In vitro assessment of the effects of Brassica juncea and Raphanus sativus leaf and root extracts on the viability of Globodera pallida encysted eggs

The biofumigation potential of leaf and root extracts of Brassica juncea and Raphanus sativus on Globodera pallida were assessed in vitro. In an efficacy study, G. pallida encysted eggs were exposed to six different concentrations of freeze-dried leaf or root extracts for 96 h and assessed for viability using hatching assays in 6-week-old potato root leachates (PRL). For B. juncea extracts an LC50 value of 0.027 mg ml−1 w/v was determined. The LC50 of Raphanus sativus root extracts was 0.032 mg ml−1, whereas leaf extracts were effective only at higher concentrations (⩾0.50 mg ml−1; w/v) and to a lesser extent. Hatching of G. pallida was enhanced in PRL following exposure to lower concentrations (0.063 mg ml−1) of R. sativus leaf extract. An analysis of the types and concentrations of glucosinolate (GSL) present in the freeze-dried tissues revealed that B. juncea leaf tissue was rich in 2-propenyl GSL (≈98%). Root tissue also had a high concentration of 2-propenyl GSL, but the leaf extracts were found to have a higher concentration (⩾90 μmol (g dry weight)−1) when compared with the root extract (⩾10 μmol (g dry weight)−1). Raphanus sativus had two-fold more root GSL, predominantly 2-phenylethyl GSL (⩾50 μmol (g dry weight)−1), when compared with the leaf tissue which was dominated by 4-methylsulfinylbutyl GSL (⩾20 μmol (g dry weight)−1). In summary, the strong suppression of G. pallida encysted eggs exhibited by lower concentrations of B. juncea extracts shows the potential of this species in G. pallida management if effectively incorporated into an integrated potato cyst nematode management scheme. In comparison with B. juncea, the biofumigation potential of R. sativus can be improved by maximising its root biomass production.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ANTI-OXIDATIVE AND ANTI-DIABETIC POTENTIAL OF IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ROOT AND LEAF EXTRACTS OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA ON STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2016v8i10.8103 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 85 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Somanatha Jena ◽

Ram C. Jena ◽

Rasmita Bhol ◽

Khusbu Agarwal ◽

Ansuman Sarangi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Withania Somnifera ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Root Extract ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Root Extracts

Objective: The present investigation explores the possibilities of using the in vitro and in vivo root and leaf extracts of Withania somnifera for anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidaemic effects on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Methods: In vitro shoot cultures of Withania somnifera were raised by the axillary proliferation in nodal explants from a garden grown plant using Murashige and Skoog medium then in vitro raised roots and shoots were used for the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidaemic experiment. After 72 h of STZ administration, the fasting blood glucose levels were measured and the rats showing FBG level>220 mg/dl were considered to be diabetic and were used for the hyperglycemic study. In vitro and in vivo methanolic root and leaf extracts were orally administered daily to diabetic rats for eight weeks. After the treatment period, blood glucose and serum enzymes like aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-c high density lipoprotein-bound cholesterol, LDL-c low density lipoprotein-bound cholesterol, LDH, serum protein level, total phenolics and anti-oxidative analysis (DPPH and FRAP) were determined.Results: The levels of blood glucose, AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, HDL-c significantly increased by the use of in vitro methanolic root extracts compared to normal control rats. However, remarkable loss of total protein, albumin, albumin: globulin (A: G) ratio was reported in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by using in vitro root extracts. Methanolic in vitro root extract at the dose levels of 300 mg/kg body weight produced a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose (FBG) level by 102.65 with respect to initial fasting blood glucose level after 30 d of the treatment. In vitro root extract demonstrated highest DPPH and FRAP free radical scavenging activity, i.e. 86.55±1.77 and 48.87±2.55 than other extracts.Conclusion: It may be concluded that methanolic in vitro root extract W. somnifera at the dose (300 mg/kg) has more potent anti-hyperglycaemic activity than the other in vitro and in vivo extracts of leaf and root on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and was also found to be similar in effect to that of the standard drug ‘Glibenclamide’.

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Methylation of arsenic in vitro by cell extracts from bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis): effect of acute exposure of plants to arsenate

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp01022 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 73 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

JieHua Wu ◽

Ren Zhang ◽

Ross McC. Lilley

Keyword(s):

Acute Exposure ◽

Root Extract ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Vitro Assay ◽

Root Extracts ◽

Cell Extracts ◽

Agrostis Tenuis ◽

Mammalian Tissues ◽

Methylation Activity

Compared with microorganisms and mammalian tissues, information is scant on the enzymes responsible for arsenic metabolism in plants. This study investigated the arsenic methylation activities extractable from leaves and roots of Agrostis tenuis Sibth. plants grown in complete nutrient media and exposed to arsenate (135–538 M) for 3 d before harvesting. Methylation activity was determined in leaf and root extracts using an in vitro assay based onS-[3H-methyl]adenosyl-L-methionine (3H-SAM) with either arsenite or arsenate as substrate. Arsenite methylation activity was low in leaf extracts from plants not exposed to arsenate, but was greatly enhanced after acute exposure, with the induced methylation activity greatest in extracts from plants exposed to 269 M arsenate. Monomethylarsonate (MMA) was the predominant early product, but over longer assay times dimethylarsinate (DMA) accumulated at the rate of 660 amol mg protein–1 min–1 to levels exceeding MMA. With arsenate as substrate, methylation activity was much lower than with arsenite, implying that arsenite is the preferred substrate for methylation. Root extract assays exhibited no DMA, however small amounts of MMA were formed with arsenite as substrate. In contrast to leaves, the methylation activity did not increase in root extracts from plants exposed to arsenate. These findings suggest that arsenate in the plant growth medium was taken up by the roots and converted to arsenite before methylation proceeded in the leaves, accompanied by induction of arsenic methyltransferase activities.

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COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT AND IN VIVO HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITIES OF ETHANOLIC LEAF AND ROOT EXTRACTS OF CLEOME GYNANDRA

INDIAN DRUGS ◽

10.53879/id.56.04.11629 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 56 (04) ◽

pp. 50-56

Author(s):

K Ravishankar ◽

Y.V.V.M. Lakshmi Prasanna ◽

G.V.N. Kiranmayi ◽

Keyword(s):

Carbon Tetrachloride ◽

Hepatoprotective Activity ◽

Root Extract ◽

Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase ◽

Root Extracts ◽

Cleome Gynandra ◽

Ic50 Values ◽

Ethanolic Leaf Extract

In vitro antioxidant and in vivo hepatoprotective activities of Cleome gynandra ethanolic leaf and root extracts were assessed. In vitro antioxidant activity was carried by DPPH, Nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical and phosphomolybdenum assays. Hepatoprotective activity was evaluated by Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats.The animals were divided into seven groups (Four test groups - Ethanolic Leaf and Root Extracts of Cleome gynandra of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, standard silymarin (100 mg/kg), toxic control-carbon tetrachloride and vehicle). On the eight day, the blood was collected and parameters like serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Total bilirubin (TB) were estimated. Significant antioxidant status with good IC50 values similar to standard ascorbic acid was obtained. A significant decrease in liver enzymes was observed in test groups comparable to silymarin. From the results obtained, ethanolic leaf extract has contributed better hepatoprotection compared with root extract in experimental rats.

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In vitro antioxidant and anti-arthritic effect of the aqueous and ethanolic leaf and root bark extract of Alafia barteri

The Journal of Phytopharmacology ◽

10.31254/phyto.2021.10103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 10-14

Author(s):

Ikeoluwapo Olanike Kolawole ◽

◽

Osareti Albert Taiwo Ebuehi ◽

Esther Ayomide Awoyera ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Denaturation ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Assay Method ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Root Extract ◽

Root Bark ◽

Eye Infections ◽

Root Extracts ◽

Ethanol Extracts

Alafia barteri (Apocynaceae) is a climbing shrub having white or pink flowers. Traditionally, it has been used to treat diseases like malaria, sickle cell anemia, and eye infections. This research is focused on investigating the antioxidant and anti-arthritic activities of the aqueous and ethanol leaf and root extract of Alafia barteri plant in vitro. In-vitro antioxidant methods used were 2, 2 -diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, reducing power activity and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay while the anti-arthritic activity was studied using the assay method of protein denaturation. Results revealed that aqueous and ethanol root extracts scavenge free radicals, thus inhibiting damage caused by oxidative stress in arthritis while the ethanol extracts of both the leaf and roots had good anti-arthritic activities as seen in its ability to decrease protein denaturation.

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The Potential Allelopathic Characteristics of Bitter Sneezeweed (Helenium amarum)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450007260x ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 37 (5) ◽

pp. 665-669 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Albert E. Smith

Keyword(s):

Liquid Phase ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Root Extracts ◽

Matter Production

Research was conducted to determine the potential for allelopathy to occur in pastures infested with bitter sneezeweed. Aqueous extracts of bitter sneezeweed leaves reduced alfalfa and Italian ryegrass seedling growth as much as 50% at concentrations of 0.5% (w/v). Leaf extracts were more phytotoxic than either stem or root extracts and seedling growth was reduced more than seed germination. Bitter sneezeweed tissue mixed in potting soil at concentrations as low as 0.3% w/w reduced alfalfa seedling numbers by 43%, plant height by 26%, and foliage dry matter production by 54% compared to plants cultured in soil without bitter sneezeweed leaf tissue. The potential concentration of bitter sneezeweed leaf material in soil in the pasture ecosystem was determined to be 0.5% w/v in the liquid phase and 0.2% w/w in the solid phase. Alfalfa seedling growth was reduced by 70% when germinating seed were placed under a bell jar with a potted mature bitter sneezeweed plant compared to control seedlings. A potential exists for bitter sneezeweed interference with developing alfalfa and Italian ryegrass seedlings following fall interseeding into pastures infested with bitter sneezeweed.

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Hatching of Globodera pallida is inhibited by 2-propenyl isothiocyanate in vitro but not by incorporation of Brassica juncea tissue in soil

Applied Soil Ecology ◽

10.1016/j.apsoil.2014.05.011 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 84 ◽

pp. 6-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Karst M. Brolsma ◽

Renée J. van der Salm ◽

Ellis Hoffland ◽

Ron G.M. de Goede

Keyword(s):

Brassica Juncea ◽

Globodera Pallida

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Analysis of flavonoid content, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of in vitro hairy root extract of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) ◽

10.1007/s11240-019-01757-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 140 (3) ◽

pp. 619-633 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Balasubramanian Muthusamy ◽

Girija Shanmugam

Keyword(s):

Hairy Root ◽

Raphanus Sativus ◽

Antibiofilm Activity ◽

Root Extract ◽

Flavonoid Content ◽

Raphanus Sativus L

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THE CARBOXYLASES OF LEAVES AND THEIR ROLE IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b52-031 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 395-409 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

K. A. Clendenning ◽

E. R. Waygood ◽

P. Weinberger

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Hydrogen Cyanide ◽

Malic Enzyme ◽

Hill Reaction ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Root Extracts ◽

Phosphoglyceric Acid ◽

Reaction Capacity ◽

The Hill

"Malic" enzyme isolated from the cytoplasm of parsley and sugar beet leaves was linked with illuminated spinach chloroplast fragments to effect photosynthesis in vitro. The model photosynthesis system containing excess "malic" enzyme was not inhibited by 5 × 10−4 M hydrogen cyanide. The "malic" enzyme system was inhibited by cyanide, however, at very low enzyme concentrations. The richest source of "malic" enzyme found in this study was the mature parsley leaf. Expressed on the same basis, the enzymatic capacities of parsley leaf "malic" enzyme and the Hill reaction capacity of isolated spinach chloroplasts are of similar magnitude. Higher "malic" enzyme and oxalacetic carboxylase activities were found in purified extracts of parsley leaves than in the corresponding root extracts. Oxalacetic, oxalsuccinic, α-ketoglutaric, and pyruvic carboxylases were not inhibited by 10−3 M hydrogen cyanide. The α-ketoglutaric and pyruvic carboxylases were much less abundant in leaves than in other plant organs; formic dehydrogenase was not detected in leaves although it is abundant in seeds. Glutamic carboxylase was found in the cytoplasm of wheat and sugar beet leaves, and with the aid of C14O2 was shown to be only weakly reversible. No evidence was obtained for the presence in leaf extracts of an enzyme, or mixture of enzymes, capable of decarboxylating phosphoglyceric acid in vitro.

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In vitro pharmacological attributes and metabolite’s fingerprinting of Conocarpus lancifolius

Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas ◽

10.37360/blacpma.21.20.6.47 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (6) ◽

pp. 660-671

Author(s):

Syed Ali Raza ◽

◽

Maqsood Ahmad ◽

Muhammad Waseem Mumtaz ◽

Sadia Bashir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leaf Extract ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Acetylcholine Esterase ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Phenolic Contents ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Ethanolic Extraction ◽

Ethanolic Leaf Extract

Search for safe antioxidants and novel nutraceuticals urged to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-acetylcholine esterase and anti-lipoxygenase activity of various leaf extracts of Conocarpus lancifolius. Extraction was optimized from freeze dried plant extracts quenched with liquid nitrogen using water, ethanol, methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate and chloroform. Maximum extract yield, total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents were obtained in case of ethanolic extraction. The highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylradical scavenging in terms of IC50 value of 55.26 µg/mL was observed for ethanolic leaf extract. The acetylcholine esterase and lipoxygenase inhibitory activities (IC50) were also observed for ethanolic extract. These findings for ethanolic extract were statistically significant when compared with other extracts (ρ<0.05). The haemolytic % values indicated that all extracts were associated with very low or negligible toxicity. The epicatechin, isorhamnetin, rutin, scopoleptin, skimmianine, quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside, cornoside, creatinine, choline, pyruvic acid, α-hydroxybutyric acid, phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin were identified as major functional metabolites in ethanolic leaf extract of C. lancifolius by 1H-NMR. The identified metabolites were probably responsible for the pharmacological properties of C. lancifolius. The findings may be utilized as pharmacological leads for drug development and food fortification.

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Evaluation of rhizobacterial colonisation and the ability to induce Globodera pallida hatch

Nematology ◽

10.1163/15685411-00002863 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 203-212 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Eoin P. Lettice ◽

Peter W. Jones

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Coarse Sand ◽

Globodera Pallida ◽

Cyst Nematodes ◽

Beet Root ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Sugar Beet Root

Three bacterial isolates, SB13 (Acinetobacter sp.), SB14 (Arthrobacter sp.) and SB15 (Bacillus sp.), were previously isolated from the rhizosphere of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris) plants and shown to increase hatch of potato cyst nematodes in vitro. In this study, the three isolates were assayed for rhizosphere competence. Each isolate was applied to seeds at each of four concentrations (105-108 CFU ml−1) and the inoculated seeds were planted in plastic microcosms containing coarse sand. All three isolates were shown to colonise the rhizosphere, although to differing degrees, with the higher inoculation densities providing significantly better colonisation. The isolates increased sugar beet root and shoot dry weight. Isolates SB14 and SB15 were analysed for their ability to induce in vivo hatch of Globodera pallida in non-sterile soil planted with sugar beet. After 4 and 6 weeks, both isolates had induced significantly greater percentage hatch compared to controls.

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