Parotid and mandibular gland secretion by red kangaroos, Macropus rufus, in response to heat stress

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
A. M. Beal
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Mandibular Gland ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Osmotic Concentration ◽  
Mandibular Gland Secretion ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Prolonged Heat

Salivary flow rates from ipsilateral parotid and mandibular glands were measured in conscious red kangaroos over a 70–90-min period during episodes of saliva spreading induced by heat stress. At the onset of saliva spreading, mandibular flow rose rapidly to plateau at 1.12 ± 0.10 mL min–1 for the collection intervals after the first 10 min of licking. Parotid flow increased more slowly and progressively, reaching secretion rates similar to those of the mandibular gland after 40 min of saliva spreading, exceeding mandibular flow after 70 min and showing no indication that it had reached maximum secretion at 90 min of saliva spreading. The ion concentrations of both parotid and mandibular salivas during saliva spreading were similar to those previously reported for parasympathomimetic stimulation. The low osmotic concentration of mandibular saliva relative to plasma (40%) makes it a functionally better evaporative coolant than parotid saliva, which was nearly isosmotic with plasma. The increased production of hydrogen ions associated with the increased secretion of bicarbonate by the parotid gland would tend to offset the respiratory alkalosis due to panting thereby helping to maintain acid/base balance during periods of prolonged heat stress.

The effect of heat stress on respiratory alkalosis, blood acid base balance and insulin sensitivity in cinnamon supplemented pigs

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 2415
Author(s):  
J. J. Cottrell ◽  
F. Liu ◽  
S. Wan ◽  
U. A. Wijesiriwardana ◽  
K. DiGiacomo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Balance

scholarly journals 216 Thermoregulatory and physiological responses of sows at different reproductive stages exposed to increasing ambient temperature

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 7-7
Author(s):  
Betty R McConn ◽  
Alan W Duttlinger ◽  
Kouassi R Kpodo ◽  
Jacob M Maskal ◽  
Brianna N Gaskill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Cell Counts

Abstract Pregnant sows, especially during late-gestation, may be susceptible to heat stress due to increased metabolic heat production and body mass. Therefore, the study objective was to determine the thermoregulatory and physiological responses of sows exposed to increasing ambient temperature (TA) at 3 reproductive stages. In 3 repetitions, 27 multiparous sows (parity 3.22±0.89) were individually housed and had jugular catheters placed 5.0±1.0 d prior to the experiment. To differentiate between reproductive stages, sows were categorized as open (not pregnant, n=9), mid-gestation (59.7±9.6 days pregnant, n=9), or late-gestation (99.0±4.8 days pregnant, n=9). During the experiment, sows were exposed to 6 consecutive 1 h periods of increasing TA (period 1, 14.39±2.14°C; period 2, 16.20±1.39°C; period 3, 22.09±1.87°C; period 4, 26.34±1.39°C; period 5, 30.56±0.81°C; period 6, 35.07±0.96°C), with 1 h transition phases in between each period. Respiration rate (RR), heart rate (HR), skin temperature, and vaginal temperature (TV) were measured every 20 min and the mean was calculated for each period. At the end of each period, blood gases, leukocytes, and red blood cell counts were measured. Overall, RR and HR were greater (P≤0.04; 45.6% and 12.9%, respectively) in late-gestation versus mid-gestation sows. Compared to mid-gestation and open sows, TV tended to be greater (P=0.06) during period 4 (0.18°C and 0.29°C, respectively) and period 5 (0.14°C and 0.18°C, respectively) in late-gestation sows. Blood O2 increased (P< 0.01; 18.1%) for all sows with advancing period, regardless of reproductive stage. Late-gestation sows had reduced (P=0.02; 16.1%) blood CO2 compared to mid-gestation sows, regardless of period. In summary, late-gestation sows appear to be more sensitive to increasing TA as indicated by increased RR, HR, TV, and blood O2, and reduced blood CO2 when compared to mid-gestation or open sows. This change in O2 and CO2, due to increasing RR and heat stress sensitivity of late-gestation sows, may suggest an alteration to the acid-base balance, leading to respiratory alkalosis.

Practical Evaluation of Acid-Base Balance

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 631-637
Author(s):  
Herbert P Jacobi ◽  
Anthony J Barak ◽  
Meyer Beber
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Plasma Bicarbonate ◽  
Practical Evaluation ◽  
Base Balance

Abstract The Co2 combining power bears a variable relationship to the in vivo plasma bicarbonate concentration, depending upon the type and severity of acid-base distortion. In respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis the Co2 combining power will usually be greater than the in vivo plasma bicarbonate concentration; whereas, in respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis the Co2 combining power will usually be less. Co2 content, on the other hand, will always parallel the in vivo plasma bicarbonate concentration quite closely, being only slightly greater. These facts, together with other considerations which are discussed, recommend the abandonment of the determination of CO2 combining power.

scholarly journals Mechanism of Erythropoietin Production by Cobaltous Chloride

Blood ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn E. Miller ◽  
Donald Howard ◽  
Frederick Stohlman ◽  
Patricia Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Erythropoietin Production ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Subsequent Effect ◽  
Significant Measure ◽  
Dose Levels

Abstract Normal and nephrectomized Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with CoCl2 at three dose levels, 10, 20, and 25 µm/ 100 g body weight. The effects of this drug on acid-base balance were related to the production of erythropoietin. Within 6 hr after the administration of CoCl2 to normal rats, a dose-related respiratory alkalosis occurred associated with an increase in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. This was followed by an increase in the production of erythropoietin. Nephrectomy altered the acid-base balance of the animal such that a profound acidosis occurred after the administration of CoCl2 with an associated decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. Erythropoietin could not be detected in these nephrectomized rats given CoCl2. These findings demonstrate that the production of erythropoietin after the administration of CoCl2 is related in significant measure to changes in acid-base balance with its subsequent effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

Histopathological and biochemical evaluations of the kidney inbroiler chickens under acute heat stress conditions.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.C. Huang ◽  
Y.F. Fu ◽  
Y.F. Lan ◽  
M.U. Rehman ◽  
Z.X. Tong
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Serum Markers ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Tubular Necrosis ◽  
Acute Heat Stress ◽  
Tubular Lumen ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Histopathological Images ◽  
Renal Tubular

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the correlation between acute heat stress and relevant histopathology and biochemical parameters of kidney function. A total of 80 healthy Arbor Acer (AA) broiler chickens were randomly divided into two groups: CT (Control Temperature; 22±1°C) group and HT (High Temperature; 38±1°C) group. Histopathological images revealed alteration in kidney (renal tubular lumen dilation with tubular necrosis, especially after 10h of heat stress) of broiler chickens in HT group leading to disturbance of acid base balance. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CREA) as serum markers of renal dysfunction were elevated significantly (p less than 0.05) after 5h, and especially, after 10h of heat stress (p less than 0.01) as compared with CT group. These results indicated that the evaluation of morphological and functional parameters in kidney is required, in order to monitor broiler chickens exposed to heat stress.

THERMAL PANTING AND THE INITIATION OF RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Arnold Higgins ◽  
P. F. Iampietro
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Base Balance

Forty-five dogs were exposed to nine different environmental conditions (five dogs per condition) consisting of three ambient temperatures (100 °F, 110 °F, and 120 °F) and relative humidities (30%, 60%, and 90%). After an initial control period of 30 minutes (ambient 21–24 °C) the animals were exposed to one of the experimental conditions for [Formula: see text] hours or until rectal temperature reached 42.0 °C. Under combined conditions of high temperature and humidity the non-biothermally involved consequences of panting became evidenced by an increase in blood pH, a decrease in blood CO2 (as a result of the thermally forced hyperventilation), and an increase in blood O2. The more severe the heat load (combined temperature and humidity) the greater was the rate of elevation of rectal temperature over control levels. It was evident that both relative humidity and ambient temperature were drives for increasing respiratory rate. It was also evident that increased humidity as well as increased temperature facilitated the rate of change of rectal temperature, blood pH, and blood CO2 and O2 concentrations. It appears possible that only under heat loads in which rectal temperature can be maintained at control levels by panting can the shift in acid–base balance be avoided.

scholarly journals Determination of NABE in urine of high-yield dairy cows in early lactation in conditions of moderate heat stress

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 349-358
Author(s):  
Natalija Fratric ◽  
Ivan Vujanac ◽  
Horea Samanc ◽  
Danijela Kirovski ◽  
Dragan Gvozdic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Urine Ph ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Daily Milk Production

The work presents the results of investigations of the effect of moderate heat stress on the acidobasal status in high-yield dairy cows in early lactation. Improving performance in high-yield dairy cows increases their inclination toward metabolic disorders. The most likely to be affected is the acid-base balance, in particular when cows are exposed to heat stress. Investigations so far have shown that the taking of urine samples and their analysis is the best and fastest way to diagnose disorders in the acid-base balance. Investigations were carried out on 7 clinically healthy cows of the Holstein- Friesian breed in the phase of early lactation, 30 to 40 days (on days 30, 33 and 40 ) following calving during the summer period, during the month of July, when there were significant variations in daily and nightly temperatures. The cows were in the second and fourth lactation, the annual milk yield was 8000 L milk per cow. The average daily milk production in the early phase of lactation ranged from 35 to 40 L. The cows were fed mixed rations (TMR) twice daily. Lucerne hay in limited quantities was given to the cows prior to the mixed feed ration. The ration for this animal category was optimized on the grounds of the daily milk production. The balance of cations and anions in the feed ration stood at 95 mEq/kg DM. The results clearly demonstrate the cows' response to moderate heat stress through the defense parameters in urine (urine pH, NABE (net-acid-base-excretion), acids, bases, ammonium ion (NH4). The determination of the kidney NABE yields more correct data than the urine pH on acidotic conditions. The results of examinations of the urine pH do not show any digressions from physiological values and are approximately the same in all cows during the investigated periods. Normal NABE values are from 100-200 mmol/L. Burdening with acid products results in a NABE range from 0-100mmol/L, and metabolic acidosis results in NAB<0 mmol/L. NABE in the cows in this experiment revealed that the organism is burdened by acid metabolic products and it stood at 58.28?27.96 mmol/L on day 30, 69.28?29.89 mmol/L on day 33, and 60.60?26.88mmol/L on day 40. Consequently, it seems that NABE values are decreased in cases of acidosis due to stepped up H+ excretion and stepped up bicarbonate reabsorption.

scholarly journals Liver Transcriptome Responses to Heat Stress and Newcastle Disease Virus Infection in Genetically Distinct Chicken Inbred Lines

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1067
Author(s):  
Ying Wang ◽  
Perot Saelao ◽  
Colin Kern ◽  
Sihua Jin ◽  
Rodrigo A. Gallardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Solute Carrier Family ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Liver Transcriptome ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Solute Carrier

Heat stress results in reduced productivity, anorexia, and mortality in chickens. The objective of the study was to identify genes and signal pathways associated with heat stress and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection in the liver of chickens through RNA-seq analysis, using two highly inbred chicken lines (Leghorn and Fayoumi). All birds were held in the same environment until 14 days of age. On day 14, half the birds were exposed to 38 °C with 50% relative humidity for 4 h, then 35 °C until the end of the experiment. The remaining birds were kept at 25 °C throughout the experiment. The heat-treated birds were inoculated at 21 days of age with 107 EID50 (One EID50 unit is the amount of virus that will infect 50 percent of inoculated embryos) NDV La Sota strain to investigate the effects of both heat stress and NDV infection. Physiological parameters were recorded as blood phenotypes at three stages: acute heat (AH), chronic heat (CH1), and chronic heat combined with NDV infection (CH&NDV), at 4 h, 7 days, and 10 days post-initiation of heat treatment, respectively. Our previous work revealed that the heat-resilient Fayoumi line maintained a more stable acid-base balance in their blood compared to the Leghorn line. Liver samples were harvested on both AH and CH&NDV to characterize the transcriptome profiles of these two inbred lines. Both genetic lines and treatments had large impact on the liver transcriptome. Fayoumi birds had more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) than Leghorn birds for both treatments. Metabolic and immune-related genes were on the DEG list, with Fayoumi having more immune-related DEGs than Leghorns, which was confirmed by gene functional enrichment analysis. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) indicated that the driver genes such as Solute Carrier Family genes could be very important for stabilizing the acid-base balance in Fayoumi birds during heat stress. Therefore, candidate genes such solute carrier family genes could be potential genetic targets that are regulated by Fayoumis to maintain physical hemostasis under heat stress. Differential gene expression showed that Leghorns mainly performed metabolic regulation in response to heat stress and NDV infection, while Fayoumis regulated both immune and metabolic functions. This study provides novel insights and enhances our understandings of liver response to heat stress of heat resilient and susceptible inbred chicken lines.

scholarly journals Immune-inflammatory activation after a single laparotomy in a rat model: effect of adenosine, lidocaine and Mg2+ infusion to dampen the stress response

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 482-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Davenport ◽  
Hayley L Letson ◽  
Geoffrey P Dobson
Keyword(s):  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Inflammatory Activation ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Coagulation Status ◽  
Acid Base Disturbance

Our aim was to examine the effect of low-volume 0.9% NaCl adenosine, lidocaine and Mg2+ (ALM) ‘drip’ on early immune-inflammatory activation after a single laparotomy with no further manipulation. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were anesthetized and randomly assigned to one of the groups, baseline, 1 h infusion 0.9% NaCl ± ALM and metrics, 1 h infusion and 6-h metrics, and 6 h continuous infusion and metrics. Complete blood count, acid–base balance, systemic levels of IL-6 and IL-10, and coagulation status were measured. After 1 h, there was a disproportionate increase in circulating neutrophils between saline and ALM groups despite an identical 45% fall in lymphocytes. Disproportionate increases also occurred in platelet counts 1 h after surgery, and saline controls had increased respiratory alkalosis at 6 h with higher lactate. Systemic inflammation was also evident after 1 h in both groups (plasma IL-6 increase) and was amplified in saline-controls after 6 h. The ALM group increased anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Surgery was not associated with acute coagulopathy; however, there were significant reductions in fibrinolysis. Following a single laparotomy, ALM infusion appeared to reduce stress-induced release of neutrophils and platelets into the circulation, and reduced acid–base disturbance. After 1 h, both groups had similar IL-6 levels, but ALM animals had increased IL-10, indicating improved inflammatory balance. The uncoupling of inflammation and coagulation activation but not fibrinolysis may offer a unique opportunity to investigate differential activation of innate immunity in response to sterile injury in this model.

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