scholarly journals Electrorheology leads to healthier and tastier chocolate

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (27) ◽  
pp. 7399-7402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongjia Tao ◽  
Hong Tang ◽  
Kazi Tawhid-Al-Islam ◽  
Enpeng Du ◽  
Jeongyoo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Soft Matter ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Rotational Symmetry ◽  
New Class ◽  
Outstanding Problem ◽  
Liquid Suspension ◽  
Actual Solution ◽  
Prolate Spheroids ◽  
The World ◽  
Fat Level

Chocolate is one of the most popular food types and flavors in the world. Unfortunately, at present, chocolate products contain too much fat, leading to obesity. Although this issue was called into attention decades ago, no actual solution was found. To bypass this critical outstanding problem, two manufacturers introduced some low-calorie fats to substitute for cocoa butter. Somehow, their products are not allowed in most countries. Here we show that this issue is deeply related to the basic science of soft matter, especially to the viscosity of liquid suspension and maximally random jammed (MRJ) density. When the concentration of cocoa solid is high, close to the MRJ density, removing a small amount of fat will jam the chocolate flow. Applying unconventional electrorheology to liquid chocolate with applied field in the flow direction, we aggregate the cocoa particles into prolate spheroids in micrometers. This microstructure change breaks the rotational symmetry, reduces liquid chocolate’s viscosity along the flow direction, and increases its MRJ density significantly. Hence the fat level in chocolate can be effectively reduced. We are expecting a new class of healthier and tastier chocolate soon.

Experimental Measurement of Turbulent Diffusion, Initial Dilution and T90

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 131-140
Author(s):  
Edmundo Garcia Agudo ◽  
Jose Leomax dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Measurement ◽  
Tracer Technique ◽  
Initial Dilution ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
Actual Solution ◽  
The World ◽  
Visual Aid ◽  
Proper Design ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Bacterial Concentrations

The final disposal of sewage using submarine outfalls has become an actual solution for coastal cities all over the world. In order to get the best results it is necessary to carry out specific studies for the proper design of the outfall. Dilution and decrease in bacterial concentrations are two key aspects for the design. Radioisotope tracers have been used extensively in studies performed in some Brazilian waterbodies where outfall systems exist or are to be installed. As far as dilution measurement is concerned, both point and continuous radiotracer injections can provide useful results. The T90 measurements can be better accomplished using a combined tracer technique for sampling the sewage field, using the radiotracer for dilution measurement and rhodamine B as a visual aid. Typical results of dilution measurement using both techniques mentioned, as well as a summary of T 90 results obtained for the Santos, Fortaleza and Maceió outfalls are presented.

scholarly journals General up to next-nearest-neighbour elasticity of triangular lattices in three dimensions

2006 ◽  
Vol 462 (2073) ◽  
pp. 2695-2713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril Dubus ◽  
Ken Sekimoto ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Fournier
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Triangular Lattice ◽  
Soft Matter ◽  
Rotational Symmetry ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Nearest Neighbour ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Biological Physics ◽  
Crystalline System

We establish the most general form of the discrete elasticity of a two-dimensional triangular lattice embedded in three dimensions, taking into account up to next-nearest-neighbour interactions. Besides crystalline system, this is relevant to biological physics (e.g. red blood cell cytoskeleton) and soft matter (e.g. percolating gels, etc.). In order to correctly impose the rotational invariance of the bulk terms, it turns out to be necessary to take into account explicitly the elasticity associated with the vertices located at the edges of the lattice. We find that some terms that were suspected in the literature to violate rotational symmetry are, in fact, admissible.

scholarly journals Michael Elliott CBE. 30 September 1924 — 17 October 2007

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 109-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Pickett
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
World Health ◽  
Individual Contribution ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
New Class ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Global Food

Michael Elliott was the leader of work at Rothamsted that invented and subsequently commercially developed the pyrethroids, a new class of insecticides. Michael made probably the greatest individual contribution to the control of insect pests that not only constrain global food production but also affect the health of ourselves and our livestock. In one of the first pioneering structure–activity relationship studies, Michael led the multidisciplinary team that invented the major pyrethroid insecticides bioresmethrin, permethrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin. In the 1980s these represented two-thirds of the global pyrethroid market; at that time pyrethroids captured more than 25% of the total insecticide market and were used on 33 million hectares of crops (Wirtz et al . 2009). In 2002 deltamethrin was the world's largest-selling pyrethroid, with annual sales worth $208 million (information from Cropnosis Ltd). In terms of human health, in 2009 it was estimated that pyrethroid-treated bednets significantly decreased the number of deaths due to malaria among children under five years of age by about one-fifth as well as reducing all incidents of malaria, and in 2011 the World Health Organization recommended its vastly expanded use. Reference Wirtz, K., Bala, S., Amann, A. & Elbert, A. 2009 A promise extended—future roles of pyrethroids in agriculture. Bayer CropSci. J. 62 , 145–158.

Activities: Line and Rotational Symmetry

1991 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 296-302
Author(s):  
Nancy Whitman
Keyword(s):  
Rotational Symmetry ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Evaluation Standards ◽  
Large Group ◽  
Classroom Activities ◽  
The World

Introduction: The NCTM's Curriculum and Evaluation Standards (NCTM 1989) recom- mends that teachers connect mathematics to the world outside the classroom. Classroom activities should afford students the opportunity to work individually as well as in small- and large-group arrangements. Teachers should furnish experiences that enhance students' ability to communicate in mathematics and that integrate the students' cultural background into the learning of mathematics. The activities described in this article respond to these recommendations. They were designed for students in Hawaii, but all students can benefit from doing them.

scholarly journals Perspectives in active liquid crystals

2014 ◽  
Vol 372 (2029) ◽  
pp. 20130373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apala Majumdar ◽  
Marchetti M. Cristina ◽  
Epifanio G. Virga
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystals ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Soft Matter ◽  
Interested Reader ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
New Class ◽  
Active Liquid ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Non Equilibrium

Active soft matter is a young, growing field, with potential applications to a wide variety of systems. This Theme Issue explores this emerging new field by highlighting active liquid crystals. The collected contributions bridge theory to experiment, mathematical theories of passive and active nematics, spontaneous flows to defect dynamics, microscopic to continuum levels of description, spontaneous activity to biological activation. While the perspectives offered here only span a small part of this rapidly evolving field, we trust that they might provide the interested reader with a taste for this new class of non-equilibrium systems and their rich behaviour.

scholarly journals Research on the silver in the world flowing into Qing Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-28
Author(s):  
Jun Wei
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Main Flow ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Flow Direction

In the 80 years of foreign trade in the Qing Dynasty, the main flow direction of silver was from Spain and Britain to Qing Dynasty, which is one of the main contents; the other is the materials, process and variety design of the silver flowing into the Qing Dynasty.

scholarly journals A. G. D. Watson's principal directions for a Riemannian V4

1946 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Ruse
Keyword(s):  
Rotational Symmetry ◽  
Riemann Tensor ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Einstein Equations ◽  
The World ◽  
Principal Directions ◽  
World Point

A. G. D. Watson (1939-41), remarking that there are no Ricci principal directions ata world-point of space-time at which the Einstein equations are satisfied, shows how to define at any world-point a set of principal directions intrinsically related to the Riemann tensor Rijkl itself. These directions are unique except when the space-time has any kind of rotational symmetry about the world-point.

New class of soft matter electrolytes obtained via heterogeneous doping: Percolation effects in “soggy sand” electrolytes

2006 ◽  
Vol 177 (26-32) ◽  
pp. 2565-2568 ◽  
Author(s):  
A BHATTACHARYYA ◽  
J MAIER ◽  
R BOCK ◽  
F LANGE
Keyword(s):  
Soft Matter ◽  
New Class ◽  
Heterogeneous Doping

scholarly journals Soft quasicrystals with 12- and 18-fold rotatonial symmetry

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C887-C887
Author(s):  
Martin Dulle ◽  
Alexander Exner ◽  
Matthias Karg ◽  
Peter Lindner ◽  
Stephan Foerster
Keyword(s):  
Soft Matter ◽  
Rotational Symmetry ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Soft Systems ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hexatic Phase ◽  
Fcc Phase ◽  
Cryo Scanning Electron Microscopy

Over the past decade quasicrystalline order has been reported in many soft-matter systems. We have found quasicrystals with 12- and 18-fold rotational symmetry (Q12, Q18) in aqueous solutions of polymer micelles, which are particularly soft systems. [1] Transitions from an FCC phase to Q12 and subsequently to Q18 upon cooling could be followed by time-resolved small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering. Recent investigations using cryo-scanning electron microscopy indicate that the micelles are arranged in the form of mosaic two-length scale quasicrystals, which have recently been identified by Dotera et al. using Monte-Carlo simulations of particles with square-shoulder repulsion. The results indicate that these soft systems are special types of quasicrystals having a direct relation to the hexatic phase observed in liquid crystals.

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