Artificial intelligence with deep learning in nuclear medicine and radiology

The use of deep learning in medical imaging has increased rapidly over the past few years, finding applications throughout the entire radiology pipeline, from improved scanner performance to automatic disease detection and diagnosis. These advancements have resulted in a wide variety of deep learning approaches being developed, solving unique challenges for various imaging modalities. This paper provides a review on these developments from a technical point of view, categorizing the different methodologies and summarizing their implementation. We provide an introduction to the design of neural networks and their training procedure, after which we take an extended look at their uses in medical imaging. We cover the different sections of the radiology pipeline, highlighting some influential works and discussing the merits and limitations of deep learning approaches compared to other traditional methods. As such, this review is intended to provide a broad yet concise overview for the interested reader, facilitating adoption and interdisciplinary research of deep learning in the field of medical imaging.

Latviešu literārā biedrība un skolotāja Pētera Zēvalda savāktais jaunvārdu un mazāk zināmo vārdu krājums (1874)

This research is a part of the analysis of the collection of articles of the Latvian Literary Society (Lettisch-literärische Gesellschaft) Magazin, herausgegeben von der Lettisch-Literärischen Gesellschaft (so-called “Magazin”) with special emphasis to the materials important in the history of Latvian language, especially, of the development of terminology in Latvian. This paper deals with the almost forgotten author Pēteris Zēvalds (Peter Seewald) (ca. 1838/1839–1910), a schoolteacher in Jelgava (Mitau) and active contributor of “Magazin” from 1865 to 1877. In 12 sequels (published in eight issues of “Magazin”), he collected 2198 words and expressions from his native place, now Birzgale parish, originally, from the private manor in Linde parish (aus Privatgut Lindenschen Gemeinde in Kurland)). This paper provides a more detailed analysis of two other word collections (both published in 1874 in issue 3 of XV volume of “Magazin”) of Zēvalds. They contained current lexis, including a lot of new terms. The first one is created as a successive excerpt of neologisms and lesser-known words (in Latvian-German comparison) from the weekly newspaper “Baltijas Vēstnesis” (using numbers 44th, 48th, 49th un 51st from 1872 and successive first 49 from 1873, excl. number 9th). There are 467 numbered entries or 495 words in total. Most of the words in Zēvalds’s collection are related to terminological lexis. They can be divided into four groups (indicating the serial number used in the original): (1) terms currently used in the same form or with minor changes of ending (7. greizsirdība, 29. pilnvare, 41. māksla, 33. cēlons, 69. veicināšana, 88. pirmvaloda, 237. izvilktne (= atvilktne), 275. viels); (2) terms which have a different correspondence in modern Latvian (32. valodas=iztirzāšana (= valodniecība), Sprachforschung; 49. lietuve (= lejkanna), Gieskanne; 54. rakstiens (=raksts, dokuments), Schriftstück; 183. atvēles=zīme (= atļauja), Erlaubnißschein; 187. jūras=pāržmauga (= jūrasšaurums), Meerenge); (3) words, that could still be considered as potential terms (11. tiesas=laulība, Zivilehe; 37. sauljumte, Sonnenschirm) and (4) those, which, from the moment of fixation, can be considered occasional words (43. spīdgans, Sternschnuppen, Meteor; 387. muldu=valsts, Reich der Träume; 409. tulpete (= runas=vieta), Katheder, Rednerbühne). Zēvalds’s collection is a unique material that allows identifying the perception of the interested reader about the lexical neologisms in one newspaper. Zēvalds’s second collection of words contains the technical expressions from legal country house purchase agreements. There are 83 numbered entries (in German-Latvian comparison) from the legal contract written in German with a lot of additional conditions and long pay-outs delay. This list (at least the part containing legal terms and terminological word-groups) can be regarded as the first term bulletin in Latvian. The possible addressee of this term list is the parish pastors to whom farmers sought advice on such matters. Publications of the teacher Pēteris Zēvalds is a small but interesting episode in the history of the Latvian language, which has not earned attention so far but provides researchers with interesting material about the lexical development in the 70s of XIX century.

Qualia in the Science of Consciousness

The article demonstrates the ability of the science of consciousness to offer solutions to scientific problems that are unsolvable in other fields of knowledge. The problem of qualia, the complexity of which is recognized by most researchers, is chosen as an example. This choice can be considered accidental, given the variety of philosophical and scientific questions that only the science of consciousness can answer. Any interested reader can learn the basics of this science by reading my previous article The New Science of Consciousness.

Design of a monitoring network: from macro to micro design

Designing a monitoring network or a measuring set-up or a monitoring station is a typical (multidisciplinary) engineering enterprise: a range of potentially conflicting demands (technical, financial and managerial) and limitations (e.g. availability of resources, skilled personnel, regulations) have to be respected. This chapter addresses the design aspects on both the macro scale (a monitoring network) and on the micro scale. The macro scale addresses what to measure, where to measure, how frequently to measure and the applications of models in the design process. On the micro scale issues with safety, accessibility and practical limitations are discussed. This chapter has close links with virtually all other chapters in this book and a comprehensive set of literature references is supplied to allow the interested reader to broaden his/her knowledge on the subject.

Explainable Embodied Agents Through Social Cues

The issue of how to make embodied agents explainable has experienced a surge of interest over the past 3 years, and there are many terms that refer to this concept, such as transparency and legibility. One reason for this high variance in terminology is the unique array of social cues that embodied agents can access in contrast to that accessed by non-embodied agents. Another reason is that different authors use these terms in different ways. Hence, we review the existing literature on explainability and organize it by (1) providing an overview of existing definitions, (2) showing how explainability is implemented and how it exploits different social cues, and (3) showing how the impact of explainability is measured. Additionally, we present a list of open questions and challenges that highlight areas that require further investigation by the community. This provides the interested reader with an overview of the current state of the art.

Multi-platform app-embedded model for hybrid air-breathing rocket-cycle engine in hypersonic atmospheric ascent

ABSTRACT This paper presents a performance analysis on a novel engine concept, currently under development, in order to achieve hybrid air-breathing rocket technology. A component-level approach has been developed to simulate the performance of the engine at Mach 5, and the thermodynamic interaction of the different working fluids has been analysed. The bypass ramjet duct has also been included in the model. This facilitates the improved evaluation of performance parameters. The impact of ram drag induced by the intake of the engine has also been demonstrated. The whole model is introduced into a multi-platform application for aeroengine simulation to make it accessible to the interested reader. Results show that the bypass duct modelling increases the overall efficiency by approximately 7%. The model calculates the specific impulse at approximately 1800 seconds, which is 4 times higher than any chemical rocket.

On the 'holistic' nature of formulaic language

© 2015 2015 by De Gruyter Mouton. Many applied and corpus linguists entertain the idea of collocations, and other types of formulaic language, being processed as unanalysed, or holistic units. It has, indeed, been demonstrated that, due to their frequency and predictability, formulaic sequences are processed quantitatively faster than matched novel phrases. This finding implies an important role of phrasal frequency in language processing and highlights the contribution of entrenchment of a particular phrasal configuration in memory. This finding, however, cannot be taken to suggest that formulaic sequences are necessarily processed as unanalysed, or holistic units. The present paper reviews some of the recent studies and explains why a processing advantage observed for formulaic sequences over novel phrases should not be equated with holistic storage and processing. The present paper is not intended as an overview of the studies on on-line processing of formulaic language. For a comprehensive review of the method and findings specific to formulaic sequences, their on-line representation and processing, we direct an interested reader to Siyanova-Chanturia (2013) and Siyanova-Chanturia and Martinez (2014).

On the 'holistic' nature of formulaic language

© 2015 2015 by De Gruyter Mouton. Many applied and corpus linguists entertain the idea of collocations, and other types of formulaic language, being processed as unanalysed, or holistic units. It has, indeed, been demonstrated that, due to their frequency and predictability, formulaic sequences are processed quantitatively faster than matched novel phrases. This finding implies an important role of phrasal frequency in language processing and highlights the contribution of entrenchment of a particular phrasal configuration in memory. This finding, however, cannot be taken to suggest that formulaic sequences are necessarily processed as unanalysed, or holistic units. The present paper reviews some of the recent studies and explains why a processing advantage observed for formulaic sequences over novel phrases should not be equated with holistic storage and processing. The present paper is not intended as an overview of the studies on on-line processing of formulaic language. For a comprehensive review of the method and findings specific to formulaic sequences, their on-line representation and processing, we direct an interested reader to Siyanova-Chanturia (2013) and Siyanova-Chanturia and Martinez (2014).

A Review On Some Neutrosophic Algebraic Linear Structures

This paper is dedicated to reviewing some of the basic concepts in neutrosophic linear algebra and its generalizations, especially neutrosophic vector spaces, refined neutrosophic, and n-refined neutrosophic vector spaces. Also, this work gives the interested reader a strong background in the study of neutrosophic matrix theory and n-refined neutrosophic matrix theory. We study elementary properties of these concepts such as Kernel, AH-Quotient, and dimension.

Langlands program and Ramanujan Conjecture: A survey

We present topics in the Langlands Program to graduate students and a wider mathematically mature audience. We study both global and local aspects in characteristic zero as well as characteristic p p . We look at modern approaches to the generalized Ramanujan conjecture, which is an open problem over number fields, and present known cases over function fields. In particular, we study automorphic L L -functions via the Langlands-Shahidi method. Hopefully, our approach to the Langlands Program can help guide the interested reader into an exciting field of mathematical research.