Corrigendum to: Paternal priming of maternal tissues to optimise pregnancy success

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 415
Author(s):  
John J. Bromfield ◽  
Jason A. Rizo ◽  
Laila A. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Tolerance ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Fetal Tissues ◽  
Maternal Immune System ◽  
The Face ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Maternal Tolerance ◽  
Specific Tolerance ◽  
Fetal Antigen

The question of ‘how does the allogeneic fetus survive gestation in the face of the maternal immune system?' has yet to be definitively answered. Several acceptable mechanisms exist to facilitate survival of the semi-allogeneic fetus in various species; paramount is the immunological separation of maternal and fetal tissues during gestation. However, keen observation of the maternal immune system during pregnancy has noted maternal immune tolerance to paternal-specific antigens. A mechanism by which the maternal immune system tolerates specific paternal antigens expressed on the fetus would be far more beneficial than the previously proposed immune indolence that would leave the mother susceptible to infection. In species like human or rodent, implantation occurs days after fertilisation and, as such, the mechanisms to establish antigen-specific tolerance must be initiated very early during pregnancy. We and others propose that these mechanisms are initiated at the time of insemination when paternal antigens are first introduced to the maternal immune system. Indeed, a new paradigm demonstrating the importance of paternal–maternal communication at the time of insemination is becoming evident as it relates to maternal tolerance to fetal antigen and ultimately pregnancy success.

Paternal priming of maternal tissues to optimise pregnancy success

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Bromfield ◽  
Jason A. Rizo ◽  
Laila A. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Tolerance ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Fetal Tissues ◽  
Maternal Immune System ◽  
The Face ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Maternal Tolerance ◽  
Specific Tolerance ◽  
Fetal Antigen

The question of ‘how does the allogeneic fetus survive gestation in the face of the maternal immune system?’ has yet to be definitively answered. Several acceptable mechanisms exist to facilitate survival of the semi-allogeneic fetus in various species; paramount is the immunological separation of maternal and fetal tissues during gestation. However, keen observation of the maternal immune system during pregnancy has noted maternal immune tolerance to paternal-specific antigens. A mechanism by which the maternal immune system tolerates specific paternal antigens expressed on the fetus would be far more beneficial than the previously proposed immune indolence that would leave the mother susceptible to infection. In species like human or rodent, implantation occurs days after fertilisation and, as such, the mechanisms to establish antigen-specific tolerance must be initiated very early during pregnancy. We and others propose that these mechanisms are initiated at the time of insemination when paternal antigens are first introduced to the maternal immune system. Indeed, a new paradigm demonstrating the importance of paternal–maternal communication at the time of insemination is becoming evident as it relates to maternal tolerance to fetal antigen and ultimately pregnancy success.

Vaccination with Leukemia Cells Expressing Cell-Surface-Associated GM-CSF Blocks Leukemia Induction in Immunocompetent Mice.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 2531-2531
Author(s):  
Xiaoyang Ling ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Ralph B. Arlinghaus
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Immune Tolerance ◽  
Leukemia Cells ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Immunocompetent Mice

Abstract The fundamental basis for immunotherapy of leukemia is that leukemia cells express specific antigens that are not expressed by normal hematopoietic cells. However, the host immune system appears to be tolerant of leukemia cells. To overcome this immune tolerance, we transduced WEHI-3B mouse monocyte leukemia cells (1) with a transmembrane form of GM-CSF (tmGM-CSF). The tmGM-CSF was constructed using the pDisplay vector for cell-surface targeting (Invitrogen) into the pLOX lentivirus gene transfer vector (2). After infection of WEHI-3B cells with a recombinant lentivirus encoding tmGM-CSF, nearly all the transduced cells expressed tmGM-CSF on the cell-surface, as determined by flow cytometry analysis using anti-GM-CSF. To determine whether vaccination with tmGM-CSF expressing WEHI-3B cells would prevent leukemia formation, immunocompetent BALB/c mice were immunized with lethally-irradiated WEHI-3B cells (106, 3 times 7 day intervals), which express tmGM-CSF, prior to challenging vaccinated mice with WEHI-3B cells (5x104) that express GFP as a marker. 100% of vaccinated mice were protected from leukemia. Non-vaccinated mice succumbed to leukemia within 50–55 days. Vaccination of mice with lethally-irradiated WEHI-3B cells expressing CD40L protected 80% of the mice from leukemia. In contrast, mice immunized with lethally-irradiated WEHI-3B/GFP cells lacking tmGM-CSF were not protected. Mice vaccinated three times at 5,12, 19 days after challenge with WEHI-3B/GFP cells had a significant increase in survival in that 60% of mice were alive and healthy at 16 days (to this date) after all control non-vaccinated mice had died. Similar vaccine studies were performed with BCR-ABL (b3a2)+ 32D cells (106) in immunocompetent C3H/HeJ mice (3). These mice die of leukemia within 35 days. After infection of BCR-ABL+ 32D cells with the lentivirus encoding tmGM-CSF/GFP, tmGM-CSF was expressed on the cell-surface. The C3H/HeJ mice challenged with BCR-ABL+32D/GFP cells (106) showed a significant level of protection by vaccination with lethally-irradiated tmGM-CSF+ 32D BCR-ABL cells (106, 2 times at 7 day intervals); 40% of the vaccinated mice remained healthy; all non-vaccinated mice died of leukemia. There was a significant difference in survival (P=0.03) between the vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups. Interestingly, the spleens of vaccinated C3H/HeJ mice that died of leukemia at the same time as non-vaccinated mice approached normal size whereas non-vaccinated mice had enlarged spleens. Our findings suggest that over-expression of cell-surface tmGM-CSF in leukemia cells can overcome immune tolerance, allowing the immune system to efficiently recognize and destroy the leukemia cells, providing extended survival of vaccinated mice. Because significant protection from death was achieved by vaccination after challenge with leukemia cells, tmGM-CSF expression in leukemia cells has potential as a therapeutic strategy for treatment of leukemia.

scholarly journals Placental Immune Tolerance and Organ Transplantation: Underlying Interconnections and Clinical Implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Yu Sun ◽  
Rui Wu ◽  
Jiang Xu ◽  
Hui-Ying Xue ◽  
Xiao-Jie Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Immune Tolerance ◽  
Immune Rejection ◽  
Tolerance Strategy ◽  
Maternal Tolerance ◽  
Transplanted Organs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Transplantation Outcomes ◽  
Maternal Fetal Interface

The immune system recognizes and attacks non-self antigens, making up the cornerstone of immunity activity against infection. However, during organ transplantation, the immune system also attacks transplanted organs and leads to immune rejection and transplantation failure. Interestingly, although the embryo and placenta are semi-allografts, like transplanted organs, they can induce maternal tolerance and be free of a vigorous immune response. Also, embryo or placenta-related antibodies might adversely affect subsequent organ transplantation despite the immune tolerance during pregnancy. Therefore, the balance between the immune tolerance in maternal-fetal interface and normal infection defense provides a possible desensitization and tolerance strategy to improve transplantation outcomes. A few studies on mechanisms and clinical applications have been performed to explore the relationship between maternal-fetal immune tolerance and organ transplantation. However, up to now, the mechanisms underlying maternal-fetal immune tolerance remain vague. In this review, we provide an overview on the current understanding of immune tolerance mechanisms underlying the maternal-fetal interface, summarize the interconnection between immune tolerance and organ transplantation, and describe the adverse effect of pregnancy alloimmunization on organ transplantation.

What do we know about fetal-maternal microchimerism?

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
I.V. Ignatko ◽  
◽  
M.T. Kazbekova ◽  
D.I. Yakubova ◽  
T.M. Silaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Tolerance ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Placental Barrier ◽  
Fetal Survival ◽  
Maternal Immune System ◽  
Fetal Microchimerism ◽  
Autoimmune Processes ◽  
The Impact

Microchimerism is a condition characterized by the presence of a small number of foreign cells genetically different from the host cells. Thus, during pregnancy maternal and fetal cells cross the placental barrier, enter the foreign bloodstream and settle in the organs, which leads to the formation of fetal-maternal microchimerism. This review covers some aspects of fetal-maternal microchimerism, including its impact on the course of pregnancy. The existence of fetal micro-chimerism during pregnancy confirms the fact that the maternal immune system interacts with fetal antigens long before delivery. Also, fetal microchimerism may influence the course of auto-immune diseases during pregnancy, which is associated with the fetal-maternal HLA compatibil-ity. Scientists suggest that autoimmune processes that develop after pregnancy are in fact “graft versus host” reactions that occur in response to fetal allogeneic cells. Maternal cells can also cross the placental barrier. This results in the development of tolerance to maternal antigens that are foreign to the fetus. This postnatal immune tolerance is presumably involved in the immuno-suppressive mechanisms that contribute to fetal survival in utero. It has been proven that the fetal immune system is functionally active and is formed in utero due to fetal-maternal microchimerism, non-sterile placental environment under the impact of maternal microbiota and transplacental transfer of immunoglobulins, by inflammatory mediators and cytokines. An important finding is the absence of signs of maternal microchimerism (MMc) in women with preeclampsia. Many questions remain unanswered, therefore, further studies on fetal-maternal microchimerism are needed to assess its impact on the human body. Key words: fetal-maternal microchimerism, immune tolerance, placental barrier, pregnancy, preeclampsia

Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and Pregnancy: A hypothetical view

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed RG
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cellular Therapy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Maternal Immune System ◽  
Perinatal Management ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background: The complications of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and its COVID-19 disease on mothers and their offspring are less known. Objective: The aim of this review was to determine the transmission, severity, complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the pregnancy. This review showed the influence of COVID-19 disease on the neonatal neurogenesis. Owing to no specific vaccines or medicines that were reported for the treatment of COVID-19 disease, this review suggested some control strategies like treatments (medicinal plants, antiviral therapy, cellular therapy, and immunotherapy), nutrition uptake, prevention, and recommendations. Discussion: This overview showed in severely states that SARS-CoV-2 infection during the early stage of pregnancy might increase the risk of stress, panic, and anxiety. This disorder can disturb the maternal immune system, and thus causing a neurodevelopmental disturbance. This hypothesis may be depending on the severity and intensity of the SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. However, vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from dams to their fetuses is absent until now. Conclusion: During this global pandemic disease, maintaining safety during pregnancy, vaginal delivery, and breastfeeding may play a vital role in a healthy life for the offspring. Thus, international and national corporations should be continuing for perinatal management, particularly during the next pandemic or disaster time.

scholarly journals The Next-Generation of Combination Cancer Immunotherapy: Epigenetic Immunomodulators Transmogrify Immune Training to Enhance Immunotherapy

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3596
Author(s):  
Reza Bayat Mokhtari ◽  
Manpreet Sambi ◽  
Bessi Qorri ◽  
Narges Baluch ◽  
Neda Ashayeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Tumor Rejection ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Patient Response ◽  
Specific Antigens

Cancer immunotherapy harnesses the immune system by targeting tumor cells that express antigens recognized by immune system cells, thus leading to tumor rejection. These tumor-associated antigens include tumor-specific shared antigens, differentiation antigens, protein products of mutated genes and rearrangements unique to tumor cells, overexpressed tissue-specific antigens, and exogenous viral proteins. However, the development of effective therapeutic approaches has proven difficult, mainly because these tumor antigens are shielded, and cells primarily express self-derived antigens. Despite innovative and notable advances in immunotherapy, challenges associated with variable patient response rates and efficacy on select tumors minimize the overall effectiveness of immunotherapy. Variations observed in response rates to immunotherapy are due to multiple factors, including adaptative resistance, competency, and a diversity of individual immune systems, including cancer stem cells in the tumor microenvironment, composition of the gut microbiota, and broad limitations of current immunotherapeutic approaches. New approaches are positioned to improve the immune response and increase the efficacy of immunotherapies, highlighting the challenges that the current global COVID-19 pandemic places on the present state of immunotherapy.

First International Lvov Forum

2021 ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
Svetlana L. Sazanova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
System Development ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Economic Knowledge ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
The Face

The article is devoted to the analysis of the content and results of the First International Lvov Forum, dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the birth of Academician D. S. Lvov (1930–2007). The forum was held on October 20–21, 2020 at the State University of Management with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), project No. 20-010-22058. Major Russian and foreign scientists, academicians and corresponding members of the Russian Academy of Sciences, leading Russian universities, universities of the Czech Republic, France, Bulgaria and other countries took part in the First Lvov Forum. The Forum discussed fundamental problems of modern Russian and world economic science, including: the problem of the crisis of the paradigm of economic theory; the problem of the relationship between philosophical and economic knowledge; the need to form a new paradigm of economic science; the problem of interaction between society, state and business at the micro, meso and macro levels in the face of modern challenges; place and role of Russia in the world socio-economic system; development strategy of the Russian socio-economic system in the context of the new paradigm of economic science in the context of modern challenges. The discussion of the above fundamental problems was on the basis of a synthesis of the principle of dichotomy and a systematic approach. The First Lvov Forum took a significant place among such major Russian scientific events as the Gaidar Economic Forum, the Krasnoyarsk Economic Forum, the Moscow Economic Forum, etc. due to the relevance of the problems considered at the Forum, the novelty of the methods proposed for their solution. The ideas of Russian and foreign scientists presented at the Forum can be used for the further development of modern economic theory, as well as for the development of programs for the development of the Russian economy at the micro, meso and macro levels.

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