scholarly journals CORRELATION OF THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE AND PROLACTIN LEVELS IN NON-PREGNANT FEMALE

2020 ◽  
pp. 147-148
Author(s):  
Sulekha Sinha ◽  
ANUPAMA HEGDE ◽  
POORNIMA A MANJREKAR ◽  
RUKMINI MS
Keyword(s):  
Positive Association ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
P Value ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Strong Positive Association ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Tsh Levels ◽  
Group 1 ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

Objective: The objective of the study was to correlate prolactin (PRL) levels with different levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Methods: The study included 221 non-pregnant females of the age group of 16–43 years. TSH and PRL were assayed. Subjects were divided into three groups based on TSH levels, namely, low, normal, and high TSH levels and results compared. Statistical analysis: The comparison between different groups was done using test ANOVA. Correlation between TSH and PRL was established using Pearson’s correlation test. Results: Five subjects in Group-1 with low TSH values (mean 0.096±0.08 μIU/ml) had PRL 9.8±6.25 ng/dl, 186 subjects in Group-2 with normal TSH values (mean 1.98±0.94 μIU/ml) had PRL 16.58±8.78 ng/dl, and in Group-3 with high TSH values (mean 6.45±3.91 μIU/ml) had PRL 26.53±15.98 ng/dl. p value for TSH is <0.001 (significant) and for PRL also is <0.001 (significant). Positive correlation has been found in overall 221 subjects between TSH and PRL with correlation coefficient r=0.239 and p=0.01 (significant). Conclusion: PRL levels were higher in group with high TSH values. In most previous studies (subjects with established subclinical or overt hypothyroid), PRL was found higher with higher TSH levels. This study showed strong positive association between TSH and PRL irrespective of the thyroid status.

scholarly journals Effect of the Cut-Off Level for Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone on the Prevalence of Subclinical Hypothyroidism among Infertile Mexican Women

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 417
Author(s):  
Lidia Arce-Sánchez ◽  
Salvatore Giovanni Vitale ◽  
Claudia Montserrat Flores-Robles ◽  
Myrna Souraye Godines-Enriquez ◽  
Marco Noventa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Mexican Women ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

The primary aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) using two different cut-off levels for TSH values (≥2.5 mIU/L versus ≥4.1 mIU/L). The secondary objective was to analyze the clinical-biochemical characteristics in women with and without SCH. This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. In total, 1496 Mexican women with infertility were included: Group 1, women with TSH levels ranging between 0.3 and 2.49 mIU/L, n = 886; Group 2, women with TSH between 2.5 and 4.09 mIU/L, n = 390; and Group 3, women with TSH ≥4.1 mIU/L n = 220. SCH prevalence was 40.7% (CI 95%: 38.3–43.3%) with TSH cut-off ≥ 2.5 mIU/L, and 14.7% (CI 95%: 12.7–16.5%) with TSH cut-off ≥ 4.1 mIU/L, (p = 0.0001). The prevalence of overweight was higher in Group 2 than in Groups 1 and 3. Thyroid autoimmunity, obesity and insulin resistance were higher in Group 3 than in Group 1 (p < 0.05). No other differences were observed between groups. Conclusions: The prevalence of SCH in our selected patients increased almost three times using a TSH cut-off ≥ 2.5 mIU/L compared with a TSH cut-off ≥ 4.1 mIU/L. Women with TSH ≥4.1 mIU/L compared with TSH cut-off ≤ 2.5 mIU/L more often presented with obesity, thyroid autoimmunity and insulin resistance.

scholarly journals Young people's lifestyle and frequency of physical activity – an original study

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
Barbara Janota ◽  
Elżbieta Szczepańska ◽  
Karolina Janion
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
High Rate ◽  
P Value ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Unhealthy Lifestyle ◽  
School Students ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Introduction A healthy lifestyle, including healthy eating, frequent physical activity, abstention from recreational substances, appropriate amounts of sleep and restricted amounts of television and computer time have a positive impact on the development and health of adolescents. The aim of the study was to assess selected aspects of adolescent lifestyle with a focus on rates of physical activity. Materials and methods The study material included a questionnaire completed by 304 secondary school students. The answers were analysed with respect to the physical activity of the respondents and then grouped accordingly: group 1 consisted of respondents with a low rate of physical activity, group 2 with a moderate rate of physical activity and group 3 with a high rate of physical activity. Differences in the the percentages of healthy behaviour the groups engaged in was assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA on ranks test. Post hoc, a 2-way test with Bonferroni correction was performed. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant for all analyses. Results The recommended number of 4–5 meals a day is consumed mostly by individuals from group 2 (52.94%) and to the least extent by those in group 1 (47.17%). The recommended daily consumption of fruit is mostly reported by respondents from group 3 (39.34%) and the least, by those from group 1 (26.42%). Subjects from group 2 are least likely to drink alcohol, which is harmful for one's health (26.47%); this group also includes the largest number of individuals who do not smoke cigarettes (69.12%). The most favorable behaviour with regards to sleep is displayed by subjects from group 3, in which 10.38% of participants slept for the recommended 8–10 h a day. Conclusions The majority of adolescents, regardless of the frequency of physical activity they undertook, had an unhealthy lifestyle. The most favourable lifestyle was led by subjects who performed physical activity between once a week and a few times a month.

Relationships between follicle-stimulating hormone, follicle growth and ovulation rate in sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Fry ◽  
MA Driancourt
Keyword(s):  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
Follicle Growth ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1 ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

The changes in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration required to affect follicle growth and ovulation rate within individual ewes were examined. Relationships between peripheral FSH concentrations during the late-luteal and follicular phase and subsequent ovulation rates were investigated in 22 ewes from 4 breeds over 3 successive cycles (Experiment 1). Ewes were grouped as follows: Group 1 (n = 6), ewes exhibiting the same ovulation rate at each oestrous cycle: Group 2 (n = 5), ewes with three different ovulation rates at each oestrous cycle; and Group 3 (n = 11), ewes with the same ovulation rate at two oestrous cycles and a different ovulation rate on one occasion. Data from ewes in Group 1 and 3 provided estimates on the variation in FSH concentrations between cycles which were not large enough to alter ovulation rate (range, 0-67% variation in FSH concentration). In Group-2 ewes, there was no consistent association between increases in ovulation rate and the proportional increases in FSH concentrations. Differences in FSH concentrations were often less than those that did not alter ovulation rate in Group-I ewes. Furthermore, only 3 of 11 Group-3 ewes demonstrated high FSH concentrations associated with high ovulation rate (or low FSH concentrations and low ovulation rate) when compared with the concentrations found at the two cycles in which ovulation rate was similar. Hence, there was little evidence that FSH concentrations during the late-luteal and follicular phase are associated with changes in ovulation rate within individual ewes. In Experiment 2, follicles of similar size obtained from the same ewe (FecBFec+ and Romanov) showed markedly different responses in vitro to graded doses of FSH as measured by aromatase activity. It is concluded that, within a ewe, the large variability between gonadotrophin-dependent follicles in their requirement for FSH prevented the expression of any thresholds of ovarian response to FSH.

Predictive Value of Minimal Residual Disease: Analysis By Flow-Cytometry in Children with Relapsed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. 2494-2494
Author(s):  
Myriam Ruth Guitter ◽  
Jorge Gabriel Rossi ◽  
Elisa Sajaroff ◽  
Carolina Carrara ◽  
Pizzi Silvia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Residual Disease ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
P Value ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Introduction: Despite the advances observed in the outcome of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment during the last 20 years, relapse remains the most common cause of treatment failure in childhood ALL. Several factors have been associated to the prognosis of these patients; however, minimal residual disease (MRD) emerges as a relevant predictor of outcome. Objectives: The aims of this study were to assess MRD by flow-cytometry in relapsed ALL and to evaluate its prognostic impact as a predictor factor of outcome at the end of the induction therapy and prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Patients and Methods: From Aug'10 to Jun'15, 123 ALL patients were treated at our center. MRD determination at least at two time-points during relapse treatment was a requirement for considering a patient eligible for the present study. Sixty-six cases were excluded due to the following causes: 10 patients died during induction, 2 died early in complete remission (CR), 29 did not respond to chemotherapy, in 13 patients MRD determination was not performed: 4 did not have clinical data available, 4 patients were Down Syndrome and 4 children received treatment for relapse in other centers. Thus, fifty-seven patients achieved CR and were evaluated for MRD at two time points. Of them, 56 patients belonged to S4 and S3 and 1 patient to S1 group as defined by the Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster stratification for relapsed ALL. MRD was analyzed by multiparametric flow-cytometry following ALL-IC 2009 guidelines. Negative MRD was defined as disclosing less than 0.1% of blasts. For this analysis, patients were stratified based on MRD levels at two different time points: after end of induction, before HSCT or at any other time point during the follow-up for patients who did not undergo HSCT. Three groups were defined: Group-1: negative at both time points (n= 23), Group-2: positive at 1 time point (n= 13) and Group-3: positive at both time points (n= 21). Patients who relapsed before receiving HSCT were considered Group-3. Twenty-five patients underwent HSCT: 13 of them from Group-1, 9 from Group-2 (2 had positive MRD previous to receive HSCT) and 3 patients from Group-3. HSCT was performed with matched familiar donor in 16 cases and matched unrelated donor in 9 cases. Results: The distribution of events according to receiving or not HSCT was: 5 died due to transplant related mortality (TRM), 9 relapsed after receiving HSCT and 16 during treatment with chemotherapy. With a median follow-up of 16 (range: 6-67) months, overall 3-year EFS probability (EFSp) (SE) was 32 (8)%. The 3-year EFSp was 75 (11)% for Group-1, 24 (14)% for Group-2 and 0% for Group-3 (p-value <0.00001). Comparing patients who did not receive HSCT vs. patients who did, EFSp (SE) was 32 (12)% and 29 (11)% respectively (p-value: non-significant). The EFSp (SE) according to MRD groups in patients who underwent HSCT was: Group-1: 53 (19)%, Group-2: 14 (13)% and 0% for Group-3 (p-value: 0.06). Conclusions: MRD quantification by flow-cytometry demonstrated to be a significant prognostic factor for relapsed ALL. Both, TRM and death in CR rates, were high and should be decreased by improving supportive measures. MRD determination by flow-cytometry in patients who underwent HSCT showed a trend to achieve a better EFSp, thus representing a relevant tool for stratifying relapsed ALL patients in order to achieve a better selection of patients to receive HSCT. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF PREANALYTICAL VARIABLES ON SERUM THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE ANALYSIS BY CHEMILUMINESCENCE METHOD

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (Suppl-1) ◽  
pp. S102-05
Author(s):  
Ambreen Rehman ◽  
Naveed Asif ◽  
Saima Shakeel Malik ◽  
Waqas Sheikh ◽  
Quratulain . ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Specimen Handling ◽  
Tsh Levels ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

Objective: To identify effect of pre-analytical variables on serum thyroid stimulating hormone. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) Rawalpindi, Department of Chemical Pathology & Endocrinology, from Mar 2018 to Aug 2018. Methodology: Hundred subjects with ages ranging from 18 to 34 years, irrespective of gender, were randomly selected for this study. Five milliliters venous blood sample was collected from each subject in a serum separator and divided into two aliquots. First aliquot was centrifuged and analyzed immediately for TSH, while second aliquot was stored for 24 hours and was then analyzed. TSH was measured by third generation assay usingchemiluminescence technique on ADVIA Centaur® XP. Serum TSH levels were also analyzed twice daily; in the morning (0800 to 0900 hours) and afternoon (1400 to 1600 hours). Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24. Frequency and percentages were calculated for qualitative variables like gender and pre-analytical variables. Test of significance Mann-Whitney U-test was applied and p-value <0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Mean age of subjects was 23 ± 3.4 years. Change in circadian rhythm was observed in 17 (28%) males and 14 (36%) females. Statistically significant association was found between morning and evening TSH levels, while no change was observed in TSH level by early and late centrifugation of samples. Conclusion: TSH levels vary significantly between blood samples collected at different timings of the day from the same person. TSH is resistant to degradation, immunologically stable, and reasonably insensitive to potential problems associated with routine specimen handling, when measured by immunoassay technique. Therefore, it is helpful in large epidemiological studies and small size laboratory, which require long transportation time and storage.

scholarly journals Increased serum interleukin-9 and interleukin-1β are associated with depression in type 2 diabetes patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prabhat VARSHNEY ◽  
Rizwana PARVEEN ◽  
Mohd Ashif KHAN ◽  
Sunil KOHLI ◽  
Nidhi B. AGARWAL
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

ABSTRACT Background: Co-morbid diabetes and depression are prevalent chronic conditions negatively affecting quality of life (QoL). Inflammation has been considered as an integral mechanism in patients with both diabetes and depression. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate depression and its association with interleukins (IL)-1β and IL-9 in type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM) and controls. The QoL in diabetic patient was also assessed. Methods: Eighty subjects were included, distributed among three groups: Group 1 - Healthy controls; Group 2 - T2DM patients without depression; Group 3 - T2DM patients with depression. Depression and QoL were assessed using Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and The Audit of Diabetes-Dependent QoL (ADDQoL), respectively. IL-1β and IL-9 were measured in serum samples of all the patients using ELISA kit. Results: The PHQ score in the Group 3 was significantly higher as compared to Group 1. The ADDQoL scores in the Group 3 were significantly higher as compared to Group 2. Levels of IL-9 and IL-1β were elevated in Group 3, as compared to the other groups. Conclusion: This study showed positive association between depression and IL-1β, IL-9 in T2DM patients. Additionally, the diabetic patients have poorer quality of life, which is further worsened by the presence of depression. Thus, routine assessment for the presence of depression is suggested in T2DM patients.

scholarly journals PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION;

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asghar Khan ◽  
Amin Fahim ◽  
Aneela Qureshi ◽  
Ghulam Shah Nizamani ◽  
Mohammad Ahmed Azmi
Keyword(s):  
University Hospital ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Pregnancy Induced Hypertension ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Induced Hypertension ◽  
Mild Preeclampsia ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Objective: To assess the early detection of thrombocytopenia in womenpresenting with varying degree of pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH). Study Design: A casecontrol study. Place of Study: Hematology laboratory Isra University Hospital Hyderabad.Duration of Study: From July 2009 to December 2010. Materials and Methods: Total 130pregnant women were included in this study. The subjects were divided into three groups asGroup 1 with pre-eclampsia, Group 2 with eclampsia and Group 3 with normotensive pregnantwomen as control group. The Group 1 was further divided into two sub groups such as Subgroup1a with mild preeclampsia and Sub-group 2b with severe pre-eclampsia. Results:Anticoagulated whole blood samples (5cc) from all subjects were analyzed for the detection ofthrombocytopenia for the possible involvement of pregnancy induced hypertension. It was notedthat out of total subjects, 33(25.39%) had mild pre-eclampsia, 17(13.07%) had severe preeclampsia,15(11.54%) had eclampsia and 65 (50.0%) were normotensive pregnant women.Based on the comparative findings, the results showed significant differences between group 3and group 1a (p-value 0.001), group 3 and group 1b (p-value 0.001), group 2 and group 3 alsoshowed same results (p-value 0.001) but the subjects of group 1a and 1b when compared,showed non-significant findings (p value 0.955). Conclusion: The results suggested that earlydetection of platelet count provide significant role for the assessment of severity of disease inwomen with pregnancy induced hypertension when compared with normotensive pregnantwomen.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF THE LEVEL MILK PRODUCTIVITY OF MOTHER COWS ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF HOLSTEIN HEIFERS

2020 ◽  
pp. 165-172
Author(s):  
G.G. Karlikova ◽  
◽  
A.F. Conte ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Milk Productivity ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Group 1

The experiment is carried out on 3 groups of cows (1 - with productivity up to 7500 kg, 2 – from 7500 to 9000 kg and the 3rd group-9000 and above kg of milk for the previous lactation). Milk yield for 305 days of lactation of cows of group 3 averaged 9068 kg (P≤ 0,01), group 2-8682 (P≤ 0,05) and group 1 – 7940 kg of milk. Milk fat production in cows of group 3 - 369 kg (P≤ 0,05), group 2-351 and group 1 – 326 kg. The yield of milk protein from cows of group 3 is 285 kg (P≤ 0,01), group 2-270 (P≤ 0,05) and group 1-248 kg. A comparative analysis of the growth and development of heifers with mothers with different levels of productivity was carried out. At the 2nd month of growing, the weight of heifers of the 3rd group is 76 kg (P≤0,10), the 2nd - 72 kg (P≤0,10). The average daily growth of group 3 heifers at 6 months was 1244 g (P≤0,10), group 2 - 1127 and group 1-617 g.Group 3 Heifers at 9 months weighed 301,2 kg (P≤0,05), group 2 – 299,3 kg (P≤0,05). Heifers of group 3 at 12 months reached 380,6 kg (P≤0,05), group 2–378,5 (P≤0,05) and group 1 – 353,7 kg. The growth of experimental heifers of group 2 was 887,6 g (P≤0,05), group 3–829,6 and group 1 – 710 g per day. Monitoring of growth and development of heifers continues.

Radiation-induced changes in the inflammatory microenvironment composition of lung cancer brain metastases.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 2528-2528
Author(s):  
Ariane Steindl ◽  
Maximilian Mair ◽  
Angelika Martina Starzer ◽  
Karin Dieckmann ◽  
Georg Widhalm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Brain Metastases ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
P Value ◽  
Inflammatory Microenvironment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

2528 Background: Radiotherapy was postulated to impact the inflammatory microenvironment composition in patients with lung cancer brain metastases (BM). Methods: Formalin fixed and paraffin embedded BM specimens from treatment naïve patients (group 1) and from patients treated with radiation therapy including whole brain radiotherapy and/or stereotactic radiosurgery (group 2) or prophylactic cranial irradiation (group 3) before BM resection were identified from the Vienna Brain Metastasis Registry. T cell subsets (CD3+,CD8+,CD45RO+,FOXP3+,PD-L1+) were investigated using the Ventana Benchmark Ultra system Definiens software. Results: Specimens from 41 patients (28/41;68.3% NSCLC, 13/41;31.7% SCLC) were included in the study. A significant difference in CD3+TIL density between group 1 (median: 964.5cells/mm2) and group 2 (median: 283.4cells/mm2; p-value=0.021; Mann-Whitney-U test), as well as group 3 (median: 168.8 cells/mm2; p-value= 0.028; Mann-Whitney-U test) were observed. Furthermore, CD8+ and FOXP3+TIL densities of group 2 (CD8+ median: 172.1cells/mm2; FOXP3+ median: 210.7cells/mm2) were numerically lower compared to group 1 (CD8+ median: 190.1 cells/mm2; FOXP3+ median: 221.2 cells/mm2). Of 10/41 (24.4%) patients further resected BM tissue specimens after initial resection were available. Here, the inflammatory microenvironment of BM treated with radiation therapy between the resections was significantly associated with lower densities of CD3+ (median: 105.1 cells/mm2) and CD8+ (median: 20.3cells/mm2) compared to radiation-naïve patients (CD3+ median: 825.4cells/mm2; CD8+median: 105.5cells/mm2; p=0.037; Mann-Whitney U-test). Conclusions: Radiation treatment was associated with lower densities of TIL subsets in our BM cohort. Although results have to be interpreted with caution due to the limited sample size, further studies investigating the sequencing of radiotherapy and immune modulating therapies might be of interest. [Table: see text]

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO DIFFERENT DOSES OF DEXMEDETOMIDINE AS ADJUNCT TO LIDOCAINE IN INTRAVENOUS REGIONAL ANESTHESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 2259-2264
Author(s):  
Diana Salam Sami ◽  
Ali Hadi Muslih
Keyword(s):  
Regional Anesthesia ◽  
Motor Block ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Sensory Block ◽  
P Value ◽  
Intravenous Regional Anesthesia ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Group 1

The aim: To compare the different doses of dexmedetomidine as adjuvant to lidocaine in intravenous regional anesthesia. Materials and methods: Ninety patients participated in this study in Al-Yarmook teaching hospital in period between January 1st 2016 – July 1st 2016, divided randomly in to 3 groups. Group 1: received lidocaine diluted with normal saline; Group 2 – lidocaine with dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg; Group3 -lidocaine with dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg. Statistical analysis was done by IBM SPSS program version 20 and Microsoft excel version 2010 , the means were compared by ANOVA methods and Dunnett t3, significancebetween groups were recorded if p value less than 0.05. Results: Dexmedetomidine was effective in decreasing the sensory block onset time and motor block onset time and prolongation of the motor and sensory recovery with no significant hemodynamic changes than is often shown by the lidocaine alone, it also prolongs the time interval for analgesic requirement after the operation. For the group 3 it was faster than in group 2 and faster than in group 1 significantly (p value < 0.001) to form a sensory block onset and motor block onset; and it took significantly more time to recover the sensation than in group 1 (p value <0.001) and 2 (p value <0.002) , and more time for motor recovery than in group 1 (p value < 0.001). Group 3 had the longest time to call for the analgesia after operation than group 2 and 3 (p value < 0.001); and group 2 also had longer time for the same process than group 1 (p value < 0.001). Conclusions: A variety of adjuvants have been used in IVRA to decrease tourniquet pain, improve block quality, and prolong analgesia after cuff deflation. Opioids are relatively ineffective and cause nausea, vomiting, and dizziness after tourniquet deflation, but several NSAIDs have been shown to be beneficial, dexmedetomidine improves block quality and postoperative analgesia.

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