scholarly journals Geospatial analysis of nonmedical vaccine exemptions and pertussis outbreaks in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (27) ◽  
pp. 7101-7105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlin Aloe ◽  
Martin Kulldorff ◽  
Barry R. Bloom
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Geospatial Analysis ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Waning Immunity

Because of increased numbers of recorded pertussis cases in the United States, this study sought to understand the role of nonmedical vaccine exemptions and waning immunity may have had on the resurgence of pertussis in the United States at the community level. We used geospatial scan statistics, SaTScan, version 9.4, to analyze nonmedical vaccine exemptions of children entering kindergarten in 2011 and 2012 and reported pertussis cases in 2012 for children in age groups 5 years and younger and 10 to 14 years. Eight statistically significant clusters of nonmedical vaccine exemptions in kindergarteners and 11 statistically significant clusters of pertussis cases in children and adolescents were identified and geospatially linked. Forty-five percent of the counties in the study had high rates of nonmedical vaccine exemptions. The proportion of kindergarteners with nonmedical vaccine exemptions was 2.8 times larger in the identified exemption clusters. In addition, 31 counties had geographic clusters of high rates of pertussis in children ages 10 to 14 years old, consistent with waning immunity. Our findings are consistent with the view that geographic clusters of nonmedical vaccine exemptions and waning immunity may have been factors contributing to community-level pertussis outbreaks.

Firearm Injuries Affecting the Pediatric Population

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 788-790
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Unintentional Injury ◽  
The United States ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Firearm Injuries ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Developed Nations

In the United States approximately 30 000 people die from firearm injuries each year. Many more are wounded. In the mid 1980s, more than 3000 of the dead were children and adolescents aged 1 to 19 years.1 In 1989 nearly 4000 firearm deaths were among children 1 to 19 years of age, accounting for 12% of all deaths in that age group.2 All of these deaths or injuries affect other children because the victims who are killed or wounded are frequently relatives, neighbors, or friends. Comparison data for childhood age groups demonstrate that in 1987, 203 children aged 1 to 9 years, 484 children aged 10 to 14 years, and 2705 adolescents aged 15 to 19 years died as a result of firearm injuries.1 Firearm deaths include unintentional injuries, homicides, and suicides. Among the 1- to 9-year-olds, half of the deaths were homicides and half were unintentional. Among the 10- to 14-year-olds, one third of the deaths were homicides, one third were suicides, and one third were unintentional. Among the 15- to 19-year-olds, 48% were homicides, 42% were suicides, and 8% were unintentional.1 Firearm homicides are the leading cause of death for some US subpopulations, such as urban black male adolescents and young adults.3 Table 1 indicates how firearms contributed to the deaths of children and adolescents (homicides, suicides, and all causes) in 1987. Table 2 illustrates the unusual scale of firearm violence affecting young people in the United States compared with other developed nations.4 Firearm injuries are the fourth leading cause of unintentional injury deaths to children younger than 15 years of age in the US.5

scholarly journals 2765. Pediatric Mumps during the 2015–2017 Mumps Resurgence in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S975-S975
Author(s):  
Mariel Marlow ◽  
John Zhang ◽  
Nakia S Clemmons ◽  
Mona Marin ◽  
Manisha Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
The United States ◽  
College Campuses ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Low Rate

Abstract Background Numerous mumps outbreaks occurred in the United States over the last decade, with outbreaks affecting young adults on college campuses being among the largest and most widely publicized. However, at least half of mumps cases and outbreaks occurred in other age-groups and settings. We describe reported mumps cases among children and adolescents during 2015 through 2017. Methods The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) analyzed reports of confirmed and probable mumps cases in persons aged ≤18 years (defined here as pediatric mumps) transmitted electronically through the Nationally Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) by the 52 reporting jurisdictions. Results Between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2017, 49 jurisdictions reported 4,886 pediatric mumps cases (35% of all US reported cases, 13,807); 8 jurisdictions reported >100 cases each, representing 82% of all pediatric cases. Overall, 29 (1%) cases were in infants <1 yr, 406 (8%) were in children aged 1–4 years, 1,408 (29%) in children aged 5–10 years, 1,365 (28%) in adolescents aged 11–14 years, and 1,678 (34%) in adolescents aged 15–18 years. Most (3,548, 73%) cases did not travel outside the state during their exposure period; only 37 (1%) traveled outside the country. Cases in patients aged 1–4 years were more frequently non-outbreak associated (38%) than those in patients <1 years and 5–18 years (24% and 9%, respectively). Among 3,309 (68%) patients with known number of MMR doses received, 81% of those 5–18 years had ≥2 MMR doses, while 67% of those 1–4 years had ≥1 dose. Median time since last MMR dose for patients with 2 doses was 8 years (IQR: 4, 11 years). Four patients had meningitis and 1 had encephalitis; all were ≥10 years old and previously received 2 MMR doses. Of male mumps patients older than 10 years of age (2,113), 46 (2%) reported having orchitis; of these, 33 (72%) had 2 MMR doses. Sixty-four patients were hospitalized and there were no deaths. Conclusion About one-third of cases reported during the recent US mumps resurgence were in children and adolescents. The low rate of mumps complications compared with previous studies suggests mumps complications may not be adequately captured in national surveillance or identified by providers. Providers should remain vigilant that mumps can still occur among fully vaccinated pediatric patients, even those recently vaccinated. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Role of Health Insurance in Financing Vaccinations for Children and Adolescents in the United States

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 124 (Supplement 5) ◽  
pp. S522-S531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela K. Shen ◽  
John Hunsaker ◽  
Julie A. Gazmararian ◽  
Megan C. Lindley ◽  
Guthrie S. Birkhead
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
The United States

The Effects of Age on the Rate of Learning a Second Language

1995 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgina R. Slavoff ◽  
Jacqueline S. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Second Language ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Lengths Of Stay ◽  
Rate Of Learning ◽  
Two Age Groups

The present study evaluates the role of age on the rate of acquiring English as a second language in an immersion setting. Subjects were children with native languages typologically very different from English. The children arrived in the United States between the ages of 7 and 12 years and were tested on their knowledge of English grammatical morphology and syntax at different lengths of stay in the United States, ranging from 6 months to 3 years. Subjects' performance was predicted by the length of their stay in the United States and by gender, with females outperforming males. Age of arrival played no role in predicting subjects' rate of acquisition. Performance was very similar between two age groups examined (7–9– and 10–12-year-old arrivals) throughout the 3 years measured. The present results suggest that, on certain aspects of grammar, different-aged children acquire a second language during the first 3 years of acquisition at similar rates when their native language is very different in typology from the target language.

Pediatric Head Injuries and Deaths From Bicycling in the United States

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 868-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Sosin ◽  
Jeffrey J. Sacks ◽  
Kevin W. Webb
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Injury Surveillance System ◽  
Bicycle Helmets

Objective. To estimate the potential benefit of increasing bicycle helmet use among children and adolescents in the United States. Design. All bicycle-related deaths (Multiple Cause-of-Death Public Use Data Tapes, 1989 through 1992) and bicycle-related injuries treated in sampled emergency departments (National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, 1989 through 1993) were used to calculate traumatic brain injury-associated death and head injury rates per 1 000 000 US residents. Preventable injuries and deaths were estimated by calculating the populationattributable risk of head injury due to nonuse of bicycle helmets. Patients. US residents aged 0 through 19 years who were injured or who died as a result of a bicycle crash. Results. An average of 247 traumatic brain injury deaths and 140 000 head injuries among children and adolescents younger than 20 years were related to bicycle crashes each year in the United States. As many as 184 deaths and 116 000 head injuries might have been prevented annually if these riders had worn helmets. An additional 19 000 mouth and chin injuries were treated each year. The youngest age groups had the highest proportions of both head and mouth injuries. Conclusion. There continues to be a need to advocate for greater use of bicycle helmets, particularly among young children. Helmet design changes should be considered to prevent mouth injuries.

Role of National Organizations in the Education and Evaluation of Professionals Who Care for Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-124
Author(s):  
Fredric D. Burg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Sick Child ◽  
Educational Experience ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Organizations

Imagine a time when any family with a sick child can be assured that any physician licensed to care for their young has had a planned educational experience designed to assist that physician to perform in a competent fashion. Imagine a time where any physician licensed to care for their young has recently demonstrated competency in managing the problems facing their sick child. Imagine a time when programs accredited to educate physicians will routinely document the ability of their students to perform competently. The purpose of this paper is to provide suggestions for ways to improve the system of education and evaluation of professionals responsible for the health care of infants, children, and adolescents in the United States of America. These suggestions are based on an empirical analysis of the existing systems. On the basis of that analysis, I believe that the systems, as presently designed and operated, are not fully meeting the needs of our profession. There are steps that we can and should take to improve these important processes, and I believe that we should begin to work to enhance and make better our educational and evaluative systems. Hopefully, from these efforts a model for others within the health care world will emerge. This paper will have four parts. First, a presentation of the functions that a system of national organizations should carry out in the education and evaluation of those persons professionally responsible for the health care of children. Second, a discussion of how those functions are presently met through the activities of national organizations.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Seroepidemiology in Children and Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca E Levorson ◽  
Erica Christian ◽  
Brett Hunter ◽  
Jasdeep Sayal ◽  
Jiayang Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Antibody Testing

AbstractObjectivesPediatric SARS-CoV-2 data remain limited and seropositivity rates in children were reported as <1% early in the pandemic. Seroepidemiologic evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 in children in a major metropolitan region of the United States was performed.MethodsChildren and adolescents ≤19 years were enrolled in a cross-sectional, observational study of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence from July-October 2020 in Northern Virginia, United States. Demographic, health, and COVID-19 exposure information was collected, and blood was analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein total antibody. Risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity were analyzed. Orthogonal antibody testing was performed, and samples were evaluated for responses to different antigens.ResultsIn 1038 children, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positivity rate was 8.5%. After multivariate logistic regression, significant risk factors included Hispanic ethnicity, public or absent insurance, a history of COVID-19 symptoms, exposure to person with COVID-19, a household member positive for SARS-CoV-2 and multi-family or apartment dwelling without a private entrance. 66% of seropositive children had no symptoms of COVID-19. Orthogonal antibody testing with a receptor binding domain specific antigen revealed a high concordance of 80.5%. Children also demonstrated a robust immune response to the nucleocapsid antigen.ConclusionsA much higher burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as determined by seropositivity, was found in children than previously reported; this was also higher compared to adults in the same region at a similar time. Contrary to prior reports, we determined children shoulder a significant burden of COVID-19 infection. The role of children’s disease transmission must be considered in COVID-19 mitigation strategies including vaccination.Article Summary8.5% of children had SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Fall 2020, double the adult rate. The role of pediatric infection is important to consider in mitigation strategies.What’s Known on This SubjectSARS-CoV-2 pediatric seroepidemiologic data is limited. Reported viral rates underestimate the burden of infection in children due to mild or asymptomatic disease. Limited cohorts of children suggest low seropositivity rates compared to adults.What This Study AddsUS children in the largest SARS-CoV-2 seroepidemiology study to date had double the rate of antibodies compared to adults. Most children were asymptomatic. Risk factors include age, ethnicity and living conditions. Most children made antibodies to different antigens of SARS-CoV-2.

The Role of Gender and Sensation Seeking in Film Choice

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smita C. Banerjee ◽  
Kathryn Greene ◽  
Marina Krcmar ◽  
Zhanna Bagdasarov ◽  
Dovile Ruginyte
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Happy Mood

This study demonstrates the significance of individual difference factors, particularly gender and sensation seeking, in predicting media choice (examined through hypothetical descriptions of films that participants anticipated they would view). This study used a 2 (Positive mood/negative mood) × 2 (High arousal/low arousal) within-subject design with 544 undergraduate students recruited from a large northeastern university in the United States. Results showed that happy films and high arousal films were preferred over sad films and low-arousal films, respectively. In terms of gender differences, female viewers reported a greater preference than male viewers for happy-mood films. Also, male viewers reported a greater preference for high-arousal films compared to female viewers, and female viewers reported a greater preference for low-arousal films compared to male viewers. Finally, high sensation seekers reported a preference for high-arousal films. Implications for research design and importance of exploring media characteristics are discussed.

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