Relationships between follicle-stimulating hormone, follicle growth and ovulation rate in sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Fry ◽  
MA Driancourt
Keyword(s):  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
Follicle Growth ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1 ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

The changes in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration required to affect follicle growth and ovulation rate within individual ewes were examined. Relationships between peripheral FSH concentrations during the late-luteal and follicular phase and subsequent ovulation rates were investigated in 22 ewes from 4 breeds over 3 successive cycles (Experiment 1). Ewes were grouped as follows: Group 1 (n = 6), ewes exhibiting the same ovulation rate at each oestrous cycle: Group 2 (n = 5), ewes with three different ovulation rates at each oestrous cycle; and Group 3 (n = 11), ewes with the same ovulation rate at two oestrous cycles and a different ovulation rate on one occasion. Data from ewes in Group 1 and 3 provided estimates on the variation in FSH concentrations between cycles which were not large enough to alter ovulation rate (range, 0-67% variation in FSH concentration). In Group-2 ewes, there was no consistent association between increases in ovulation rate and the proportional increases in FSH concentrations. Differences in FSH concentrations were often less than those that did not alter ovulation rate in Group-I ewes. Furthermore, only 3 of 11 Group-3 ewes demonstrated high FSH concentrations associated with high ovulation rate (or low FSH concentrations and low ovulation rate) when compared with the concentrations found at the two cycles in which ovulation rate was similar. Hence, there was little evidence that FSH concentrations during the late-luteal and follicular phase are associated with changes in ovulation rate within individual ewes. In Experiment 2, follicles of similar size obtained from the same ewe (FecBFec+ and Romanov) showed markedly different responses in vitro to graded doses of FSH as measured by aromatase activity. It is concluded that, within a ewe, the large variability between gonadotrophin-dependent follicles in their requirement for FSH prevented the expression of any thresholds of ovarian response to FSH.

scholarly journals General Anesthesia in Geriatric Dogs with Propofol-Isoflurane, PropofolSevoflurane, Alphaxalone-Isoflurane, Alphaxalone-Sevoflurane and Their Comparison of Biochemical, Hemodynamic and Cardiopulmonary Effects

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Zeynep Bilgen Şen ◽  
Nuh Kiliç
Keyword(s):  
Blood Collection ◽  
Anesthesia Induction ◽  
Isoflurane Anesthesia ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Anesthetic Drugs ◽  
Group I ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background: Geriatric is defined as the life-cycle in which the physical state, organ functions, sensory functions, mental function and immunity progressively regress. Aging causes progressive and irreversible changes in the functional capacities of organ systems, which in turn alter the response to stress and anesthetic drugs. Propofol is an anesthetic agent with sedative and hypnotic effects. Anesthesia induction with propofol is fast and smooth. Alphaxalone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnane11,20-dione) is a central nervous system depressant in the form of synthetic neuroactive steroids. This allows anesthesia and muscle relaxation by increasing the inhibition of gamma amino butyric acid type A (GABA) receptors. The aim of this study is to compare effects of propofol-isoflurane and propofol-sevoflurane with relatively a new anesthetic combination alphaxalone-isoflurane and alphaxalone-sevoflurane on hematological, biochemical and physiological parameters.Materials, Methods & Results: Dogs were randomly divided into 4 groups and anesthesia protocols were applied. After induction of anesthesia with 6 mg/kg propofol in groups 1 and 2, isoflurane anesthesia was continued in group 1 and sevoflurane in group 2. After induction of 3 mg/kg alphaxalone anesthesia in groups 3 and 4, isoflurane anesthesia was continued in group 3 whereas sevoflurane in group 4. Vena cephalica was catheterized for blood collection. At the preanesthetic period, 15, 30, 45, 60 min and 60 min after the anesthesia, complete blood counts were performed. Serum ALT, AST, urea, creatinine values were measured during preanesthesia, perianesthesia 15-30 min and 60 min after anesthesia. Cardiopulmonary parameters and reflexes were evaluated before anesthesia and recorded at perianesthetic 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60 min and 60 min after full recovery. Patients were monitored during anesthesia. The average age of the dogs in the study was 10.83. All of the dogs were anesthetized in a few seconds with intravenous injection of propofol or alphaxalone. During anesthesia the respiratory rate (fR) was recorded by counting the movements of the reservoir bag. A pulse oximeter was used to monitor pulse rate (fH) and haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2). Body temperature was measured from rectum with a thermometer. Geriatric dogs were anesthetized for a variety of clinical reasons, concerning laparatomy (12.5%), orthopedic (7.5%), soft tissue (60%),  dental (10%) and ophthalmologic surgery (10%). Duration of anesthesia was 94.44 (± 12.6) for group I, 81(± 10.54) for group II, 93.88 (± 11.6) for group III and 64.5 (± 3.97) min for group IV. Serum urea and creatinine concentrations were not significantly different in the four groups.Discussion: The mean duration of anesthesia recovery was 6.0 ± 2.0 in group 1, 4.6 ± 1.45 in group 2, 3.7 ± 1.23 in group 3 and 9.7 ± 3.09 min in group 4. In group 4 recovery was longer than other groups and statistically significant (P < 0.05). In our research, the recovery is shorter in the isoflurane treated groups than in the sevoflurane treated groups. When the effect of different groups on heart rate was examined, the difference between them was not significant.  Duration and depth of the anesthesia with propofol-isoflurane, propofol-sevoflurane, alphaxalone–isoflurane and alphaxalone-sevoflurane were found to be satisfactory for surgery. Four anesthetic agents applied in geriatric dogs did not adversely affected the hematological and biochemical parameters. In conclusion anesthesia on geriatric dogs after induction of propofol and alphaxalone maintained with isoflurane or sevoflurane found to be safe. However, they did not provide analgesia in painful operations, so it would be appropriate to use analgesics in the pre or intraoperative period.

scholarly journals Remineralization potential of GC Tooth Mousse and GC Tooth Mousse plus on initial caries like lesion of primary Teeth – An in-vitro comparative evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Anshul ◽  
Kaushal Kishor Jha
Keyword(s):  
Group Iii ◽  
Initial Caries ◽  
Anterior Teeth ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Tooth Mousse ◽  
Group 1

Aim: Teeth are constantly going through cycles of demineralization and remineralization. The ultimate goal of clinical intervention is the preservation of tooth structure and the prevention of lesion progression to the point where restoration is required. Thus promoting remineralization is the ultimate goal of clinical prevention of caries lesion. The present in vitro study aimed to investigate the efficacy of GC Tooth Mousse (CPP-ACP) and GC Tooth Mousse Plus (CPP-ACP)F  on artificial enamel caries in primary human teeth.   Methods and Material:    Sixty freshly extracted human primary anterior teeth were used in this study.      The root portion of 60 primary anterior teeth was separated from the crown portion at the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ)      Teeth samples were divided into 3 Groups (n=20 each). Group 1 as a control group, Group 2  GC Tooth Mousse, and Group 3 Tooth Mousse Plus containing dentifrices were used. Samples were subjected to 10 days of pH cycling protocol. The changes were analyzed using Vickers Hardness Testing Machine and SEM.    Pre and post groups were compared by paired t-test.  Independent groups were compared by one-way analysis of variance.   Result: Micro-morphological observations of the enamel surfaces with SEM :      Group 1 the enamel scanning showed shallow depressions and fine porosities within these depressions, Group 2 showed numerous granular particles and amorphous crystals which were arranged on the enamel surface. Smooth, homogeneous surface, and no irregularities were seen in Group 3. Surface Microhardness Evaluation   After treatment, the mean hardness Group III was the highest followed by  Group II and Group I (i.e. Group I < Group II < Group III).   Conclusion:  GC Tooth Mousse Plus showed a statistically significant amount of remineralization.

Effect of an inhibitor of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase on progesterone concentrations and embryo survival in sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Ashworth ◽  
I. Wilmut ◽  
A. J. Springbett ◽  
R. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Silicone Elastomer ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Progesterone Production ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

ABSTRACT The effect of an inhibitor of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase on peripheral progesterone concentration during the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle and on embryo survival was determined in sheep. Following administration of 10, 50, 100 or 250 mg epostane (4,5-epoxy-17-hydroxy-4,17,dimethyl-3-oxo-androstane-2-carbonitrile) progesterone concentrations were significantly lower than control levels 4 h after injection, from 2·5 to 22 h, 1·5 to 24 h and 1 to 24 h after injection respectively. There appeared to be no effect on peripheral oestradiol concentrations. Adrenal progesterone production was small and not influenced by epostane treatment. Epostane was administered on day 9 of the oestrous cycle to cause a reduction in progesterone concentrations for approximately 12-18 h on day 9 only (group 1, 250 mg epostane on day 9), or a series of such reductions on 3 consecutive days (group 2, 50 mg epostane on days 9, 10 and 11) or a continuous reduction for 3 days (group 3, 250 mg epostane on days 9, 10 and 11). The proportion of ewes that were pregnant was significantly (P<0·05) lower in ewes treated to give a continuously low progesterone concentration for 3 days than in either controls or ewes in which progesterone concentration was reduced for less than 24 h (in controls and groups 1, 2 and 3 the proportion was 85, 92, 54 and 18% of ewes treated respectively). Embryo survival was not affected by administration of 250 mg epostane on days 9, 10 and 11 if luteal phase levels of progesterone were maintained by insertion of a silicone elastomer implant of the steroid. The proportion of embryos surviving was 72% in controls compared with 78% in the treated animals. J. Endocr. (1987) 112, 205–213

scholarly journals The effect of uncooked and roll-dried maize starch, alone and mixed in equal quantity with sucrose, on dental caries in the albino rat

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Green ◽  
R. L. Hartles
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group I ◽  
Weanling Rats ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

1. One hundred and ten weanling rats were distributed between five dietary groups in randomized blocks. Each block was constructed from within a litter and each member of the block received a different diet.2. The main features of the diets were: group I (twenty-six rats) 72% sucrose, group 2 (sixteen rats) 72% uncooked maize starch, group 3 (sixteen rats) 72% roll-dried maize starch, group 4 (twenty-six rats) 36% sucrose and 36% uncooked starch, group 5 (twenty-six rats) 36% sucrose and 36% roll-dried starch.3. The animals were killed after 20 days on the diets and assessed for dental caries. The rats of group 1 (sucrose) had significantly more caries than all other groups, the rats of group 2 (uncooked starch) had significantly less caries than any of the other groups. Roll-dried starch (group 3) produced significantly more caries than uncooked starch (group 2). The mixture of uncooked starch and sucrose (group 4) was significantly more cariogenic than the mixture of roll-dried starch and sucrose (group 5).

scholarly journals Hematology of 2, 4 (Dinitrophenyl Hydrazine) Induced Anaemic Rat Administered with Ficus capensis Fruits and Leave Extract

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
N. N. Umerah ◽  
J. I. Okoye ◽  
A. I. Asouzu
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background: Anemia is regarded as public health challenge and is predominant in developing countries due to nutritional deficiencies. Aim/Objectives: The study was carried out to evaluate the biological properties of Ficus capensis fruits and vegetables on some haematological parameters in 2, 4 (dinitrophenyl hydrazine) induced anemic rat. Materials and Methods: Ficus capensis leaves and fruits were separately plucked, sorted cleaned. Twenty male adult rats were purchased from the Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The animals were divided into 4 groups of 5 rats each on the basis of body weight. The rats in all the groups received 2, 4-DNPH (20 mg/kg body weight) once daily for 7 days to induce anaemia. Group I were fed rat chow alone, group 2 were fed rat chow with ferrous sulphate, group 3 were fed rat chow with Ficus capensis leaves extract and group 4 were fed rat chow with Ficus capensis seed extract. The aqueous extracts of the leaves and fruits were tested for haematinic effects in albino rats. Blood parameters such as Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Red Blood Cell (RBC) count, White Blood Cell (WBC) count and Haemoglobin concentration (Hb) were measured. Results: The result showed that the mean PCV baseline of the rats were (38.72-39.24%), mean PCV of anemic rats (33.01- 34.60%) and the mean PCV of the rats after test of recovery were group 1 (34.10%), group 2 (51.81%), group 3 (40.20%) and group 4 (38.20%).The result showed that the mean HB baseline of the rats were (9.67-10.47 g/dl), mean HB of anemic rats (6.50- 7.10 g/dl) and the mean HB of the rats after test of recovery were group 1 (6.51 g/dl), group 2 (12.32 g/dl), group 3 (9.73 g/dl) and group 4 (9.69 g/dl). The results of the effect of the extracts on the haematological parameters indicated that oral administration of the aqueous extract of Ficus capensis leaves and fruits after 22 days exhibited a significant (P < 0.05) increase in haematinic activity by increasing the blood parameters Hb, PCV, WBC and RBC.

scholarly journals Discrepancies between Antimullerian Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone in Assisted Reproduction

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munawar Hussain ◽  
David Cahill ◽  
Valentine Akande ◽  
Uma Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Ovarian Response ◽  
Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation ◽  
Ongoing Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Antimullerian Hormone ◽  
Antimüllerian Hormone ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Abnormal Group ◽  
Group 1 ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

Data from 107 women undergoing their first IVF/ICSI were analyzed. Relationships between antimullerian hormone (AMH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were analyzed after dividing patients into four groups according to AMH/FSH levels. Concordance was noted in 57% of women (both AMH/FSH either normal or abnormal) while 43%of women had discordant values (AMH/FSH one hormone normal and the other abnormal). Group 1 (AMH and FSH in normal range) and group 2 (normal AMH and high FSH) were younger compared to group 3 (low AMH and normal FSH) and group 4 (both AMH/FSH abnormal). Group 1 showing the best oocyte yield was compared to the remaining three groups. Groups 3 and 4 required higher dose of gonadotrophins for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation showing their low ovarian reserve. There was no difference in cycle cancellation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth/ongoing pregnancy rate in all groups. These tests are useful to predict ovarian response but whether AMH is a substantially better predictor is not yet established.

scholarly journals CORRELATION OF THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE AND PROLACTIN LEVELS IN NON-PREGNANT FEMALE

2020 ◽  
pp. 147-148
Author(s):  
Sulekha Sinha ◽  
ANUPAMA HEGDE ◽  
POORNIMA A MANJREKAR ◽  
RUKMINI MS
Keyword(s):  
Positive Association ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
P Value ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Strong Positive Association ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Tsh Levels ◽  
Group 1 ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

Objective: The objective of the study was to correlate prolactin (PRL) levels with different levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Methods: The study included 221 non-pregnant females of the age group of 16–43 years. TSH and PRL were assayed. Subjects were divided into three groups based on TSH levels, namely, low, normal, and high TSH levels and results compared. Statistical analysis: The comparison between different groups was done using test ANOVA. Correlation between TSH and PRL was established using Pearson’s correlation test. Results: Five subjects in Group-1 with low TSH values (mean 0.096±0.08 μIU/ml) had PRL 9.8±6.25 ng/dl, 186 subjects in Group-2 with normal TSH values (mean 1.98±0.94 μIU/ml) had PRL 16.58±8.78 ng/dl, and in Group-3 with high TSH values (mean 6.45±3.91 μIU/ml) had PRL 26.53±15.98 ng/dl. p value for TSH is <0.001 (significant) and for PRL also is <0.001 (significant). Positive correlation has been found in overall 221 subjects between TSH and PRL with correlation coefficient r=0.239 and p=0.01 (significant). Conclusion: PRL levels were higher in group with high TSH values. In most previous studies (subjects with established subclinical or overt hypothyroid), PRL was found higher with higher TSH levels. This study showed strong positive association between TSH and PRL irrespective of the thyroid status.

Lipid metabolism in primiparous cows with a various state of the reproductive system

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
O. S. Mityashova ◽  
A. A. Solomakhin ◽  
I. Yu. Lebedeva
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Phospholipid Content ◽  
Group I ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Observation Period ◽  
Group 1

Modified lipid metabolism has a negative effect on the fertility of cows. The aim of the research was to study lipid metabolism in the pre- and postpartum periods in primiparous cows with different signs of the impaired reproductive function. At 8, 6, 4 and 2 weeks before calving and 2 and 7 weeks after calving, the animals were bled to analyze the content of phospholipids and triglycerides. Based on the assessment of the functional state of the ovaries 7 and 9 weeks after calving, the cows were divided into three groups: I - without signs of ovarian hypofunction (n = 31), II - with moderate ovarian hypofunction (n = 13), III - with deep ovarian hypofunction (n = 14). After 12 months of lactation, animals without a diagnosis of deep ovarian hypofunction were divided into 3 groups: 1 - with an open days period of less than 125 days (n = 12), 2 - with an open days period of more than 125 days (n = 21), and 3 - cows that remained infertile (n = 11). The phospholipid concentration increased 1.6-1.9 times (p<0.001-0.05) between the 2nd and 7th weeks after calving in the blood of cows of all studied groups. Meanwhile, in groups II and 3, it decreased 1.4-1.5 times (p<0.05) between the 4th week before calving and the 2nd week of lactation. Seven weeks after calving, the phospholipid content in the blood of group I animals was 1.2-1.4 times higher (p<0.001-0.05) than in animals of groups II and III. In addition, this indicator after 2 and 7 weeks of lactation was 1.4-1.5 times higher (p<0.05) in group 1 than in group 3. The concentration of triglycerides decreased by 1.3 times (p<0.05) between the 2nd week before calving and the 2nd week after calving in the blood of group I cows and by 1.5-1.6 times (p<0.05) between the 6th week before calving and the 7th week after calving in groups II and III. In group 1, it increased 1.6 times (p<0.05) between the 8th and 2nd weeks before calving, and then decreased 1.5 times (p<0.05) by the 2nd week of lactation. This indicator decreased 1.4 times (p<0.01) between the 2nd week before calving and the 7th week of lactation in group 2 and did not change throughout the observation period in group 3. After 7 weeks of lactation, the content of triglycerides in the blood was 1.4 times higher (p <0.05) in group I than in groups II and III and was 1.3 times higher (p <0.05) in group 1 than in group 2. The data obtained suggest that the peculiarities of lipid metabolism during the pre- and postpartum periods are associated with various states of the reproductive system in primiparous cows.

scholarly journals Comparison of prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine and body mass index between infertile and fertile Saudi women

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-122
Author(s):  
Murid Javed ◽  
Alyaa Abdulrahman Asiel Elnour ◽  
Murwan Khalid Sabah Elkhier ◽  
Ayman Salih Omer Idris ◽  
Wala Mohamed Mahmoud Salih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Serum Hormones ◽  
Weight Category ◽  
Saudi Women ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1 ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

The objective of this study was to compare the levels of prolactin, FSH, LH, E2, TSH, FT4 and BMI between infertile Saudi women with high prolactin and fertile Saudi women with normal prolactin. The study individuals were divided into two groups; infertile Saudi women with high prolactin (Group 1) and fertile Saudi women with normal prolactin (Group 2). This study used the ARCHITECT i1000SR immunoassay analyzer for the assessment of all serum hormones. The prolactin in Group 1 was higher than in the Group 2. The FSH and LH values were similar in both groups. The TSH in Group 1 was higher than in the Group 2. The FT4 values were similar in both groups. The BMI in both groups was greater than 25 (all patients were in over weight category). In Group 1, 40% women were over weight and in Group 2, 39 % women were over weight. The rate of failed cycles in group 1 was higher than in Group 2, also cases of PCOS in Group 1 were more than in the Group 2. The rate of positive pregnancy in Group 1 is lower than in the Group 2. The results of this study demonstrated that increased levels of prolactin and TSH are among the causes of infertility in Saudi women.

scholarly journals Features of spatial localization of dental plaque during orthodontic treatment on braces

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-145
Author(s):  
Malkan A. Amkhadova ◽  
O. A. Zorina ◽  
O. A. Boriskina ◽  
N. B. Petrukhina ◽  
A. A. Nechaev
Keyword(s):  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Spatial Localization ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Group I ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Manual Toothbrush ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

The aim of the study was to evaluate the features of spatial localization of dental plaque in patients with braces, depending on the type of toothbrush used. We enrolled 63 patients from 11 to 18 years old, needing orthodontic treatment on a bracket system due to the tight position of the teeth in unilateral cleft palate and lip (Q37.1 according to ICD-10) after reconstructive surgery, in combination with mesial occlusion (K07.2 according to ICD-10). Material and methods: We evenly divided all participants into three groups depending on the type of brush used. Group 1 (n = 21) patients used an orthodontic manual toothbrush (Professor persin, Spazzolificio Piave S. p.A, Italy). Group 2 (n = 22) patients used an ultrasonic toothbrush (Emmi-dent, EMAG AG, Germany) and group 3 (n = 20) used an electric toothbrush (Oral-B Pro-Expert, Procter Gamble, USA). To assess the level of hygiene and determine the spatial accumulation of plaque, we used the Silness Loe index in the modification of Williams P. et al. (1991) at various stages. These included one week after professional hygiene after fixing both arcs. Then, six, and twelve months of wearing them. Material and methods: Group I contained the most pronounced deterioration in the hygienic state of the oral cavity during orthodontic treatment using a manual brush. Predominantly, the plaque accumulated in pricesavvy region. Uneven distribution of dental plaque relative to orthodontic techniques in group 1 was found in all quadrants of the upper and lower jaw.Conclusion: When assessing the spatial distribution of dental plaque relative to the bracket systems, it was possible to identify an additional advantage of using an ultrasonic brush. In comparison with an electric brush, we observed slight expressions in plaque accumulation on the four surfaces of the tooth., In the posterior area, plaque accumulated without pronounced deviations from the other areas of the tooth.

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