body length. Generallypharyngeal teeth arranged according to the following formulas. Gattan : 4-3-2 and 2-3-4Grass carp: 2-5 and 4-2. Variations in the shape, size of pharyngeal teeth were noticed. Theyappear short and wide compact in gattan, but hard and serrated, comb like in grass carp.Different intestinal length were seen indicating differ in feeding natures.

scholarly journals The effects of condensed tannins supplementation of foods with different protein content on parasitism, food intake and performance of sheep infected withTrichostrongylus colubriformis

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 697-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spiridoula Athanasiadou ◽  
Ilias Kyriazakis ◽  
Frank Jackson ◽  
Robert L. Coop
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
And Performance

The aims of the present study were to investigate (1), the potential anthelmintic properties and (2), the nutritional consequences of commercially available condensed tannins on parasitised sheep fed,ad libitum, either a high- or a low-protein food. For this purpose, forty-eight previously parasite-naïve sheep (n12) were infected with 2000Trichostrongylus colubriformislarvae/d for a 67-d experimental period. Two experimental foods were made: a low (L), formulated to be inadequate in meeting the requirements of growing sheep for metabolisable protein (MP), and based on wheat, citrus pulp, and oatfeed; a high (H), expected to be above the requirements of growing sheep for MP, based on similar ingredients but supplemented with protected soyabean meal. Two additional foods were made by adding 60 gQuebracho(a condensed tannins (CT) extract)/kg fresh matter to foods L and H (foods LQ and HQ respectively). This level ofQuebrachosupplementation has been previously shown to reduce the level of parasitism in restrictedly fed, parasitised sheep. The experiment was divided into two periods: period 1 (P1, day 1–38) and period 2 (P2, day 39–67), each one associated with different phases of an intestinal parasitic infection. Six sheep from each group were slaughtered at the end of P1, and the remaining sheep were slaughtered at the end of P2(day 67). Although faecal egg counts (FEC; number of parasite eggs/g faeces) and total egg output were reduced in sheep offered the supplemented foods during P1(P<0·05), worm burdens on day 38 were unaltered. NeitherQuebrachosupplementation nor food protein content during P2affected FEC and worm burdens. Food intake and performance were higher in sheep offered food HQ compared with sheep offered food H (P<0·05); no differences were observed in sheep offered foods LQ and L throughout the experiment. The previously shown anthelmintic properties of CT were not observed followingad libitumintake of either low- or high-protein foods supplemented withQuebrachoextract. Higher levels of CT supplementation may be required to reduce parasitism and consequently improve the performance of parasitised sheep, when fedad libitum. Supplementation with CT conferred advantages on the performance of parasitised sheep on a high- but not on a low-protein food.

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