scholarly journals The effects of condensed tannins supplementation of foods with different protein content on parasitism, food intake and performance of sheep infected withTrichostrongylus colubriformis

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 697-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spiridoula Athanasiadou ◽  
Ilias Kyriazakis ◽  
Frank Jackson ◽  
Robert L. Coop
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
And Performance

The aims of the present study were to investigate (1), the potential anthelmintic properties and (2), the nutritional consequences of commercially available condensed tannins on parasitised sheep fed,ad libitum, either a high- or a low-protein food. For this purpose, forty-eight previously parasite-naïve sheep (n12) were infected with 2000Trichostrongylus colubriformislarvae/d for a 67-d experimental period. Two experimental foods were made: a low (L), formulated to be inadequate in meeting the requirements of growing sheep for metabolisable protein (MP), and based on wheat, citrus pulp, and oatfeed; a high (H), expected to be above the requirements of growing sheep for MP, based on similar ingredients but supplemented with protected soyabean meal. Two additional foods were made by adding 60 gQuebracho(a condensed tannins (CT) extract)/kg fresh matter to foods L and H (foods LQ and HQ respectively). This level ofQuebrachosupplementation has been previously shown to reduce the level of parasitism in restrictedly fed, parasitised sheep. The experiment was divided into two periods: period 1 (P1, day 1–38) and period 2 (P2, day 39–67), each one associated with different phases of an intestinal parasitic infection. Six sheep from each group were slaughtered at the end of P1, and the remaining sheep were slaughtered at the end of P2(day 67). Although faecal egg counts (FEC; number of parasite eggs/g faeces) and total egg output were reduced in sheep offered the supplemented foods during P1(P<0·05), worm burdens on day 38 were unaltered. NeitherQuebrachosupplementation nor food protein content during P2affected FEC and worm burdens. Food intake and performance were higher in sheep offered food HQ compared with sheep offered food H (P<0·05); no differences were observed in sheep offered foods LQ and L throughout the experiment. The previously shown anthelmintic properties of CT were not observed followingad libitumintake of either low- or high-protein foods supplemented withQuebrachoextract. Higher levels of CT supplementation may be required to reduce parasitism and consequently improve the performance of parasitised sheep, when fedad libitum. Supplementation with CT conferred advantages on the performance of parasitised sheep on a high- but not on a low-protein food.

scholarly journals The effects of changes in nutritional demand on gastrointestinal parasitism in lactating rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Normanton ◽  
Jos G. M. Houdijk ◽  
Neil S. Jessop ◽  
Dave P. Knox ◽  
Ilias Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Nutrient Demand ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasitism

Lactating rats experience a breakdown of immunity to parasites, i.e. they carry larger worm burdens after re-infection compared to their non-lactating counterparts. Feeding high-protein foods to lactating rats results in reduced worm burdens. This could be attributed to changes in gastrointestinal environment or to overcoming effects of nutrient scarcity on host immunity. The latter hypothesis was addressed through a manipulation of nutrient demand by manipulating litter size. Twenty-three rats were immunized prior to mating and re-infected on day 2 of lactation with 1600 infective Nippostrongylus brasiliensis larvae. From parturition onwards, rats received ad libitum a low-protein food (100 g crude protein/kg). Litter sizes were standardised to nine (LS9), six (LS6) or three (LS3) pups, by day 2 of lactation. After a further 10 d, LS9 and LS6 rats carried more worms than LS3 rats. However, feeding treatments did not affect concentrations of mucosal inflammatory cells. Achieved feed intake did not differ consistently between the treatment groups. However, LS9 and LS6 rats lost weight, whilst LS3 rats gained weight during lactation. The results support the view that resistance to N. brasiliensis is sensitive to changes in nutrient demand, and the improved resistance to N. brasiliensis is likely due to effects of overcoming nutrient scarcity on host immunity.

Diurnal food intake patterns of broiler chickens offered a choice of feed varying in protein content

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 85-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Shariatmadari ◽  
J.M. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
The Other ◽  
Meal Patterns ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Regulate Protein ◽  
Intake Regulation ◽  
Food Intake Patterns

The ability of broiler chickens to regulate protein intake when given a choice of high- and low-protein feeds has been demonstrated (Shariatmadari and Forbes, 1990). However, it is not know whether birds take several meals from one feed and then several from the other, or whether both feeds are taken in mixed meals. Therefore, to determine how protein intake regulation operates on a meal-to-meal basis, the meal patterns of broiler chickens were automatically recorded when they were offered two feeds of different protein content.

The response of weaner pigs to a choice of foods differing in protein content

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. V. Bradford ◽  
R. M. Gous
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Dietary Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Contents

AbstractTwo experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that young growing pigs between 7 and 25 kg live weight are capable of selecting a diet which closely matches their changing requirement for amino acids, when offered a choke between two balanced foods differing only in their protein content. In the first experiment, three single-food treatments (8·6,11·7 and 17·4 g lysine per kg food) and one choice-feeding treatment (8·6 v. 17·4 g lysine per kg food), were used. In the second experiment, three foods of similar nutrient composition (approx. 14·7 g lysine per kg food) were formulated using different ingredients (fish meal, soya-bean oilcake meal and a combination of sunflower-, cottonseed- and groundnut-oilcake meals). These were fed either alone or as a choice with each other or with a low protein food (8·3 g lysine per kg food) to test whether palatability or anti-nutritional factors would override the selection based on protein alone. In both experiments, 10 pigs were housed per pen, with males and females being penned separately. One food bin with a central partition was supplied per pen, and an initial 6-day training period was used, in which pigs experienced each of the two foods on offer, separately, at daily intervals. All pigs were weighed weekly, as was the amount of food consumed in each pen. The conclusions reached were that growing pigs are able to differentiate successfully between two foods on the basis of their amino acid contents, and of changing the selected diet to match their changing requirement for dietary amino acids. However, one of the foods on offer appeared to contain either anti-nutritive factors or unpalatable components, and whereas the piglets performed as well on this as on the other foods of similar nutrient content when these foods were offered as the sole source of food, they actively selected against this food when it was offered as a choice, even if this meant their growing at a significantly slower rate than that of which they were capable.

Phosphorus and the ruminant

1967 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 172-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Hemingway
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Retarded Growth

Phosphorus insufficiency in the ruminant is reflected in retarded growth, poor reproductive performance, reduced milk yield and wool growth, and impaired skeletal and dental health. Geographically widespread, it is associated with soils deficient in available phosphorus, with a preponderance of poorer grasses and a paucity of legumes in the herbage and in general with a low protein content in the food intake. Aphosphorosis may be corrected by supplementary feeding with phosphatic minerals.

Studies with the Australian Cashmere Goat. I. Growth and digestion in male and female goats given pelleted diets varying in protein content and energy level

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 957 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Ash ◽  
BW Norton
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Cashmere Goat ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Cashmere Goats ◽  
Ad Libitum

Some aspects of growth and digestion were studied in Australian cashmere goats in two experiments. In the first experiment, weaner goats (initial LW 13.4 kg) were given three ground and pelleted diets (11.3, 16.0, and 20.9% crude protein) at two levels of intake. Growth rates were highest in males fed the high protein (HP) diet ad libitum (149 g day-1) and lowest in females consuming the low protein (LP) diet at restricted intakes (30 g day-1). Increasing the protein content of the diet resulted in significantly greater liveweight gains, although the improved growth could be largely attributed to increased intake rather than to enhanced feed efficiency. Males grew faster, retained more nitrogen and used feed with greater efficiency than did females. A second experiment with fistulated goats (mean liveweight 16.4 kg) fed the LP and HP diets from experiment 1 showed that organic matter (OM) digestion was greater in goats fed the LP diet (67.9% v. 65.3%). In contrast, the proportion of OM digestion which occurred in the stomach was greater for goats fed the HP diet (76.7 v. 57.4%). For both diets all of the cellulose and hemicellulose digestion took place in the rumen; however, substantial amounts of starch escaped rumen digestion. Large losses of nitrogen across the rumen (4.9 g day-1) in goats given the Hp diet resulted in reduced flows (11.1 g day-1) of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) to the small intestine, compared with the LP diet (12.7 g day-1). Digestion of NAN in the intestines was greater in animals consuming the LP diet, possibly reflecting the greater intestinal contribution made by non-microbial NAN. For both diets the ratio of protein to energy available (11.0 and 10.2 g protein MJ-1 ME for LP and HP diets respectively) was estimated to be in excess of maximum tissue requirements for growth.

Dietary Sulphur Amino Acid Adequacy Influences Glutathione Synthesis and Glutathione-Dependent Enzymes during the Inflammatory Response to Endotoxin and Tumour Necrosis Factor-α in Rats

1997 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma A. L. Hunter ◽  
Robert F. Grimble
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Tumour Necrosis Factor ◽  
Tumour Necrosis ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Glutathione Synthesis ◽  
Sulphur Amino Acid ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Necrosis Factor

1. Glutathione concentrations in liver and lung fall when food intake or sulphur amino acid intake is inadequate. However, concentrations may be restored during inflammation, despite anorexia, provided that prior sulphur amino acid intake is adequate. 2. We studied the mechanisms of these changes by measuring the effect of sulphur amino acid and protein intake on hepatic glutathione synthesis and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity, hepatic and lung glutathione concentrations, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase activities in young rats given an inflammatory challenge by intraperitoneal injection of tumour necrosis factor-α or endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide). 3. Diets containing 200 g of casein and 8 g of l-cysteine/kg (normal-protein diet), or 80 g of casein and 8 g of l-cysteine, or isonitrogenous amounts of l-methionine or l-alanine (low-protein diets) were fed ad libitum to young Wistar rats for 8 days. Dietary groups were subdivided into three: one subgroup continued feeding ad libitum, a second was given tumour necrosis factor or lipopolysaccharide and killed 24 h thereafter, while the third was pair-fed to the intakes of the second subgroup for 24 h before being killed. 4. Glutathione concentrations in liver and lung were reduced in rats fed the low-protein diet containing alanine, and in all dietary groups when food intake was restricted. The inflammatory challenges restored hepatic glutathione concentrations in all groups but the diet supplemented with alanine, which had an inadequate sulphur amino acid content. In lung, restoration occurred only in animals fed the normal-protein diet. 5. The activity of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, which is rate limiting for glutathione synthesis, was unaffected by dietary or sulphur amino acid intake or by the inflammatory response. Substrate supply may therefore be a major determinant in glutathione synthesis in vivo. 6. Total hepatic glutathione synthesis was affected by food intake, the type and amount of sulphur amino acids in the diet and by inflammation. Total synthesis was 207, 137, 421 and 90 μmol/day for animals fed ad libitum the normal-protein diet, or low-protein diets supplemented with cysteine, methionine or alanine respectively, ad libitum. Pairfeeding resulted in values of 76, 31, 71, and 0 μmol/day respectively. After lipopolysaccharide injection, rates increased to 200, 117, 151 and 56 μmol/day respectively. 8. Reductase and peroxidase activities increased in liver and lung, when low-protein diets which contained supplemental methionine or alanine were consumed ad libitum. A reduction in food intake resulted in enzyme activity changes, which suggested that recycling of glutathione increased in lung and decreased in liver. Injection of tumour necrosis factor reversed this effect. 9. The restoration of glutathione concentrations in liver after an inflammatory challenge is closely associated with an enhanced rate of synthesis and increased recycling. The former is impaired when inadequate sulphur amino acid is consumed before the challenge. In lung, increased recycling of glutathione may help maintain concentrations when food intake is restricted, but not during inflammation.

Interactions of Dietary Fiber and Protein on Food Intake and Body Composition of Growing Rats

1958 ◽  
Vol 193 (3) ◽  
pp. 488-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Excess Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Growing Rats ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Energy Portion

The addition of cellulose to the diet increases protein needs as measured by gains in the fat-free body of ad libitum and pair-fed growing rats. This was attributed to loss of metabolic fecal nitrogen induced by dietary cellulose addition. It was demonstrated that 30% cellulose addition to the diet caused a need for about 1.85% additional dietary crude casein. Rats fed very low protein rations had a larger portion of their gain as fat because their intake of energy was high in relation to protein intake. This excess energy therefore limited an increase in food intake by which the animal might obtain more protein from these low protein rations. When cellulose replaced the energy portion of the diet (sucrose), food intake increased because the animal no longer needed to dispose of the excess energy as body fat or heat. Therefore, protein in low protein rations influences food intake indirectly through its ratio to available dietary energy.

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