Effect of sowing depth and seedling morphology on establishment of grass seedlings on cracking black earths.

1982 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
LA Watt ◽  
RDB Whalley
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Native Grasses ◽  
Seedling Morphology ◽  
Sowing Depth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Shoot To Root Ratio

There is a wide range in the ability of grasses to become established on the cracking black clays of the Inverell district. Some native grasses establish readily on cracking black soils but most of the introduced perennial summer growing grasses are very difficult to establish. This study compared a number of native and introduced grasses in terms of establishment capability, depth of sowing and seedling morphology. In general there was a poor association between establishment capability of a species and the ability of its seedlings to emerge from depth. However, a well developed primary root system and a low shoot to root ratio were generally associated with good establishment capability. The results presented in this paper support the view that a number of seed and seedling features are involved in the progression from a germinating seed through to an established seedling. Species which occupy similar habitats may or may not have similar features.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Genome-Wide Association Analysis Reveals the Genetic Basis of Root System Architecture in Soybean

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waldiodio Seck ◽  
Davoud Torkamaneh ◽  
François Belzile
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Genome Wide

Increasing the understanding genetic basis of the variability in root system architecture (RSA) is essential to improve resource-use efficiency in agriculture systems and to develop climate-resilient crop cultivars. Roots being underground, their direct observation and detailed characterization are challenging. Here, were characterized twelve RSA-related traits in a panel of 137 early maturing soybean lines (Canadian soybean core collection) using rhizoboxes and two-dimensional imaging. Significant phenotypic variation (P < 0.001) was observed among these lines for different RSA-related traits. This panel was genotyped with 2.18 million genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using a combination of genotyping-by-sequencing and whole-genome sequencing. A total of 10 quantitative trait locus (QTL) regions were detected for root total length and primary root diameter through a comprehensive genome-wide association study. These QTL regions explained from 15 to 25% of the phenotypic variation and contained two putative candidate genes with homology to genes previously reported to play a role in RSA in other species. These genes can serve to accelerate future efforts aimed to dissect genetic architecture of RSA and breed more resilient varieties.

scholarly journals Silicon Effects on the Root System of Diverse Crop Species Using Root Phenotyping Technology

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 885
Author(s):  
Pooja Tripathi ◽  
Sangita Subedi ◽  
Abdul Latif Khan ◽  
Yong-Suk Chung ◽  
Yoonha Kim
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Learning Technologies ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Wide Range

Roots play an essential function in the plant life cycle, as they utilize water and essential nutrients to promote growth and plant productivity. In particular, root morphology characteristics (such as length, diameter, hairs, and lateral growth) and the architecture of the root system (spatial configuration in soil, shape, and structure) are the key elements that ensure growth and a fine-tuned response to stressful conditions. Silicon (Si) is a ubiquitous element in soil, and it can affect a wide range of physiological processes occurring in the rhizosphere of various crop species. Studies have shown that Si significantly and positively enhances root morphological traits, including root length in rice, soybean, barley, sorghum, mustard, alfalfa, ginseng, and wheat. The analysis of these morphological traits using conventional methods is particularly challenging. Currently, image analysis methods based on advanced machine learning technologies allowed researchers to screen numerous samples at the same time considering multiple features, and to investigate root functions after the application of Si. These methods include root scanning, endoscopy, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional imaging, which can measure Si uptake, translocation and root morphological traits. Small variations in root morphology and architecture can reveal different positive impacts of Si on the root system of crops, with or without exposure to stressful environmental conditions. This review comprehensively illustrates the influences of Si on root morphology and root architecture in various crop species. Furthermore, it includes recommendations in regard to advanced methods and strategies to be employed to maintain sustainable plant growth rates and crop production in the currently predicted global climate change scenarios.

Ustilago hypodytes. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Root System ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Meristematic Tissue ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vegetative Multiplication ◽  
Established Infection

Abstract A description is provided for Ustilago hypodytes. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A wide range of grasses, including species of Agropyron (many), Ammophila, Brachypodium, Bromus, Calamagrostis, Diplachne, Distichlis, Elymus (many), Festuca, Glyceria, Hilaria, Hordeum, Haynaldia, Lygeum, Melica, Orysopsis, Panicum, Phalaris, Phleum, Poa (many), Puccinellia, Secale, Sitanion, Sporobolus, Stipa (many), and Trisetum. DISEASE: Stem smut of grasses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Chiefly a temperate species found in Europe (including Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USSR, Yugoslavia) and North America (Canada, USA) and extending to central and South America (Argentina, Peru, Uruguay), N. Africa (Libya, Morocco, Tunisia), Japan, Australia and New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Not fully understood, though inoculation experiments have demonstrated that infection occurs in mature vegetative plants (possibly through meristematic tissue), not seeds or flowers (22, 240; 24, 511). Once established, infection is systemic, probably overwintering in the root system and spreading by vegetative multiplication of host plants as well as from plant to plant (24, 511; 19, 720).

Growth and development of Hippophae rhamnoides L. introduced in Absheron

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (03) ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
Kamala Arastun Sadigov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Hippophae Rhamnoides ◽  
Seedling Morphology ◽  
Hippophaë Rhamnoides ◽  
Root System Development ◽  
Hippophae Rhamnoïdes L ◽  
Seed Propagation

The presented article provides seed propagation, seedling morphology and growth dynamics, root system development in connection with the introduction of Hippophae rhamnoides L. species found in our natural flora in Absheron. The study found that the species Hippophae rhamnoides L. is well adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of Absheron and can be grown in cultural conditions. Key words: Hippophae rhamnoides L., introdiction, seed, repoduction, morphology, dewelopment, root system

scholarly journals AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR LOCALISED PROTEIN 18 as a Novel Modulator of Root System Architecture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Šírl ◽  
Tereza Šnajdrová ◽  
Dolores Gutiérrez-Alanís ◽  
Joseph G. Dubrovsky ◽  
Jean Phillipe Vielle-Calzada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Root Apical Meristem ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Lateral Root Initiation

The AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR LOCALIZED PROTEIN (AHL) gene family encodes embryophyte-specific nuclear proteins with DNA binding activity. They modulate gene expression and affect various developmental processes in plants. We identify AHL18 (At3G60870) as a developmental modulator of root system architecture and growth. AHL18 regulates the length of the proliferation domain and number of dividing cells in the root apical meristem and thereby, cell production. Both primary root growth and lateral root development respond according to AHL18 transcription level. The ahl18 knock-out plants show reduced root systems due to a shorter primary root and a lower number of lateral roots. This change results from a higher number of arrested and non-developing lateral root primordia (LRP) rather than from decreased initiation. Overexpression of AHL18 results in a more extensive root system, longer primary roots, and increased density of lateral root initiation events. Formation of lateral roots is affected during the initiation of LRP and later development. AHL18 regulate root apical meristem activity, lateral root initiation and emergence, which is in accord with localization of its expression.

DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES ON EUPHORBIA ESULA L.: MORPHOLOGY OF THE ROOT SYSTEM

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 579-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. S. Raju ◽  
T. A. Steeves ◽  
R. T. Coupland
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Limited Growth ◽  
Mode Of Reproduction ◽  
Shoot Buds ◽  
Adverse Conditions

The significance of Euphorbia esula L. as a weed is related to its capacity to persist under adverse conditions and to its mode of reproduction. In both these properties, the root system plays an important role. The root system is initially established by seedlings. The seedling has a vigorous primary root with extensive longitudinal growth and considerable cambial activity. Such a root has been designated a "long" root. By contrast, the first lateral roots produced on the primary root have limited growth and no cambial activity. These roots have been termed "short" roots. Thus, the seedling exhibits a "heterorhizic" pattern. Lateral long roots also arise on the primary root of seedlings but their origin is delayed until cambial activity has begun. Such lateral long roots arise much earlier on seedlings growing in denuded areas than on those growing in areas covered by dense vegetation. The mature root system is described in terms of horizontal and vertical long roots, which make up the conspicuous framework of the system, and of the short roots which they produce. Long roots produce shoot-buds and the origin of these structures is delayed until cambial activity has started. Short roots do not give rise to shoot-buds. Cambial activity in long roots appears to be connected with bud production and its absence in short roots probably underlies their inability to produce buds.L'importance de Euphorbia esula L. comme mauvaise herbe est connexé a son capacité de persister dans les situations hostiles et à sa methode de reproduction. Dans ces deux caractéristiques, le système des racines a une signification profunde. Initialement le système des racines s'établit dans le semis. Le semis a une racine primaire très forte avec beaucoup de croissance longitudinale et avec une activité considérable du cambium. Une racine de cette espèce s'appelle une "longue" racine (long root). Par contre, les premières racines latérales que poussent sur la racine primaire ont croissance limité et aucun activité du cambium. Ces racines s'appellent les "courtes" racines (short roots). De cette façon, le semis montre un dessin "heterorhizique" (heterorhizic). Les longues racines latérales ont aussi leur origine sur la racine primaire du semis, mais l'origine est retardé jusqu'au commencement de l'activité du cambium. Les racines de cette espèce apparaissent beaucoup plus tôt sur les semis qui sont situés en terre sans autre végétation, que sur ceux qui sont situés au milieu des autres plantes. Le système adulte des racines se décrit sous forme des longues racines de l'espèce horizontale et verticale, lesquelles constituent la charpente bien visible du système, et des courtes racines que sont produites par les longues racines. Les longues racines produisent les bourgeons, mais l'origine des bourgeons est retardé jusqu'au commencement de l'activité du cambium dans les racines. Les courtes racines ne produisent pas les bourgeons. Il paraît que l'activité du cambium dans les longues racines soit corrélative avec l'initiation des bourgeons et l'absence du cambium dans les courtes racines explique probablement leur incapacité à produire les bourgeons.

Yields of Hybrid Sorghums

1969 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Doggett
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Spikelet Number ◽  
Changing Environment ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Environmental Fluctuations

SUMMARYSorghum hybrids and varieties show similar responses to changing environment, with constant relative yield increases from the hybrids over a wide range of conditions due almost entirely to more florets and grains per plant and per hectare. Carbohydrate production of the leaves of good varieties is probably not much in excess of requirements for filling the grain. The extra spikelet number of the hybrid, increases in photosynthetic area and probably increased photosynthetic efficiency together enable the extra grains be filled. There is also an advantage in size and activity of the root system. The yield increase is strongly buffered against environmental fluctuations. The fact that hybrids can increase over a wide range of farming conditions should result in big increases in production simply by changing from varieties to hybrids, as is already happening in several countries.

The effect of cover crops on soil structure is mainly driven by root architecture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maik Lucas ◽  
Linh Nguyen ◽  
Andrey Guber ◽  
Alexandra Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Image Features ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pore Characteristics ◽  
Pore Connectivity ◽  
Imaging Protocol ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wide Range

<p>Cover crops are known to increase macroporosity and pore connectivity, thus having a beneficial effect on soil hydraulic properties such as saturated hydraulic conductivity, However, cover crop species typically used encompass a variety of contrasting root architectures and their effects on small-scale pore properties are difficult to quantify.</p><p>Here we explore the influence of five different cover crops (annual ryegrass, Austrian winter pea, dwarf essex rapeseed, oats, and oilseed radish) on soil structure with X-ray µCT. Undisturbed samples were taken from an experiment with these cover crops on Kellogg Biological Station (Michigan, USA) in October 2019. Two soil columns with a diameter of 5 cm were taken in 5 - 10 cm depth from each of three replicated plots per plant species and scanned with X-ray µCT at a resolution of 18 µm.</p><p>These images will be used to characterize pore structure in terms of pore size distribution, pore connectivity. In addition, a new imaging protocol will be used, which combines existing ones with a random forest classifier to segment image features such as pores, biopores and roots simultaneously.</p><p>First, the results reveal that different cover crops indeed result in different pore characteristics.  The fibrous root system of oats leads to the highest volume of narrow macropores and increased their connectivity, while the tap root system of dwarf essex rapeseed mainly effected wide macropores.  The highly diverse root system of Australian winter pea increased a wide range of pore sizes and thus resulted in the highest visible porosity.</p><p>The current study is funded by a grant from USDA Organic Transition program</p>

Morphological and developmental investigations of the underground system of Erythroxylum species from Brazilian cerrado

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Antonio Alonso ◽  
Silvia Rodrigues Machado
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Additional Stress ◽  
Aluminium Content ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Aerial Shoot ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
Shrubby Species ◽  
Underground System

Brazilian cerrado, a neotropical savanna, is characterised by a strongly seasonal climate with distinctive wet and dry seasons, and deep and well drained soils that are acidic and with high aluminium content. Recurrent fires in the dry season place additional stress on the survival of plants, which exhibit an array of strategies of survival. The purpose of this work was to study the underground system of Erythroxylum nanum A.St-Hil. and E. campestre A.St-Hil., two sub-shrubby species, and E. tortuosum Mart., a shrubby species, verifying the possible relationship between the morphology of the underground organs and the resprouting ability of these plants. Anatomical analyses followed the usual techniques of plant anatomy. The cotyledons of the three species were green, foliaceous and photosynthesising. The two sub-shrubby species (Erythroxylum nanum and E. campestre) showed slow development of the aerial shoot system and extensive growth of the primary root in the initial stage of development. E. tortuosum presented the most pronounced development of the aerial system and a poorly developed primary root compared with the sub-shrubby species. The sub-shrubby species occurred in clumps and had underground systems interlinked, consisting of a deep axial primary root system besides soboles in E. nanum and xylopodium in E. campestre. Plants of the E. tortuosum were isolated, highly branched and their underground system consisted of a superficial primary root system. Abundance of reserves and the bud-forming potential of the soboles, xylopodium and roots resulted in production of vigorous branches that are highly valuable in the regeneration of the aerial biomass following fire or seasonal dry in cerrado.

The root morphology of Lupinus angustifolius in relation to other Lupinus species

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC Clements ◽  
PF White ◽  
BJ Buirchell
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Proteoid Root ◽  
Primary Lateral ◽  
Secondary Roots ◽  
Coarse Soil

Commercial L. angustifolius cultivation is restricted to acid to neutral coarse-textured soils in Australia. An unsuitable root system may be part of the reason for the poor performance on fine-textured or alkaline soils. As a first step to examine this question plants of 12 annual Lupinus species were grown in a coarse soil with the aim of describing the range of root morphologies within the genus and to compare these to commercial L. angustifolius. A wide range of rooting patterns were observed. The differences in the dominance of the taproot was pronounced between species. The commercial genotype of L. angustifolius occupied an extreme within the range of root morphologies of the species. Roots of L. angustifolius consisted of a dominant taproot and a relatively high number of primary lateral roots but few secondary roots. In contrast, the primary, secondary and tertiary lateral roots of L. pilosus, L. mutabilis, L. atlanticus, L. palaestinus and L. micranthus were more dominant than the taproot. The length and distribution of primary lateral roots along the taproot also varied between species. The number of primary lateral roots fell rapidly with depth in L. angustifolius and L. mutabilis, while the other species had a more even distribution. L. angustifolius had a less extensive root system and relatively thick roots when compared to species such as L. albus and L. mutabilis. L. luteus also had relatively thick roots. The relatively thick roots and less extensive lateral root system in commercial L. angustifolius may partially explain its poor growth on fine-textured soils, where a greater proliferation of finer, lateral roots may be necessary. Proteoid root formation was observed for L. albus, L. cosentinii, L. pilosus, L. palaestinus, L. micranthus, L. digitatus, L. princei and L. atlanticus. They were particularly numerous in L. micranthus and L. albus. The structure of proteoid root clusters varied between species.

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