Aggregation index, carbon, nitrogen, and natural abundance of 13C and 15N in soil aggregates and bulk soil cultivated with onion under crop successions and rotations

Use of soil cover crops of different families in crop rotation or succession under no-tillage system (NTS) for onion production results in higher soil quality compared to land use systems with less plant diversity. The objective was to evaluate the effect of using different combinations of plant species from different botanical families in rotation and succession of soil cover crops in NTS for onion production on formation of macroaggregates, mesoaggregates, and microaggregates, and on total organic C (TOC) and N (TN) contents, including isotopic forms of C and N, in soil aggregates and bulk soil. The treatments (T) evaluated were maize/onion (NTS-T1); cover plants (winter)/onion (NTS-T2); maize/winter grasses/onion (NTS-T3); velvet bean/onion (NTS-T4); millet/cover plants (winter)/onion (NTS-T5); velvet bean/rye/onion (NTS-T6); maize/onion in conventional tillage system (CTS-T7); and intercrop cover plants (summer)/onion (NTS-T8). We evaluated macroaggregates (8.0–0.25 mm), microaggregates (<0.25 mm), and bulk soil (<2.0 mm) at depths of 0–5, 5–10, and 10–20 cm, in a nine-year field experiment. The greater plant diversity in T2–T6 and T8 resulted in higher geometric mean diameter (GMD) of aggregates compared to T1 and T7. The T8 was more efficient in increasing GMD in the 10–20 cm soil depth than the other treatments. The T1 was more efficient in improving the evaluated soil physical and chemical attributes than T7. The use of NTS with plants of the Poaceae and Fabaceae families in single or intercrop systems for onion production resulted in higher TOC and TN contents in the 0–5 and 5–10 cm soil depths compared to CTS. Isotope 15N measurements showed that C and N were more protected in microaggregates in all evaluated treatments and depths compared to macroaggregates and bulk soil. Macroaggregates had more TOC and TN than microaggregates.

Download Full-text

Combinations of Plant Species for Rotation With Onion Crops: Effects on the Light Fraction, Carbon, and Nitrogen Contents in Granulometric Fractions of the Soil Organic Matter

Journal of Agricultural Studies ◽

10.5296/jas.v9i1.17930 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 202

Author(s):

Lucas Dupont Giumbelli ◽

Arcângelo Loss ◽

Claudinei Kurtz ◽

Álvaro Luiz Mafra ◽

Marisa De Cássia Piccolo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Plant Species ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Soil Cover ◽

Soil Aggregates ◽

Bulk Soil ◽

Velvet Bean ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

Tillage System ◽

C And N

The conversion of conventional tillage system (CTS) into no-tillage system (NTS) for onion crops with use of soil cover crops increases carbon and nitrogen contents in the soil aggregates. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of combinations of different plant species and soil management systems using rotation with soil cover crops for onion crops on the light organic matter (LOM), carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) contents in the organic matter granulometric fractions in soil macroaggregates and bulk soil. A nine-year experiment (2007-2016) was conducted using the treatments (T): maize-onion in NTS (T1); soil cover crops (winter)-onion in NTS(T2); maize-winter grasses-onion in NTS (T3); velvet bean-onion in NTS (T4); millet-soil cover crops (winter)-onion in NTS (T5); velvet bean-rye-onion in NTS (T6); maize-onion in CTS (T7); intercropped soil cover crops (summer)-onion in NTS (T8). C and N contents in the LOM, particulate organic C and N (POC and PON), and mineral- associated C and N (MOC and MON) were evaluated in soil macroaggregates (8.0 to 2.0 mm) and bulk soil (<2.0 mm) from the 0–5 cm, 5–10 cm, and 10–20 cm layers. High diversity and combinations of plant species in T2-T6, and T8 resulted in higher POC and MON contents in aggregates, and higher MOC and PON contents in bulk soil, when compared to T1 and T7. T2 was a better option to increase LOM and POC contents in aggregates (0-5 cm). The evaluation of POC (0–5 cm), PON, and MON (0-10 cm) contents in soil aggregates showed more significant differences between the treatments than the contents found in bulk soil. The onion crops under NTS combined with use of rotations with soil cover crops were more efficient to improve the evaluated soil attributes than those under CTS.

Download Full-text

Organic carbon and nitrogen contents and their fractions in soils with onion crops in different management systems

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr18167 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 56 (8) ◽

pp. 846 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lucas Borges Ferreira ◽

Arcângelo Loss ◽

Lucas Dupont Giumbelli ◽

Barbara Santos Ventura ◽

Monique Souza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Organic Nitrogen ◽

Soil Cover ◽

Soil Aggregates ◽

Bulk Soil ◽

Management Systems ◽

Undisturbed Soil ◽

Tillage System ◽

C And N

The use of plant species in rotation or succession of crops can increase C and N contents and their fractions in the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of using soil cover crops in succession and rotation with onion crops in different soil management systems on the total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and C and N fractions in soil aggregates, and bulk soil. The experiment was implemented in April 2007 with eight treatments: succession of onion and maize in a no-tillage system (NTS) (T1); rotation of soil cover crops (winter) and biennial onion in a NTS (T2); rotation of maize, winter grasses, and onion in a NTS (T3); succession of summer legume and annual onion in a NTS (T4); rotation of summer grass, winter grasses, and annual onion in a NTS (T5); succession of summer legume, winter grass, and annual onion in a NTS (T6); succession of maize and onion in a conventional tillage system (CTS) (T7); and succession of intercrops of soil cover crops (summer), and annual onion in a NTS (T8). Undisturbed soil samples were collected in the 0.0–5.0, 5.0–10.0, and 10.0–20.0cm soil layers in July 2014, and their aggregate (8.0 to 2.0mm) and bulk soil (<2mm) fractions were separated to evaluate their TOC, TN, particulate organic carbon and particulate organic nitrogen (OCP and ONP respectively), and mineral-associated organic carbon and mineral-associated organic nitrogen (OCM and ONM respectively). Soil turning due to the CTS in T7 (0.0–5.0cm) reduced TOC, OCP, OCM, TN, ONP, and ONM, in the soil aggregates and in the bulk soil, when compared with the NTS with the use of soil cover crops in succession or rotation with onion crops (T1–T6 and T8). T6 increased the TOC, TN, OCP, OCM, ONP, and ONM contents in the soil aggregates and bulk soil when compared with the successions with only grasses or only legumes. T1 increased the soil TOC and TN contents in aggregates compared with the same succession in CTS. T8 had higher OCP (0.0–20.0cm) and ONP (5.0–10.0cm) contents in aggregates than in the bulk soil. In general, aggregates had higher TOC and OCM contents, and bulk soil had higher TN, OCP, ONP and ONM contents. The main changes resulting from the management systems and soil cover crop combinations used were observed in the particulate fraction, especially in the soil aggregates.

Download Full-text

Soil organic carbon and nitrogen sequestration and turnover in aggregates under subtropical leucaena–grass pastures

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr18016 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 56 (6) ◽

pp. 632 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kathryn Conrad ◽

Ram C. Dalal ◽

Ryosuke Fujinuma ◽

Neal W. Menzies

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Aggregates ◽

Soil Mass ◽

Δ13c And Δ15n ◽

Organic C ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

Nitrogen Sequestration ◽

C And N

Stabilisation and protection of soil organic carbon (SOC) in macroaggregates and microaggregates represents an important mechanism for the sequestration of SOC. Legume-based grass pastures have the potential to contribute to aggregate formation and stabilisation, thereby leading to SOC sequestration. However, there is limited research on the C and N dynamics of soil organic matter (SOM) fractions in deep-rooted legume leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala)–grass pastures. We assessed the potential of leucaena to sequester carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in soil aggregates by estimating the origin, quantity and distribution in the soil profile. We utilised a chronosequence (0–40 years) of seasonally grazed leucaena stands (3–6 m rows), which were sampled to a depth of 0.3 m at 0.1-m intervals. The soil was wet-sieved for different aggregate sizes (large macroaggregates, >2000 µm; small macroaggregates, 250–2000 µm; microaggregates, 53–250 µm; and <53 µm), including occluded particulate organic matter (oPOM) within macroaggregates (>250 µm), and then analysed for organic C, N and δ13C and δ15N. Leucaena promoted aggregation, which increased with the age of the leucaena stands, and in particular the formation of large macroaggregates compared with grass in the upper 0.2 m. Macroaggregates contained a greater SOC stock than microaggregates, principally as a function of the soil mass distribution. The oPOM-C and -N concentrations were highest in macroaggregates at all depths. The acid nonhydrolysable C and N distribution (recalcitrant SOM) provided no clear distinction in stabilisation of SOM between pastures. Leucaena- and possibly other legume-based grass pastures have potential to sequester SOC through stabilisation and protection of oPOM within macroaggregates in soil.

Download Full-text

Study of C, N, P and K Release from Residues of Newly Proposed Cover Crops in a Spanish Olive Grove

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10071041 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1041 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Antonio Rodríguez-Lizana ◽

Miguel Ángel Repullo-Ruibérriz de Torres ◽

Rosa Carbonell-Bojollo ◽

Manuel Moreno-García ◽

Rafaela Ordóñez-Fernández

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Soil Cover ◽

Brachypodium Distachyon ◽

Nutrient Release ◽

Grab Sampling ◽

P Release ◽

Olive Groves ◽

C And N

Cover crops (CC)s are increasingly employed by farmers in olive groves. Spontaneous soil cover is the most commonly used CC. Its continuous utilization changes ruderal flora. It is necessary to study new CCs. Living CCs provide C and nutrients to soil during decomposition. Information on this issue in olive groves is scarce. A 4-year field study involving grab sampling of Brachypodium distachyon, Sinapis alba and spontaneous CC residues was conducted to study C and nutrient release from cover crop residues. Throughout the decomposition cycles, C, N and P release accounted for 40 to 58% of the C, N and P amounts in the residues after mowing. Most K was released (80–90%). Expressed in kg per hectare, the release of C and N in Brachypodium (C: 4602, N: 181, P: 29, K: 231) and Sinapis (C: 4806, N: 152, P: 18, K: 195) was greater than that in spontaneous CC (C: 3115, N: 138, P: 21, K: 256). The opposite results were observed for K. The Rickman model, employed to estimate the amount of C, N and P in residues, yielded a good match between the simulated and measured values. In comparison to spontaneous CC, the newly proposed CCs have a higher potential to provide soil with C and N.

Download Full-text

Cover crops and Pochonia chlamydosporia for the control of Meloidogyne javanica

Nematology ◽

10.1163/138855411x563875 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 919-926 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Guilherme S. de Podestá ◽

Rosangela Dallemole -Giaretta ◽

Silamar Ferraz ◽

Ernani Luis Agnes ◽

Leandro Grasside Freitas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pearl Millet ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Soil Cover ◽

Meloidogyne Javanica ◽

Infested Soil ◽

Tomato Seedling ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Pochonia Chlamydosporia ◽

Colony Forming Units ◽

Tillage System

AbstractThe objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the combination of Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia with summer and winter cover plants on the control of Meloidogyne javanica on tomato plants under glasshouse conditions. Treatment combinations were with four soil covers (pearl millet and Surinam grass in Experiment 1, oil radish and black oat in Experiment 2; plus tomato and fallow controls) and two P. chlamydosporia treatments (with or without the fungus). The antagonist was applied to nematode-infested soil when the cover crops or tomato were planted. Tomato plants were removed and the above-ground parts of the cover crops were cut, dried, and placed on the pots 60 days after planting. One tomato seedling was transplanted in each pot in a no-tillage system and cultivated for 60 days. Surinam grass, pearl millet and black oat reduced galls and eggs of M. javanica by more than 90%, without application of the fungus. However, P. chlamydosporia + Surinam grass significantly reduced by 72% the number of galls compared with cultivation of the grass in soil without the fungus. Pochonia chlamydosporia became established in soil and could be re-isolated at the end of both experiments. Colony forming units (CFU) (g soil)–1 varied from 1.0 × 105 (fallow) to 2.6 × 105 (pearl millet) and from 1.1 × 105 (fallow) to 2.3 × 105 (oil radish) for the experiments with summer soil cover crops and winter soil cover crops, respectively. The cultivation of Surinam grass, pearl millet and black oat reduced M. javanica populations, and the combination with P. chlamydosporia may favour the establishment of the fungus in the soil and enhance the control of the nematode.

Download Full-text

Soil coverage, phytomass production and nutrient accumulation at intercropping maize and legumes system

Australian Journal of Crop Science ◽

10.21475/ajcs.19.13.03.p633 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 ((03) 2019) ◽

pp. 328-334

Author(s):

Antonio Nolla ◽

Ivo Jucksh ◽

João Henrique Castaldo ◽

Ramon Costa Alvarenga ◽

Liovando Marciano da Costa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Soil Cover ◽

Nutrient Recycling ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Nutrient Accumulation ◽

Velvet Bean ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Corn Grain ◽

Corn Grain Yield

Intercropping of maize and legume cover crop is currently usual at low technological areas, due to some high benefits and potential such as suppressing weeds, recycling nutrients and coverage of the soil. Suppression of weed is important due to its huge competitory impact on the commercial crops. The nutrient recycling is also important becuase it reduces usage of fertilizers on low technological agriculture. The soil coverage is important to prevent the erosion and reduce the nutrient leaching. All those positive effects can be influenced by type of cultivated species on the intercropping consortium. This study aimed to evaluate the soil coverage, phytomass production and accumulation of nutrients by plants in a maize and legume intercropping system. The experiment consisted of rustic maize “Caiano de Sobrália” variety, intercropped with Brazilian velvet bean, black mucuna, lablab-bean and pigeon pea, whereas a control treatment (sole maize culture) was also added. First, the maize was sown on the experiment. 64 days after emergence (DAE) the legumes were sown. The soil cover rates were evaluated at 0, 64, 84, 120, and 144 DAE. The corn grains were harvested at 120 DAE to obtain the corn grain yield. The remaining portion of maize and entire legume plants were sampled at 144 DAE, when the accumulation of dry mass and nutrient were measured. The intercropping system did not affect the corn grain yield and the soil cover rate provided by maize plants. The black mucuna had the greatest weeds suppression and nutrient accumulation among the legumes cover crops evaluated.

Download Full-text

CULTIVO DO MILHO E DA SOJA EM SUCESSÃO AS CULTURAS DE SAFRINHA EM RIO VERDE-GO

ENERGIA NA AGRICULTURA ◽

10.17224/energagric.2016v31n3p291-297 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 291

Author(s):

Wenderson Sousa Ferreira ◽

Antonio Joaquim Braga Pereira Braz ◽

Renato Lara de Assis ◽

Kátia Aparecida De Pinho Costa ◽

Alessandro Guerra da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Soil Cover ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Tillage System ◽

Spontaneous Vegetation ◽

Summer Time ◽

Crop Succession ◽

Plot Design

A cobertura do solo com palhadas contribui para a sustentabilidade das atividades agrícolas, onde os resíduos das culturas deixados na superfície do solo favorecem o rendimento das culturas em sucessão. O presente trabalho visou avaliar a produção de biomassa das culturas de safrinha, a decomposição da palhada e o efeito na produtividade das culturas da soja e milho, cultivadas em sucessão. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos no ano agrícola 2007/2008 em Rio Verde (GO), sendo um com soja e o outro com milho. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados em esquema de parcela subdividida, com os tratamentos (girassol, sorgo, milho, feijão, milheto, trigo e pousio com a vegetação espontânea); na safra de verão foram cultivadas com soja e milho. A cultura do milho cultivada em safrinha produziu maior volume de biomassa seca, tanto em sucessão ao milho quanto à soja, no verão. A maior produtividade do milho foi verificada sob a palhada do trigo, seguido do milheto e girassol. As palhadas que apresentaram os maiores percentuais de perdas na safrinha foram o milho, seguido pelo milheto, na área cultivada com milho na safra de verão. A produtividade da soja não foi influenciada pela palhada das plantas de cobertura na safrinha.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Resíduos culturais, Sistema de Plantio Direto, sucessão de culturas. CORN AND SOYBEAN CROPS CULTIVATION IN OFF-SEASON SUCESSION IN RIO VERDE - GOABSTRACT: The soil cover with straws contributes to the sustainability of agricultural activities, where crop residues left on the soil surface favors crop yields in succession. This study aimed to evaluate the biomass production of off-season crops, the decomposition of straw and the effect on productivity of soybean and corn grown cultivated in succession. Two experiments were conducted in the agricultural year 2007/2008 in Rio Verde (GO), one with soybeans and other with corn. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a split plot design, with the following treatments: sunflower, sorghum, corn, beans, millet, wheat and fallow with spontaneous vegetation. The summer harvest were planted with soybeans and corn. The corn grown in off-season produced a greater volume of dry biomass, both in succession to corn, and to soybeans, in summer time. The highest grain yield was observed in the area covered with straw of wheat, followed by millet and sunflower. The straws that had the highest percentage of losses in the second crop was corn, followed by millet, in the area under maize in the summer harvest. Soybean yield was not influenced by mulching the cover crops in the off-season.KEYWORDS: Crop residues, tillage system, crop succession.

Download Full-text

Biomass Productivity of Different Winter Cover Crops and Their Effect on Soil Physical Properties

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v12n10p338 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 338

Author(s):

Willian dos Reis ◽

Monica C. Sustakowski ◽

Edleusa P. Seidel ◽

Maria do C. Lana ◽

Renata F. Barabasz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Soil Aggregates ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Weighted Average ◽

Biomass Productivity ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Soil Density ◽

Common Vetch

The cultivation of cover crops is a vegetative practice considered an alternative for sustainable soil management, due to its beneficial action in different aspects of soil properties. Thus, the present work aimed to evaluate the effect of cultivation of different species of cover crops on soil density, porosity and diameter of soil aggregates. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four replications. The treatments consisted of four species of winter green manure: black oat, forage turnip, forage pea, and common vetch, a consortium of black oat + forage turnip and area kept fallow (control). The following evaluations were performed: dry matter production of cover crops, macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, soil density, geometric mean diameter and weighted average diameter. The cultivation with forage turnip and the consortium of black oat + forage turnip presented higher dry matter productivity, decreased soil density, increased soil porosity, improved the distribution in relation to macropores and aggregate stability.

Download Full-text

Cover crops and nitrogen fertilization effects on soil carbon and nitrogen and tomato yield

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s99-107 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 80 (3) ◽

pp. 523-532 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

U. M. Sainju ◽

B. P. Singh ◽

W. F. Whitehead

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

N Uptake ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Hairy Vetch ◽

Inorganic N ◽

Organic C ◽

Crimson Clover ◽

Tomato Yield ◽

C And N

Cover crops can influence soil properties and crop yield. We examined the influence of legume [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.)] and nonlegume [rye (Secale cereale L.)] cover crops and N fertilization (0, 90, and 180 kg N ha−1) on the short- and long-term effects on soil C and N and tomato yield and N uptake. We measured organic C and N (long-term effects), potential C and N mineralization (PCM and PNM) and inorganic N (short-term effects) periodically on a Greenville fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic, Rhodic Kandiudults) planted with tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) from April to August in 1996 and 1997 in Georgia USA. Soil C and N concentrations increased early in the growing season with cover crop residue incorporation, but decreased as the residue decomposed. Rye increased organic N and maintained greater levels of organic C and PCM after 3 yr than other treatments. In contrast, hairy vetch and crimson clover increased PNM and inorganic N soon after residue incorporation into the soil and produced tomato yield and N uptake similar to that produced by 90 and 180 kg N ha–1. Nitrogen fertilization increased PNM and inorganic N after split application and tomato yield and N uptake but decreased organic C and N and PCM compared with rye. Compared with 0 kg N ha–1, nonlegume cover crops, such as rye can increase organic C and N and PCM but legume cover crops, such as hairy vetch and crimson clover, can enrich soil N and produce tomato yield and N uptake similar to that produced by 90 and 180 kg N ha−1. Key words: Cover crops, nitrogen fertilization, soil carbon, soil nitrogen, tomato yield

Download Full-text

EDAPHIC ATTRIBUTES OF A CROP-LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION SYSTEM IN THE CERRADO BIOME

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252016v29n414rc ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 892-900 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

SIDINEI JULIO BEUTLER ◽

MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA ◽

ARCÂNGELO LOSS ◽

ADRIANO PERIN ◽

CRISTIANE FIGUEIRA DA SILVA

Keyword(s):

Soil Aggregates ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Aggregate Stability ◽

Farming Systems ◽

Cerrado Biome ◽

Cerrado Vegetation ◽

Urochloa Decumbens ◽

Tillage System ◽

Pasture Area ◽

The Stability

ABSTRACT A significant increase in the use of integrated farming systems have been observed in the Brazilian Cerrado, such as crop-livestock integration (CLI), which combined with the no-tillage system (NTS) have shown significant influence on soil properties. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of a CLI system on the chemical, physical and microbiological soil characteristics, in an area in the Cerrado biome, Montividiu, State of Goias, Brazil. The soil fertility, remaining phosphorus (Prem), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (Nt), aggregate stability (geometric mean diameter - GMD), microbial respiration (C-CO2) and easily-extractable glomalin-related soil protein (EE-GRSP) were evaluated. Soil samples were collected at depth of 0-5 and 5-10 cm in three areas with: CLI (13 years of annual rotation with Urochloa ruziziensis); Urochloa decumbens pasture (15 years of implementation); and native Cerrado vegetation. The CLI area had higher pH, Mg, P available (0-10 cm) and Prem (5-10 cm) values compared to the other areas, and equal values of TOC, Nt, EE-GRSP (0-10 cm) and aggregate stability (5-10 cm) compared to the pasture area. The CLI had no differences in C-CO2 emissions compared to the Cerrado, but had lower rates compared to the pasture. The P available and Prem were sensitive indicators to show the differences between the CLI and pasture systems, with higher contents in the CLI area. The TOC and Nt indicators had no differences between these two systems. The GMD results indicated a better aggregation in the pasture (0-5 cm) compared to the CLI area, while the EE-GRSP were similar in these areas. The total values of C-CO2 emission from the soil aggregates showed the stability of respirometry rates in the CLI and Cerrado areas.

Download Full-text