Methylation of arsenic in vitro by cell extracts from bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis): effect of acute exposure of plants to arsenate

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
JieHua Wu ◽  
Ren Zhang ◽  
Ross McC. Lilley
Keyword(s):  
Acute Exposure ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Cell Extracts ◽  
Agrostis Tenuis ◽  
Mammalian Tissues ◽  
Methylation Activity

Compared with microorganisms and mammalian tissues, information is scant on the enzymes responsible for arsenic metabolism in plants. This study investigated the arsenic methylation activities extractable from leaves and roots of Agrostis tenuis Sibth. plants grown in complete nutrient media and exposed to arsenate (135–538 M) for 3 d before harvesting. Methylation activity was determined in leaf and root extracts using an in vitro assay based onS-[3H-methyl]adenosyl-L-methionine (3H-SAM) with either arsenite or arsenate as substrate. Arsenite methylation activity was low in leaf extracts from plants not exposed to arsenate, but was greatly enhanced after acute exposure, with the induced methylation activity greatest in extracts from plants exposed to 269 M arsenate. Monomethylarsonate (MMA) was the predominant early product, but over longer assay times dimethylarsinate (DMA) accumulated at the rate of 660 amol mg protein–1 min–1 to levels exceeding MMA. With arsenate as substrate, methylation activity was much lower than with arsenite, implying that arsenite is the preferred substrate for methylation. Root extract assays exhibited no DMA, however small amounts of MMA were formed with arsenite as substrate. In contrast to leaves, the methylation activity did not increase in root extracts from plants exposed to arsenate. These findings suggest that arsenate in the plant growth medium was taken up by the roots and converted to arsenite before methylation proceeded in the leaves, accompanied by induction of arsenic methyltransferase activities.

scholarly journals A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ANTI-OXIDATIVE AND ANTI-DIABETIC POTENTIAL OF IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ROOT AND LEAF EXTRACTS OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA ON STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somanatha Jena ◽  
Ram C. Jena ◽  
Rasmita Bhol ◽  
Khusbu Agarwal ◽  
Ansuman Sarangi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Withania Somnifera ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Root Extracts

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present investigation explores the possibilities of using the <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo </em>root and leaf extracts of <em>Withania somnifera </em>for anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidaemic effects on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong><em>In vitro </em>shoot cultures of <em>Withania somnifera</em> were raised by the axillary proliferation in nodal explants from a garden grown plant using Murashige and Skoog medium then <em>in</em><em> vitro</em> raised roots and shoots were used for the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidaemic experiment. After 72 h of STZ administration, the fasting blood glucose levels were measured and the rats showing FBG level&gt;220 mg/dl were considered to be diabetic and were used for the hyperglycemic study. <em>In vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> methanolic root and leaf extracts were orally administered daily to diabetic rats for eight weeks. After the treatment period, blood glucose and serum enzymes like aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-c high density lipoprotein-bound cholesterol, LDL-c low density lipoprotein-bound cholesterol, LDH, serum protein level, total phenolics and anti-oxidative analysis (DPPH and FRAP) were determined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The levels of blood glucose, AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, HDL-c significantly increased by the use of <em>in vitro</em> methanolic root extracts compared to normal control rats. However, remarkable loss of total protein, albumin, albumin: globulin (A: G) ratio was reported in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by using <em>in vitro</em> root extracts. Methanolic <em>in vitro</em> root extract at the dose levels of 300 mg/kg body weight produced a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose (FBG) level by 102.65 with respect to initial fasting blood glucose level after 30 d of the treatment. <em>In vitro</em> root extract demonstrated highest DPPH and FRAP free radical scavenging activity, i.e. 86.55±1.77 and 48.87±2.55 than other extracts.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It may be concluded that methanolic <em>in vitro</em> root extract <em>W. somnifera </em>at the dose (300 mg/kg) has more potent anti-hyperglycaemic activity than the other <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo </em>extracts of leaf and root on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and was also found to be similar in effect to that of the standard drug ‘Glibenclamide’.</p>

In vitro assessment of the effects of Brassica juncea and Raphanus sativus leaf and root extracts on the viability of Globodera pallida encysted eggs

Nematology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno M. Ngala ◽  
Simon R. Woods ◽  
Matthew A. Back
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Raphanus Sativus ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Freeze Dried

The biofumigation potential of leaf and root extracts of Brassica juncea and Raphanus sativus on Globodera pallida were assessed in vitro. In an efficacy study, G. pallida encysted eggs were exposed to six different concentrations of freeze-dried leaf or root extracts for 96 h and assessed for viability using hatching assays in 6-week-old potato root leachates (PRL). For B. juncea extracts an LC50 value of 0.027 mg ml−1 w/v was determined. The LC50 of Raphanus sativus root extracts was 0.032 mg ml−1, whereas leaf extracts were effective only at higher concentrations (⩾0.50 mg ml−1; w/v) and to a lesser extent. Hatching of G. pallida was enhanced in PRL following exposure to lower concentrations (0.063 mg ml−1) of R. sativus leaf extract. An analysis of the types and concentrations of glucosinolate (GSL) present in the freeze-dried tissues revealed that B. juncea leaf tissue was rich in 2-propenyl GSL (≈98%). Root tissue also had a high concentration of 2-propenyl GSL, but the leaf extracts were found to have a higher concentration (⩾90 μmol (g dry weight)−1) when compared with the root extract (⩾10 μmol (g dry weight)−1). Raphanus sativus had two-fold more root GSL, predominantly 2-phenylethyl GSL (⩾50 μmol (g dry weight)−1), when compared with the leaf tissue which was dominated by 4-methylsulfinylbutyl GSL (⩾20 μmol (g dry weight)−1). In summary, the strong suppression of G. pallida encysted eggs exhibited by lower concentrations of B. juncea extracts shows the potential of this species in G. pallida management if effectively incorporated into an integrated potato cyst nematode management scheme. In comparison with B. juncea, the biofumigation potential of R. sativus can be improved by maximising its root biomass production.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT AND IN VIVO HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITIES OF ETHANOLIC LEAF AND ROOT EXTRACTS OF CLEOME GYNANDRA

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (04) ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
K Ravishankar ◽  
Y.V.V.M. Lakshmi Prasanna ◽  
G.V.N. Kiranmayi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Hepatoprotective Activity ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Cleome Gynandra ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Ethanolic Leaf Extract

In vitro antioxidant and in vivo hepatoprotective activities of Cleome gynandra ethanolic leaf and root extracts were assessed. In vitro antioxidant activity was carried by DPPH, Nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical and phosphomolybdenum assays. Hepatoprotective activity was evaluated by Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats.The animals were divided into seven groups (Four test groups - Ethanolic Leaf and Root Extracts of Cleome gynandra of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, standard silymarin (100 mg/kg), toxic control-carbon tetrachloride and vehicle). On the eight day, the blood was collected and parameters like serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Total bilirubin (TB) were estimated. Significant antioxidant status with good IC50 values similar to standard ascorbic acid was obtained. A significant decrease in liver enzymes was observed in test groups comparable to silymarin. From the results obtained, ethanolic leaf extract has contributed better hepatoprotection compared with root extract in experimental rats.

In vitro antioxidant and anti-arthritic effect of the aqueous and ethanolic leaf and root bark extract of Alafia barteri

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Ikeoluwapo Olanike Kolawole ◽  
◽  
Osareti Albert Taiwo Ebuehi ◽  
Esther Ayomide Awoyera ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Denaturation ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Eye Infections ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Alafia barteri (Apocynaceae) is a climbing shrub having white or pink flowers. Traditionally, it has been used to treat diseases like malaria, sickle cell anemia, and eye infections. This research is focused on investigating the antioxidant and anti-arthritic activities of the aqueous and ethanol leaf and root extract of Alafia barteri plant in vitro. In-vitro antioxidant methods used were 2, 2 -diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, reducing power activity and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay while the anti-arthritic activity was studied using the assay method of protein denaturation. Results revealed that aqueous and ethanol root extracts scavenge free radicals, thus inhibiting damage caused by oxidative stress in arthritis while the ethanol extracts of both the leaf and roots had good anti-arthritic activities as seen in its ability to decrease protein denaturation.

scholarly journals ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND TOTAL PHENOL AND FLAVONOIDS ANALYSIS OF SIBERIAN GINSENG ROOT

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-40
Author(s):  
NAGENDAR SHETTY ◽  
V. HARIKA ◽  
SUMITRA LOKRAS
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Total Phenol ◽  
Ginseng Root ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Frap Assay ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Siberian Ginseng

Objective: This study was examined to in vitro antioxidant activity and Total Phenol and Flavonoids content analysis of methanolic root extract of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Siberian ginseng). Methods: 1,1-dephenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical scavenging and FRAP assay propose that antioxidant activity of methanol root extract because of reducing capacity of the antioxidant against oxidative effects of reactive oxygen species. Results: Scavenging activity of Siberian ginseng root RC50 value was shown 713.42±11.55 µg/ml and reducing power 0.13±0.01 mmol/g was investigated. In addition, total phenol 12.6±1.13 mg GAE/g DW and total flavonoids 9.8±0.20 mg QE/g DW were recorded. Conclusion: Although all tests were performed in vitro assay, these results recommend that Siberian ginseng root may be a good source of antioxidant ingrediant.

THE CARBOXYLASES OF LEAVES AND THEIR ROLE IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Clendenning ◽  
E. R. Waygood ◽  
P. Weinberger
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Malic Enzyme ◽  
Hill Reaction ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Phosphoglyceric Acid ◽  
Reaction Capacity ◽  
The Hill

"Malic" enzyme isolated from the cytoplasm of parsley and sugar beet leaves was linked with illuminated spinach chloroplast fragments to effect photosynthesis in vitro. The model photosynthesis system containing excess "malic" enzyme was not inhibited by 5 × 10−4 M hydrogen cyanide. The "malic" enzyme system was inhibited by cyanide, however, at very low enzyme concentrations. The richest source of "malic" enzyme found in this study was the mature parsley leaf. Expressed on the same basis, the enzymatic capacities of parsley leaf "malic" enzyme and the Hill reaction capacity of isolated spinach chloroplasts are of similar magnitude. Higher "malic" enzyme and oxalacetic carboxylase activities were found in purified extracts of parsley leaves than in the corresponding root extracts. Oxalacetic, oxalsuccinic, α-ketoglutaric, and pyruvic carboxylases were not inhibited by 10−3 M hydrogen cyanide. The α-ketoglutaric and pyruvic carboxylases were much less abundant in leaves than in other plant organs; formic dehydrogenase was not detected in leaves although it is abundant in seeds. Glutamic carboxylase was found in the cytoplasm of wheat and sugar beet leaves, and with the aid of C14O2 was shown to be only weakly reversible. No evidence was obtained for the presence in leaf extracts of an enzyme, or mixture of enzymes, capable of decarboxylating phosphoglyceric acid in vitro.

Expression of E- or P-cadherin is not sufficient to modify the morphology and the tumorigenic behavior of murine spindle carcinoma cells. Possible involvement of plakoglobin

1993 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 923-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Navarro ◽  
E. Lozano ◽  
A. Cano
Keyword(s):  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
In Vitro Assay ◽  
Carcinoma Cells ◽  
Beta Catenin ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Cell Extracts ◽  
Spindle Cells ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
E Cadherin

Transfection of E- and P-cadherin cDNA has been carried out in murine spindle carcinoma cells previously shown to be deficient in both cadherins (Navarro et al., J. Cell Biol. 115, 517–533, 1991). High levels of expression of E- or P-cadherin do not significantly affect the fibroblastic morphology of the parental spindle cells. In addition, the tumorigenic behavior of these highly malignant cells is not influenced by the ectopic expression of either cadherin. Nevertheless, a fraction of the exogenous cadherins is able to associate to detergent-insoluble components of the transfectant cells, and the expression of the exogenous E-cadherin confers Ca(2+)-dependent aggregation on the spindle transfectants in an in vitro assay. Immunoprecipitation analysis of the cadherin-catenin complex of the transfectants revealed that the ectopic E-cadherin associates with the alpha- and beta-catenin proteins. However, the gamma-catenin/plakoglobin component could not be detected in the E-cadherin immunocomplexes of the spindle transfectant cells, in contrast to the epithelial cells where the three catenins appeared to be associated with E-cadherin. The lack of association of gamma-catenin is correlated with very low levels of plakoglobin in whole cell extracts of the parental spindle cells. These results indicate that the association of E-cadherin with the alpha- and beta-catenin components is not sufficient to promote a fibroblastoid-epithelial conversion of highly malignant spindle cells. The presence of plakoglobin could be required for the proper organization of E-cadherin in the transfectant cells in order to acquire an epithelioid phenotype.

scholarly journals Anthelmintic A-Type Procyanidins and Further Characterization of the Phenolic Composition of a Root Extract from Paullinia pinnata

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 2287
Author(s):  
Verena Spiegler
Keyword(s):  
Crude Extract ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Traditional Remedies ◽  
Fast Centrifugal Partition Chromatography

Extracts from the roots of Paullinia pinnata L. are used in West Africa as traditional remedies for a variety of diseases including infestations with soil-transmitted helminths. Based on the results of an ethnopharmacological survey in Ghana, an aqueous acetone (70%) extract was investigated for its anthelmintic and phytochemical properties. Partitioning of the crude extract followed by several fractionation steps of the ethyl acetate phase using Sephadex® LH-20, fast centrifugal partition chromatography, RP-18-MPLC and HPLC led to isolation of six oligomeric A-type procyanidins (1 to 6). To determine the anthelmintic activity, the crude extract, fractions and isolated compounds were tested in vitro against the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. A significantly better activity was observed for the trimeric A-type procyanidin (1) compared to a B-type trimer. However, this effect could not be generalized for the tetrameric procyanidins, for which the type of the interflavan-linkage (4→6 vs. 4→8) had the greatest impact on the bioactivity. Besides the procyanidins, three novel compounds, isofraxidin-7-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1″→6′)-β-d-glucopyranoside (17), 4-methoxycatechol-2-O-(5′′-O-vanilloyl-β-apiofuranosyl)-(1′′→2′)-β-glucopyranoside (18) and a 6-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-hexane-2,4-diol-2-O-hexoside (19) were isolated together with further ten known compounds (7 to 16), mainly coumarins and coumarinolignans. Except for 3-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy-4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone (15), none of the isolated compounds has previously been described for P. pinnata. The anthelmintic activity was attributed to the presence of procyanidins, but not to any of the other compound classes. In summary, the findings rationalize the traditional use of P. pinnata root extracts as anthelmintic remedies.

scholarly journals Anti-oxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Stem and Root Extracts of Cissus quadrangularis (Veldt Grape)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
Dinesh Kumar ◽  
R. Guna ◽  
E. Abbirami
Keyword(s):  
Protein Denaturation ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Reference Standard ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Antioxidant Mechanism ◽  
Cissus Quadrangularis ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Ethanol Fraction

Free radicals are unstable, highly reactive molecules, creates oxidative stress in our body by attacking healthy cells and tissue biomolecules. They are usually neutralized by the antioxidant mechanisms in our system. When the antioxidant mechanism fails to stabilize the radicals, we need external antioxidants to protect our cells from oxidative damage. The objective of present study is to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of stem and root extracts of the plant Cissus quadrangularis. Stem and root powders of CQ was extracted with different solvent and they were tested against the synthetic free radical DPPH, ABTS, NO, H2O2 and FRAP with the reference standard BHT. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity assay was also performed for all the extracts along with the reference standard naproxen. The 50 percentage of inhibitory concentration (IC50-μg/ml of extract) values of ethanol fraction from both stem and root extract was found to be in DPPH- (IC50: 32±0.07 & 28±0.02), ABTS- (IC50: 115±0.22 & 120±0.06), NO- (IC50: 13±0.05 & 47±0.13), H2O2- (IC50: 21±0.08 & 28±0.09), TAA- (PI: 73±0.16 & 66±0.22) and the protein denaturation assay showed the ethanol fraction has protective activity levels of 220±0.03 & 277±0.22 in stem and root extracts respectively. Results obtained from this study suggested that both stem and root extracts of CQ possesses potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

scholarly journals An In Vitro Estimation of the Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Root Extract from Leonurus sibiricus L. Overexpressing AtPAP1 against Different Cancer Cell Lines

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 2049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Przemysław Sitarek ◽  
Ewelina Synowiec ◽  
Tomasz Kowalczyk ◽  
Tomasz Śliwiński ◽  
Ewa Skała
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Cytotoxic Effect ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Nadh:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Root Extracts

As the current cancer treatment success rate is not sufficient, interest has grown in plants as possible sources of anti-cancer compounds. One such plant with a broad spectrum of activity is Lenourus sibiricus of the family Lamiaceae. This study investigates for the first time both the genotoxic and cytotoxic activities of TR (transformed) and AtPAP1 TR (with over-expression of transcriptional factor) root extracts of Lenourus sibiricus against various cancer cell lines (CCRF-CEM, K-562 and A549). Both tested extracts showed a cytotoxic effect on CCRF-CEM and K-562 cell lines, but strongest activity was observed for the AtPAP1 TR extract. No cytotoxic effect was observed against the A549 cell line in the tested concentration range, and it was found that both tested extracts may induce apoptosis by decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential and inducing nDNA damage lesion in the TP53 region and mtDNA in ND1 (mitochondrially encoded NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 1) and ND5 (mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 5) regions in K-562 and CCRF-CEM. Our results confirmed that TR and AtPAP1 TR root extracts from L. sibiricus are cytotoxic and genotoxic against different model cell lines (CCRF-CEM and K-562). However, the observed genotoxicity of both extracts needs to be confirmed by additional studies. These preclinical observations support the use of L. sibiricus with other pharmacological purposes.

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