The Concentrations of Cholesterol and Reproduction Hormones in Serum of Rabbits Doe That Consumed Moringa oleifera Leaf Extracts

This study was conducted to examine the effect of various kinds of Moringa leaf extracts on cholesterol, estradiol, FSH, LH levels and litter size in rabbit does. The extracts used were hexane fraction extract (HeEF), ethanol fraction extract (EtEF) and ethanol rough extract (EtCE) from moringa leaf flour. Seven treatments were administered including extracts in pellets at a dose of 0, 0.13% HeEF, 0.26% HeEF, 0.37 EtEF, 0.74% EtEF, 0.54% EtCE and 1.08% EtCE. Each treatment was reduplicated on 4 rabbits. Cholesterol levels, estradiol, LH and FSH blood serum, mating readiness and litter size were measured, which results showed that the treatment significantly (P <5%) lowered the cholesterol level and increased the estradiol level in blood serum. On the other hand, the treatment had no significant effect on FSH, LH and litter size levels except at LH levels 2 hours after mating.

Antiaging Properties of the Ethanol Fractions of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) Bud and Leaf at the Cellular Levels: Study in Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

The exposure of reactive oxygen species is one of the aging triggers at cellular level. The antioxidants have been used as strategic efforts in overcoming the accumulation of ROS. Previous research using crude extracts of clove bud and leaves showed its potential as an antioxidant agent. However, no data were available regarding the antioxidant and antiaging activities of subsequent fractions of clove extracts. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the antioxidant and antiaging activities of the n-hexane and ethanol fractions from clove bud and leaves. Antioxidant and antiaging activities were tested at the cellular level using the yeast model Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The highest flavonoid content was shown by clove leaf n-hexane fraction (25.6 mgQE.g−1). However, ethanol fraction of clove bud (FEB) showed the highest antioxidant activity based on TBA and antiglycation assays. FEB (8 μg.mL−1) and leaf ethanol fraction (FEL) (10 μg.mL−1) were able to induce yeast tolerance against oxidative stress. In addition, FEB could induce mitochondrial activity and delay the G1 phase of the cell cycle. FEB was found to be rich in gallic acid and (15Z)-9,12,13-trihydroxy-15-octadecenoic. Based on the data, FEB shows the potential antiaging activity, which is promising for further development as biopharmaceutical product formulations.

The Analysis of the Chlorogenic Acid in the Ethanol Fraction of Robusta Coffee Beans and Its Effect on Glucose Levels in Wistar Rats

Background: The metabolic disorder caused by high blood glucose levels and pancreatic beta-cell damage is known as diabetes mellitus. Indonesia itself is the 7th country in the world with the number of people with diabetes mellitus. Indonesia occupies rank 7 in the world with the number of people with diabetes mellitus. Apart from that, robusta coffee (Coffea canephora L) is one of the most popular drinks globally, including Indonesia. Chlorogenic acid in coffee beans effectively reduces cell damage due to free radicals, including minimizing excessive glucose release from the liver into the blood. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effects of chlorogenic acid in the ethanolic fraction of robusta coffee (Coffea canephora L) beans on blood glucose levels in Wistar rats. Method: The researchers applied an experimental study with a randomized pretest-posttest control group design. The beans of robusta coffee were extracted using the Maceration method and then fractionated using a hexane and ethyl acetate solvent. The concentration of the obtained remaining fraction was measured using a spectrophotometer. Furthermore, hyperglycemia testing included 30 Wistar rats induced with 20% glucose for 3 – 4 weeks. They were then given the ethanol fraction of robusta coffee with a dose of 400 mg/kg BW and 500 mg/kg BW. Meanwhile, metformin served as a positive control, and NaCMC served as a negative control. Results: The chlorogenic acid analysis in the ethanol fraction of robusta coffee on a spectrophotometer with a concentration of 37% indicated a decrease of 16.66% on the negative control and 48.06% on the positive control. Meanwhile, the ethanol fraction of each control was 51.53% and 52.16%, respectively. Conclusion: The ethanol fraction of the robusta coffee significantly affects the decrease in blood glucose levels in Wistar rats.

Uji Aktivitas Antinosiseptif Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun Dandang Gendis [Clinacanthus nutans (Burn F) Lindau] Dan Daun Bakung (Crinum asiaticum L.) secara In Vivo

The development of new and effective pain medications that are natural isexpected to have the benefits of treatment. The purpose of this study was todetermine the antinociceptive effectiveness of a combination of 75% ethanolextract from dandang gendis leaves and 96% ethanol fraction of bakungleaf. In this study was used chemical method induction (Sigmund's method)in 25 male mice which were divided into 5 treatment groups, namelytreatment group I as negative control was given CMC 0.5%, treatmentgroup II as positive control was given acetosal 100 mg / kg BW, treatmentgroups III, IV and V were given combinations extract. Each group was giventreatment orally, thirty minutes then induced with 0.6% acetic acidintraperitonially, after which it was observed and counted for the amount ofstretching for sixty minutes. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test.The results of this study showed that all treatment groups had a significantdifference (p <0.05), the combination of 75% ethanol extract dandanggendis leaf and 96% ethanol fraction of bakung leaf with a dose of 100 mg/ kg BW had good effectiveness with a percent effectiveness value of 92.50%.The results of this study indicate that the combination of 75% ethanolextract from dandang gendis leaf (Clinacanthus nutans (Burn F) Lindau)and 96% ethanol fraction from bakung leaf (Crinum asiaticum) with thesame concentration ratio, have relatively higher antinociceptive of theactivity of each extract, in other words both of them work together.

FRAKSI ETANOL EKSTRAK KULIT PISANG KEPOK KUNING ( Musa balbisiana) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, dan Propionibacterium acnes

Yellow kepok banana peel (Musa balbisiana) contains antibacterial compounds against S. epidermidis, S. aureus and P.acne. This study aims to proved the antibacterial activity of the yellow kepok banana peel extract fractionated using ethanol as a solvent against S.epidermidis, S.aureus and P.acne. The yellow kepok banana peel extraction process was carried out by maceration method with 70% ethanol followed by fractionation to obtain ethanol fraction. Antibacterial activity testing using nutrient agar (NA) media with wells method with a concentration of 25,000 ppm, 50,000 ppm, 100,000 ppm, aquadest as a negative control and clindamycin as a positive control. The phytochemical test of the ethanol fraction showed the content of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and quinones. The results of the inhibition zone diameter of the ethanol fraction at a concentration of 100,000 ppm against S. epidermidis (11.87 mm), S. aureus (12.04 mm) and P. acne (11.35 mm). The test is to determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) the minimum inhibitory concentration value of the ethanol fraction of S. epidermidis, S. aureus is 20,000 ppm and for P. acne is 17,500 ppm. The conclusion of this studied was that the ethanol fraction of kepok yellow banana peel extract has inhibitory and bacteriostatic properties against S. epidermidis, S. aureus and P.acne bacteria.Keywords: alkaloids,Ant ibacter ial , flavonoids , Fractionated, Musa balbisiana

Effect of Batchelor Flow on Polymorphic Crystallization in a Rotating Disk Crystallizer

In this work, the influence of Batchelor flow on the polymorphic crystallization in a rotating disk (RD) crystallizer was investigated. By regulating crystallization parameters, i.e., the rotation speed, cooling rate, and ethanol fraction, we found that a higher fraction of L-histidine stable Form-A at the induction time and a faster rate of phase transformation could be obtained in the RD crystallizer as compared to previous results in a mixing tank crystallizer. Based on these results, we concluded that the polymorphic crystallization in the RD crystallizer was more effective due to Batchelor flow fluid motion.

Periodic bouncing of a plasmonic bubble in a binary liquid by competing solutal and thermal Marangoni forces

The physicochemical hydrodynamics of bubbles and droplets out of equilibrium, in particular with phase transitions, display surprisingly rich and often counterintuitive phenomena. Here we experimentally and theoretically study the nucleation and early evolution of plasmonic bubbles in a binary liquid consisting of water and ethanol. Remarkably, the submillimeter plasmonic bubble is found to be periodically attracted to and repelled from the nanoparticle-decorated substrate, with frequencies of around a few kilohertz. We identify the competition between solutal and thermal Marangoni forces as the origin of the periodic bouncing. The former arises due to the selective vaporization of ethanol at the substrate’s side of the bubble, leading to a solutal Marangoni flow toward the hot substrate, which pushes the bubble away. The latter arises due to the temperature gradient across the bubble, leading to a thermal Marangoni flow away from the substrate, which sucks the bubble toward it. We study the dependence of the frequency of the bouncing phenomenon from the control parameters of the system, namely the ethanol fraction and the laser power for the plasmonic heating. Our findings can be generalized to boiling and electrolytically or catalytically generated bubbles in multicomponent liquids.

Antibacterial Activity of Fractions from Extract Ethanolic of Hylocereus Polyrhizus Peel Against E. Coli and S. aureus

Peel of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) is one of the plants used as an antibacterial agent as it contains saponin triterpenoid compounds, flavonoid compounds, and alkaloid compounds which can have antibacterial activity. This research aims to determine the antibacterial effect of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol fraction of red dragon fruit’s peel against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by the concentration of 10mg/ml, 20mg/ml, 40mg/ml, 80mg/ml dan 160mg/ml. This research was conducted by using laboratory experiments. The simplicia was macerated with 96% ethanol and fractionated by n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The phytochemical screening of the fraction was n-hexane fraction containing saponin and alkaloid, while the ethyl acetate fraction contained saponin and flavonoid. Kanamycin was used as a positive control, while DMSO was used as a negative control. According to this research, the MIC value of ethanol fraction, n-hexane fraction, and ethyl acetate fraction were 80mg/ml, 20mg/ml, and 80mg/ml, respectively, for E. coli and all fractions were 10mg/ml for S. aureus. Based on the average diameter of the inhibition zone, the largest diameter zone in E. coli was ethyl acetate fraction with 160mg/ml concentration that was 10,33mm. Meanwhile, in S. aureus n-hexane fraction, it was 160mg/ml, which was 11,20mm. This result showed that the n-hexane fraction has good gram-positive activity while the ethyl acetate fraction has good activity on gram-negative.

Antipyretic effect of ethanol extract of plant leaves of garden croton (Codiaeum variegatum) in male mice

Codiaeum variegatum (L.) is known to contain bioactive compounds that have many pharmacological properties such as abortifacient, antiamoebic, antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal, and antioxidant. This study aims to reveal whether the ethanol fraction of leaf extract of this plant has antipyretic activity. The male mice (n=25) with a weigh range of 20 – 30 g were divided into five groups (5 mice each). To make pyrexia condition, the animals were induced with DPT-HB-HIB vaccine. The ingredients given to the animals were as follows: distilled water as the negative control; standard drug (paracetamol) as positive control; and three different dosage of croton leaves extract namely: 71.5, 143 and 286 mg/kg BW. The body temperature of the mice was measured using a digital thermometer through the rectal opening every 30 minutes for 180 minutes. The results showed that ethanol fraction of croton plant leaf extract at the dosage of 143 and 286 mg/kg BW statistically have the same effect as paracetamol in decreasing body temperature of mice. Therefore, it can be concluded that plant extract of garden croton is potential to be used as antipyretic remedy.

Laboratory and Field Evaluation of the Phytotoxic Activity of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn Pulp Extract and Identification of a Phytotoxic Substance

Interest in finding plant-based herbicides to supplement synthesized herbicides is increasing. Although the extract of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn has been reported to have herbicidal activity, little is known about phytotoxic substances and their efficacy of weed control in the field. To identify phytotoxic substances, the bioassay-guided fractionation by column chromatography and high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was carried out. The phytotoxic activity assay, performed by the agar medium method, showed that the 70% ethanol fraction exhibited strong root growth inhibition against Trifolium pratense with an 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 35.13 mg/L. An active compound was isolated from the 70% ethanol fraction and identified as hederagenin 3-o-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-l-arabinopyranoside (Compound A). Compound A had an IC50 value of 16.64 mg/L. Finally, a new formulation was prepared based on the 70% ethanol fraction, which exhibited good efficacy against broadleaf weeds in a carrot field. The fresh weight control efficacy was 78.7% by 45 days after treatment at the dose of 1500 g a. i./ha. Hence, the extract of S. mukorossi pulp could be a promising supplement to the synthesized herbicides. Furthermore, compound A from S. mukorossi may be responsible for its phytotoxic activity.