Effect of Temperature and Hostplants on Survival, Development and Body-Size in 3 Tropical Satyrine Butterflies From North-Eastern Australia

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
MF Braby ◽  
RE Jones
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Egg Survival ◽  
Themeda Triandra ◽  
Eastern Australia

The influence of temperature on egg survival and development rate, and the effect of two hostplant species, native kangaroo grass, Themeda triandra, and introduced Guinea grass, Panicum maximum, on larval survival, development and pupal weight, were examined in three species of tropical satyrine butterflies of the genus Mycalesis (the bushbrowns) under laboratory conditions. In all three species maximum egg survival occurred at 26 degrees C. Eggs of M. perseus survived well between 17 and 35 degrees C, whereas those of M. terminus and M. sirius survived poorly above 30 degrees C and, in the case of the latter species, below 23 degrees C. Maximum egg development rate occurred at 35 degrees C in M. perseus and about 30 degrees C in the two other species. Thus, optimal temperatures for development and survival were in the range of 30-35 degrees C for M. perseus and 25-30 degrees C for both M. terminus and M. sirius. Temperature thresholds were similar in all three, about 11 degrees C. Larvae of the three species survived significantly better on Themeda but took substantially longer to develop and attained lower pupal weights than when reared on Panicum, especially those of M. sirius. On the latter host at 25 degrees C, development from egg to adult varied from 40.4 days (male M. perseus) to 50.4 days (female M. terminus). Development in M. sirius was more variable, with larvae completing either five or six larval instars. Overall, males developed significantly faster than females, and males were smaller in size than females in all three species. Under field conditions populations are thus seasonally multivoltine, protandrous and sexually dimorphic with respect to body size. When reared on Panicum at 25 degrees C, a positive correlation between mean development time (from egg to adult) and mean body size (pupal weight), between species within the genus, revealed that smaller adult size in M. perseus was associated with faster maturation, while larger adult size in M. terminus was associated with slower development. Despite body-size effects, differences in rate of development and embryonic survival in these satyrines are closely tied to ecological differences in geographic distribution, habitat preference and resource durational stability. Potential selective pressures likely to influence size and development amongst these species, and between males and females, are discussed.

scholarly journals The Effect of Temperature on the Development of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannalene Du Plessis ◽  
Marie-Louise Schlemmer ◽  
Johnnie Van den Berg
Keyword(s):  
Adult Development ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Far East ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Invasion Biology ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Different Temperatures

The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a pest of tropical origin which recently invaded Africa, the Far East and Australia. Temperature, therefore, plays an important role in its invasion biology, since this pest does not go into diapause. The aim of this study was to determine the development rate of S. frugiperda at different temperatures and to calculate the number of degree-days (°D) required for each stage to complete its development. This study was conducted at five different temperatures—18, 22, 26, 30 and 32 ± 1 °C. Larvae were reared individually in Petri dishes with sweetcorn kernels provided as food. The development rate of S. frugiperda increased linearly with increasing temperatures between 18 and 30 °C and larval survival was the highest between 26 and 30 °C. The optimal range for egg, larval and egg-to-adult development was between 26 and 30 °C. The optimum temperature with the fastest larval development rate and lowest mortality was at 30 °C. The pupal development period ranged between 7.82 and 30.68 days (32–18 °C). The minimum temperature threshold for egg and larva development was 13.01 and 12.12 °C, respectively, 13.06 °C for pupae and 12.57 °C for egg-to-adult development. Degree-day requirements for the development of the respective life cycle stages of S. frugiperda were 35.68 ± 0.22 for eggs, 204.60 ± 1.23 °D for larvae, 150.54 ± 0.93 °D for pupae and 391.61 ± 1.42 °D for egg-to-adult development.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature on the Development and Survival of Feltiella Acarisuga (Vallot) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Preying on Tetranychus Urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 508
Author(s):  
Yong-Seok Choi ◽  
Sung-Hoon Baek ◽  
Min-Jung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Immature Stage ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Fundamental Information ◽  
Threshold Temperatures ◽  
Response To Temperature

The predatory gall midge, Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is an acarivorous species that mainly feeds on spider mites (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Because of its cosmopolitan distribution and predation efficacy, it is considered an important natural enemy available as a biological agent for augmentative biocontrol. However, despite its practical use, the thermal development and survival response to temperature have not yet been fully studied. In this study, we investigated the stage-specific development and survival of F. acarisuga at seven temperatures (11.5, 15.7, 19.8, 23.4, 27.7, 31.9, and 35.4 °C) to examine the effect of temperature on its lifecycle. All developmental stages could develop at 11.5–31.9 °C, but the performance was different according to the temperature. From the linear development rate models, the lower development threshold and thermal constant of the total immature stage were estimated at 8.2 °C and 200 DD, respectively. The potential optimal and upper threshold temperatures for the total immature stage were estimated as 29.3 and 35.1 °C using a non-linear development model. The operative thermal ranges for development and survival at 80% of the maximum rate were 24.5–32.3 and 14.7–28.7 °C, respectively. Thus, it was suggested that 24.5–28.7 °C was suitable for the total immature stage. In contrast, conditions around 8 °C and 35 °C should be avoided due to the lower development rate and high mortality. Our findings provide fundamental information for an effective mass-rearing and releasing program of F. acarisuga in an augmentative biocontrol program and help to predict phenology.

Effects of moisture supply in the dry season and subsequent defoliation on persistence of the savanna grasses Themeda triandra, Heteropogon contortus and Panicum maximum

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJ Mott ◽  
MM Ludlow ◽  
JH Richards ◽  
AD Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Themeda Triandra ◽  
Heteropogon Contortus ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Sheath Material

The close correlation between grazing-induced mortality and major climatic patterns in Australian savannas, led us to the hypothesis that moisture conditions during the dry, non-growing season could affect sensitivity to grazing in the subsequent growing season. Using three widespread savanna species (Themeda triandra, Heteropogon contortus and Panicum maximum), this hypothesis was tested experimentally and the mechanisms controlling this response examined and quantified. In T. triandra drought during the dry season led to major mortality in defoliated plants in the next growing season. This mortality was caused by a synchrony of tillering at the commencement of the wet season, leaving few buds for replacement once parent tillers were killed by defoliation. T. triandra was also the most sensitive species to defoliation. This sensitivity was due to the poor ability of the plant to maintain positive carbon gain after defoliation. Several factors contributed to this poor ability, including: low total photosynthetic rate, low specific leaf area, and a large proportion of sheath material with poor photosynthetic capacity remaining after cutting. Both H. contortus and P. maximum growing under irrigated and fertilized conditions did not display any effects of previous moisture treatments when defoliated during the next wet season and were much less sensitive to defoliation than T. triandra.

scholarly journals Age of maturation and behavioral tactics in male yellow ground squirrel Spermophilus fulvus during mating season

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 700-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina A. Vasilieva ◽  
Ekaterina V. Pavlova ◽  
Sergey V. Naidenko ◽  
Andrey V. Tchabovsky
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Mating Season ◽  
Active Season ◽  
Good Physical Condition

Abstract Life-history theory predicts that in hibernators age of maturation is related positively to body size and negatively to the duration of active season aboveground. Yellow souslik is a large-sized ground squirrel with long hibernation, which suggests late maturation. We used four-year field observations of marked individuals to determine the age of maturation in males through analysis of age-dependent variation in body size, mass, androgen status, timing of spring emergence, ranging patterns and social behavior during the mating season. Yearling males were smaller, lighter, had lower level of fecal testosterone, emerged later and had smaller home ranges than older males. Social activity and the number of females encountered did not differ between age classes. After the second hibernation none of the studied parameters varied with age. Cluster analysis revealed two behavioral tactics: “active” males (adults only) emerged earlier, ranged more widely, initiated more contacts, encountered more females and were heavier than “passive” males (both yearling and adult). Thus, males of S. fulvus reached adult size and matured after two hibernations, which is relatively fast for such a big species with short active period. Indirect evidence for copulations and high variation among yearlings in all parameters suggest that some of them might successfully compete with adults. Active tactic of wandering and searching for females is energetically costly, and probably only adult males in good physical condition can afford it, whereas passive tactic of residing is energy saving and good for adults in poor condition and for yearlings that are continuing to grow.

Testing for Asymmetrical Gene Flow in aDrosophila melanogasterBody-Size Cline

Genetics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 165 (2) ◽  
pp. 667-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Jason Kennington ◽  
Julia Gockel ◽  
Linda Partridge
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Genetic Parameter ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Microsatellite Data ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Private Alleles

AbstractAsymmetrical gene flow is an important, but rarely examined genetic parameter. Here, we develop a new method for detecting departures from symmetrical migration between two populations using microsatellite data that are based on the difference in the proportion of private alleles. Application of this approach to data collected from wild-caught Drosophila melanogaster along a latitudinal body-size cline in eastern Australia revealed that asymmetrical gene flow could be detected, but was uncommon, nonlocalized, and occurred in both directions. We also show that, in contrast to the findings of a previous study, there is good evidence to suggest that the cline experiences significant levels of gene flow between populations.

Effect of Temperature on Development Rate, Survival and Fecundity of Cotton Tipworm, Crocidosema-Plebejana Zeller (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG Hamilton ◽  
MP Zalucki
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Development Rates ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Female Weight

C. plebejana were reared from egg to adult at a range of constant temperatures. At 10-degrees-C no immature stages survived. Development rates increased over the temperature range 14-34-degrees-C; these were simulated with a non-linear model. Females emerged before males. Fecundity decreased with increased rearing temperature as a direct result of reduced adult female weight. At 34-degrees-C development rate and survival were reduced and all eggs laid were infertile. Optimum temperature for population increase was 28-degrees-C. Validation of a non-linear model for development rate shows that the species of host-plant affects mean development rates of tipworm. Although 5.3 tipworm generations are possible on cotton annually, only one occurs; reasons for this are suggested.

scholarly journals Recovery of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infective larvae from three grass species contaminated in the autumn

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Abdallah da Rocha ◽  
Patrizia Ana Bricarello ◽  
Gilberto Pedroso da Rocha ◽  
Alessandro Francisco Talamini do Amarante
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Experimental Plots

This experiment aimed to assess the recovery of infective larvae (L3) of Trichostrongylus colubriformis from Brachiaria decumbens cv. Australiana, Cynodon dactylon cv. Coast-cross and Panicum maximum cv. Aruana. The experimental module comprised six plots, with two plots per herbage species. Larval survival was assessed from autumn to winter, under the effect of two herbage-paring heights (5 and 30 cm). TThe paring was carried out immediately before contamination with faces containing T. colubriformis eggs. The feces and herbage were collected at one, two, four, eight, 12 and 16 weeks after feces had been deposited in the experimental plots. In general, larvae were recovered from both herbage and feces until the 16th week. The longer persistence of these larvae in the environment was probably due to warmer temperatures. The number of L3 recovered from the pasture was not influenced by the height of plants, except for Brachiaria and Aruana herbage in the fourth week. Regarding the concentrations of larvae per kg of dry matter (L3/kg DM), recovery was higher from low pasture in all three herbage species. During the autumn, the development and survival of the T. colubriformis free-living stages were not affected by the different herbage species.

scholarly journals Whole-body imaging of neural and muscle activity during behavior in Hydra: bidirectional effects of osmolarity on contraction bursts

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wataru Yamamoto ◽  
Rafael Yuste
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Whole Body Imaging

AbstractThe neural code relates the activity of the nervous system to the activity of the muscles to the generation of behavior. To decipher it, it would be ideal to comprehensively measure the activity of the entire nervous system and musculature in a behaving animal. As a step in this direction, we used the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris to explore how physiological and environmental conditions alter the activity of the entire neural and muscle tissue and affect behavior. We used whole-body calcium imaging of neurons and muscle cells and studied the effect of temperature, media osmolarity, nutritional state and body size on body contractions.In mounted Hydra, changes in temperature, nutrition or body size did not have a major effect on neural or muscle activity, or on behavior. But changes in media osmolarity altered body contractions, increasing them in hipo-osmolar media solutions and decreasing them in hyperosmolar media. Similar effects were seen in ectodermal, but not in endodermal muscle. Osmolarity also bidirectionally changed the activity of contraction bursts neurons, but not of rhythmic potential neurons.These findings show osmolarity-dependent changes in neuronal activity, muscle activity, and contractions, consistent with the hypothesis that contraction burst neurons respond to media osmolarity, activating ectodermal muscle to generate contraction bursts. This dedicated circuit could serve as an excretory system to prevent osmotic injury. This work demonstrates the feasibility of studying the entire neuronal and muscle activity of behaving animals.Significance StatementWe imaged whole-body muscle and neuronal activity in Hydra in response to different physiological and environmental conditions. Osmolarity bidirectionally altered Hydra contractile behavior. These changes were accompanied by corresponding changes in the activity of one neuronal circuit and one set of muscles. This work is a step toward comprehensive deciphering of the mechanisms of animal behavior by measuring the activity of all neurons and muscle cells.

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