Water quality variations during a flood event in the Annan River, North Queensland.

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
BT Hart ◽  
G Day ◽  
A Sharp-Paul ◽  
T Beer
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Base Flow ◽  
Flood Event ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Dominant Influence

Variations in water quality (conductivity, pH, suspended solids, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO4, HCO3 and Si) during a major flood event that occurred in the Annan River, north Queensland, on 21 March 1985 are reported. Factor analysis showed that dilution of base flow concentrations by surface runoff was the dominant influence during the rising stage of the flood event, possibly with some flushing of ions from the surface layers of the catchment soils also occurring. At low river flow, the water quality was dominated by that in ground water and possibly interflow. Heavy metals were mostly transported in particulate forms (Fe 99%; Mn 95%; Pb, Zn, Sn c. 80%; Cu c. 60%). Filterable metal concentrations were low and changed little with flow.

scholarly journals Determination of the Environmental Flow Using the Modern Optimization Methods for Release Flow based on Game Theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Foroughian ◽  
Ehsan Derikvand ◽  
Hossein Eslami ◽  
Saeb Khoshnavaz
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Game Theory ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Environmental Flow ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Base Flow ◽  
Water Release ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Good Potential

Abstract To prevent environmental risks and preserve water quality, it is necessary to determine the environmental flow of rivers. Water release from reservoirs can be used to determine the environmental flow and water quality at the downstream of a dam. In this study, considering the quantitative and qualitative objectives, water release from Dez dam was suggested as a way for preserving the environment of river. To identify the optimal release flow of Dam, an environmental zone was determined using the hydrological methods of Tennant and aquatic base flow. The Qual-2k model was used to simulate 6 quality parameters in River. The results proved its good potential for simulation of the studied quality parameters including BOD. The optimal river flow was determined by Game theory, and different qualitative and quantitative scenarios were studied using the Nash multiplying function. The results showed, with increases in qualitative and quantitative objectives of the problem, the optimal release flows are decreased and increased, respectively.

Magela Creek system, northern Australia. I. 1982-83 wet-season water quality

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
BT Hart ◽  
EM Ottaway ◽  
BN Noller
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Base Flow ◽  
Flood Event ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Wet Season

The particularly late wet season in 1982-83 provided a unique opportunity to study the dry-to-wet season transition in Magela Creek, a tropical creek and wetlands system in northern Australia. The first water to flow down and across the floodplain was characteristically quite acidic (pH c. 4-5), with a high conductivity (c. 750 �S cm-1) and high sulfate concentration (c. 200 mg I-1). The source of the sulfate, acidity and dissolved salts is groundwater brought to the surface (mainly in depressions on the floodplain, e.g. pools and channels) by rising watertables, and then flushed from these by the slowly advancing flood waters. The end of the dry season is a time of particular stress for the biota living in these billabongs, and many fish kills have been noted at around the time this 'first flush' water enters. In most years, this poor-quality water would be rapidly flushed out, in a few days at the most, from the billabongs by subsequent flood- flows down Magela Creek. However, in 1983, the next flood event did not occur until almost 1 month after the first flush had occurred. During the main wet season, the water transported by Magela Creek was slightly acidic (mean pH 5,2), with a very low conductivity (c. 5-17 �S cm-1) and low concentrations of suspended solids (c. 4-59 mg I-1), major ions and trace metals (iron, manganese, copper, lead, zinc, uranium). There was a general decrease in the mean concentration of each determin and with each succeeding flood event. This was most noticeable in the case of suspended solids and conductivity, and was attributed to an 'exhaustion effect' where greater amounts of suspended solids and soluble salts (in the upper soil layers) were available in the early part of the wet season. The composition of the creek water was very similar to that of rainwater falling in the catchment, with two major exceptions. First, the rainwater was considerably more acidic (pH 3.6-4.9), due mainly to the presence of weak organic acids such as formic and acetic acids. This acidic rainwater was partially neutralized by interaction with catchment soils. Second, the concentrations of all nutrients (total phosphorus, nitrate-nitrogen and ammonia-nitrogen) were considerably higher in the rainwater. There was a significant removal (over 90%) of phosphorus, ammonia and nitrate from the rainwater, probably due to uptake by the ground vegetation known to proliferate in the catchment during the wet season. Factor analysis indicated that dilution of the base flow, presumably by surface runoff of rainwater, was the dominant component during both the rising and falling stages of each flood event. Radionuclide activity in composite water samples taken over the five flood events revealed that the total activity of both 226Ra and 210Pb was low, with greater than 58% of both radionuclides being in filterable forms.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF DREDGING ON DOWNSTREAM WATER QUALITY: EKOLE CREEK, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 17-25
Author(s):  
Opololaoluwa Oladimarum Ogunlowo ◽  
Churchill Ebinimitei Simon
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Total Dissolve Solid ◽  
Total Suspended Solids ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Downstream User

Water is essential part of ecosystem, so its quality must be ascertained for use especially in Ekole creek of Nigeria where dredging activities is heavy, hence this study examined the dredging effect on the downstream water quality of Ekole creek. Water samples were collected from four points which are; Upstream, Dredge I, Dredge II, and Downstream points. The parameters of the water quality determined showed that Turbidity and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) were higher at the Downstream point with values of 31 NTU and 1664 mg/l respectively; pH was also slightly acidic (6.61); but low in Total Dissolve Solid (TDS), Electrical Conductivity,  Nitrate (NO3) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO), as compare to the Upstream. The values of the  heavy metals like Pb (3.845 mg/l), Cr (0.612 mg/l) Ni (0.104 mg/l) and Cu (0.128 mg/l),  at Downstream point, were above Pb (3.0605 mg/l), Cr (0.0 mg/l), Ni (0.017 mg/l) and Cu (0.102 mg/l) of  the Upstream point,before the Dredging points I and II, that have  correlative matrix of(Pb>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu>Ni>Cr) and  Pb>Fe>Cr>Mn>Zn>Cu>Ni Downstream point. Is discovered the Downstream water is slightly acidic, high in Turbidity and TSS, but low in TDS, EC, NO3 and DO, as against the WHO drinking-water quality, due the effect of dredging on the water quality of the Ekole Creek. It is inferred that the dredging activities have negative effects on the water quality, which can be hazardous to the health of downstream user, and distort the ecosystem; therefore the commercial dredging activities should be checked in Ekole creek.

scholarly journals Revealing the Surge Phenomena Contribution of the Heavy Metals Inflow to the River Don Delta

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Sheverdyaev ◽  
A. V. Kleschenkov ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Suspended Matter ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Surge Phenomena ◽  
Variable Water ◽  
Taganrog Bay

Purpose. The aim of the investigation is to evaluate the surge phenomena effect upon the heavy metals inflow to the Don Delta based on analysis of the archival and expedition data, as well as using mathematical modeling. Methods and Results. To achieve the purpose, the Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) mathematical hydrodynamic model and the original model of the heavy metal compounds’ transfer and transformation in the Don Delta, developed by S. V. Berdnikov were applied. The models included the irregular grid for the Don Delta region with the average resolution 100 × 100 m. The grid cells were grouped into the compartments according to the hydrological principle. Twelve scenarios of dynamics of the suspended solids, and the dissolved and suspended forms of Ni, Cu, Pb and Cd were calculated for the surges of various intensity under the conditions of variable water content and seasonal dynamics of near-water vegetation. In accordance with the scenarios, the graphs showing the changes in the suspended matter content and accumulation, and the maps of the deposited substance distribution resulted from the surges in the delta were constructed. During two days the calculations for which include the surges of varying repeatability and the variable water content, about 0.3–3 t of nickel compounds, 0.1–1.8 t of copper compounds, 0.2–1.8 t of lead compounds and 0.01–0.04 t of cadmium ones deposit in Don. The obtained results made it possible to reveal two regions where the increased accumulation of the precipitated suspended matter and the heightened concentrations of the heavy metal dissolved forms were observed: the interfluve of the Don shipping channel, and the systems of the rivers Kalancha and Kuterma branches. Conclusions. As for their influence upon formation of the flow of the heavy metal suspended forms, the surge phenomena surpass the river flow. The suspended matter concentration in the Taganrog Bay waters during the surges is the governing factor for the heavy metals inflow to the Don Delta. At the same time, the regions characterized by the highest suspended solids sedimentation and the increased concentrations of the heavy metal dissolved forms are the closest to the Taganrog Bay areas covered by reed vegetation.

scholarly journals Performance evaluation of a sediment control pond

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Pyatt
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Design Criteria ◽  
Sediment Control

Current erosion and sediment control practices include the use of sediment control ponds that are designed using the 1994 Ministry of the Environment (MOE) Stormwater Management Practices and Design Manual. These design criteria aim at reducing pollutant loads from developed areas. However, the effectiveness of these design criteria when used for areas undergoing construction has yet to be determined in the field. Thus, this thesis is a performance evaluation of a sediment control pond that was designed using the 1994 MOE stormwater design criteria. The objectives of this thesis include the characterization of the runoff and sediments entering, depositing, and leaving the sediment control pond during the construction phase, and the evaluation of the sediment removal efficiencies of the pond. Generally, the pond was successful in reducing many of the pollutants transported to the pond from the catchment area. Suspended solids were the primary pollutants monitored. Heavy metals and general water quality parameters such as chemical oxygen demand, pH, and alkalinity were also monitored. Suspended solids concentrations were high exiting the pond during several events. The particle size distribution predominantly consisted of fine particles. Most heavy metals including beryllium, cadmium, lead, and nickel were reduced in concentration to levels under their Provincial Water Quality Objectives (PWQO). However, some heavy metals had concentrations above their PWQO when exiting the pond.

scholarly journals Use of principal component analysis, factor analysis and discriminant analysis to evaluate spatial and temporal variations in water quality of the Mekong River

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangam Shrestha ◽  
Futaba Kazama ◽  
Takashi Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Total Suspended Solids ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Mekong River

Multivariate statistical techniques, such as principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA) and discriminant analysis (DA), were applied for the evaluation of temporal/spatial variations and the interpretation of a large complex water quality dataset of the Mekong River using data sets generated during 6 years (1995–2000) of monitoring of 18 parameters (16,848 observations) at 13 different sites. The results of PCA/FA revealed that most of the variations are explained by dissolved mineral salts along the whole Mekong River and in individual stations. Discriminant analysis showed the best results for data reduction and pattern recognition during both spatial and temporal analysis. Spatial DA revealed 8 parameters (total suspended solids, calcium, sodium, alkalinity, chloride, iron, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus) and 12 parameters (total suspended solids, calcium, sodium, potassium, alkalinity, chloride, sulfate, iron, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, silicon, dissolved oxygen) are responsible for significant variations between monitoring regions and countries, respectively. Temporal DA revealed 3 parameters (conductivity, alkalinity, nitrate nitrogen) between monitoring regions; 3 parameters (total suspended solids, conductivity, silicon) in midstream region; and 2 parameters (conductivity, silicon) in upstream, lower stream and delta region which are the most significant parameters to discriminate between the four different seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter). Thus, this study illustrates the usefulness of principal component analysis, factor analysis and discriminant analysis for the analysis and interpretation of complex datasets and in water quality assessment, identification of pollution sources/factors, and understanding of temporal and spatial variations of water quality for effective river water quality management.

Phosphorus and Metal Contaminant Transport in Two Southern Ontario Rivers: the Grand River and its Tributary, the Nith River

1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Mayer ◽  
E. Delos Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
High Flows ◽  
Grand River

Abstract Water samples and suspended sediments from two southern Ontario rivers, the Grand River and its tributary, the Nith River, were analyzed to investigate the role of suspended sediments in the transport of phosphorus and metals from tributaries. Water samples were analyzed for total suspended solids, total phosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, chloride and heavy metal concentrations. Suspended sediments were analyzed for forms of phosphorus, total and organic carbon, and heavy metals. Concentrations of total phosphorus and heavy metals in water were elevated during high flows (spring snowmelt and episodes of intensive rain events), which are characterized by high concentrations of suspended solids. On average, about half of the total phosphorus in the water (60 and 54% in the Grand and Nith rivers, respectively) was transported in the particulate form, of which about 20% is in a form that would be potentially available for biological utilization upon depletion of soluble P. Biologically inert apatite-P accounted for 25 and 19% of the total particulate P in suspended sediments from the Grand and Nith rivers, respectively, indicating that between one-fifth and one-quarter of the tributary particulate P flux is of little environmental significance. This form of particulate P showed positive correlation with discharge, indicating increased contribution of this form of P during high flows due to the channel scouring and bank erosion. This finding has important implications for the refinement of P load calculations, since it is during the wet years that P loads to the Great Lakes exceed target loads stipulated by the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, mainly because of increased tributary P contributions. Except for apatite-P in suspended sediments from the Grand River, no statistically significant intersite differences were found in water and sediment chemistry, suggesting that there are no important sources or sinks of available phosphorus and metals between the monitored sites. River inputs from sewage treatment plants and urban runoff appear to have little effect on water quality. The lack of significant site differentiation in suspended sediments chemistry also reflects the absence of any significant chemical and/or biological processing of particles in transit and the similarity of sediment sources.

scholarly journals Temporal variability of two contrasting transient pollution events in a pastoral stream

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 1053-1063
Author(s):  
P. T. Yillia ◽  
N. Kreuzinger ◽  
K. K. Mwetu
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Base Flow ◽  
Channel Processes ◽  
Total N ◽  
Transient Event ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Transient Events ◽  
Pollution Events ◽  
Total P

Two transient pollution events were monitored in a pastoral stream in southwestern Kenya to evaluate their relative contribution to diffuse pollution. Peak loads of pollutants during storm-induced transients were within 3–4 orders of magnitude higher than the short-lived (30–60 minutes) diurnal episodes provoked by in-stream activities of people and livestock. Transient yields were striking during storm-induced events; 778,000, 8,400, 550 and 100 kg day−1 for suspended solids, BOD5, total P and total N, respectively, compared to wet weather base flow (150, 30, 0.8 and 1.4 kg day−1, for the same parameters, respectively). Two forms of concentration-discharge relationships were observed: increases in concentration for turbidity, suspended solids, BOD5, total P and the faecal indicator bacteria at the peak of the stream hydrograph, and concurrent decreases in concentration for conductivity and total N. Following each storm-induced transient event, a marked improvement in water quality was observed within 48–72 hrs of the receding limb of the stream hydrograph before the next base low was established. It was concluded that storm-induced transients are exceedingly important for the mobilization of pollutants from diffuse sources but both transient events affect stream-channel processes, especially water quality, with the possibility of attendant consequences on the health of riparian inhabitants.

scholarly journals Revealing the Surge Phenomena Contribution of the Heavy Metals Inflow to the River Don Delta

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Sheverdyaev ◽  
A. V. Kleschenkov ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Suspended Matter ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Surge Phenomena ◽  
Variable Water ◽  
Taganrog Bay

Purpose. The aim of the study is to evaluate the surge phenomena effect on the heavy metals inflow to the Don Delta based on the archival and expedition data analysis, as well as using mathematical modeling. Methods and Results. To achieve the purpose, the Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) mathematical hydrodynamic model and the original model of the heavy metal compounds’ transfer and transformation in the Don Delta, developed by S. V. Berdnikov were applied. The models included the irregular grid for the Don Delta region with the average resolution 100 × 100 m. The grid cells were grouped into the compartments according to the hydrological principle. Twelve scenarios of dynamics of the suspended solids, and the dissolved and suspended forms of Ni, Cu, Pb and Cd were calculated for the surges of various intensity under the conditions of variable water content and seasonal dynamics of near-water vegetation. In accordance with the scenarios, the graphs showing the changes in the suspended matter content and accumulation, and the maps of the deposited substance distribution resulted from the surges in the delta were constructed. During two days the calculations for which include the surges of varying repeatability and the variable water content, about 0.3–3 t of nickel compounds, 0.1–1.8 t of copper compounds, 0.2–1.8 t of lead compounds and 0.01–0.04 t of cadmium ones deposit in Don. The obtained results made it possible to reveal two regions where the increased accumulation of the precipitated suspended matter and the heightened concentrations of the heavy metal dissolved forms were observed: the interfluve of the Don shipping channel, and the systems of the Kalancha and Kuterma river branches. Conclusions. As for their influence upon formation of the flow of the heavy metal suspended forms, the surge phenomena surpass the river flow. The suspended matter concentration in the Taganrog Bay waters during the surges is the governing factor for the heavy metals inflow to the Don Delta. At the same time, the regions characterized by the highest suspended solids sedimentation and the increased concentrations of the heavy metal dissolved forms are the closest to the Taganrog Bay areas covered by reed vegetation.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF IRRIGATION IN RIVER VALLEYS TO DEVELOP WATER QUALITY, PRODUCTION OF BIOMASS AND SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT - CASE STUDY

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Józef MOSIEJ ◽  
Teresa SUCHECKA
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
River Water ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
River Flow ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Average Flow ◽  
Natural Flow

Ner river and its valley for over 170 years has been receiver for sewages from the city of Łódź. The natural system of this region (on the border of the watershed location, limitations of water supplies sources, lack of bigger natural rivers) in connection to city growth, lead to forming of specific system involving an agglomeration and water supplies system as well as wastewaters utilization system. The Ner river valley has the great potential to be effective in production biomass for energy purposes. Irrigation with polluted Ner river water cover fast growing plants high water and nutritional requirements. This would also work for the improvement of Ner river water quality. The achievement of good quality of water is not possible without irrigation of agricultural land in river valley. An amount of sewage discharged to Ner (193,017 m³ per day) several times higher then its natural flow in river. This is a result of strategy of water supply that is supported by transfer of water from Pilica river and underground water uptake for agglomeration. Relatively high runoff coefficient in years 1952 – 2011 was equal to 0.325 for Ner, in comparison to 0.17 for other rivers in Warta watershed. Despite the low natural flow Ner river discharges annually relatively high contaminants’ load to Warta river. In the analysed period (1995-2003) the annual average flow of Ner river amounted 10 % of annual average Warta river flow below its estuary. The share of analysed indicators of contaminants’ load approximated 27 % for total nitrogen, 37 % for phosphorus, 39 % for BOD5 and 28% for suspended solids. In the period 2004-2011 the annual average flow of Ner river amounted 13.8 % of annual average Warta river flow. The share of investigated pollutants loads consists 27.9 % for total nitrogen, 42.6 % for phosphorus, 19.8 % for BOD5 and 19.6 % for suspended solids.

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