scholarly journals Global mapping of urban–rural catchment areas reveals unequal access to services

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. e2011990118
Author(s):  
Andrea Cattaneo ◽  
Andrew Nelson ◽  
Theresa McMenomy
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Access To Services ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Urban Hierarchy ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Rural Catchment

Using travel time to cities of different sizes, we map populations across an urban–rural continuum to improve on the standard dichotomous representations of urban–rural interactions. We extend existing approaches by 1) building on central place theory to capture the urban hierarchy in access to services and employment opportunities provided by urban centers of different sizes, 2) defining urban–rural catchment areas (URCAs) expressing the interconnection between urban centers and their surrounding rural areas, and 3) adopting a global gridded approach comparable across countries. We find that one-fourth of the global population lives in periurban areas of intermediate and smaller cities and towns, which challenges the centrality of large cities in development. In low-income countries, 64% of the population lives either in small cities and towns or within their catchment areas, which has major implications for access to services and employment opportunities. Intermediate and small cities appear to provide catchment areas for proportionately more people gravitating around them than larger cities. This could indicate that, for countries transitioning to middle income, policies and investments strengthening economic linkages between urban centers and their surrounding rural areas may be as important as investing in urbanization or the rural hinterlands. The dataset provided can support national economic planning and territorial development strategies by enabling policy makers to focus more in depth on urban–rural interactions.

Socio-Economic Characteristics of Immigrants in Western Greece Region: Urban – Rural Continuum or Divide?

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodoros Iosifides ◽  
Thanasis Kizos ◽  
Elektra Petracou ◽  
Ekaterini Malliotaki ◽  
Konstantina Katsimantou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Spatial Factors ◽  
Limited Role ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
Western Greece

This paper aims at an investigation of factors of differentiation of basic social and economic characteristics of foreign immigrants in the Region of Western Greece. The paper explores whether the thesis of urban-rural divide is relevant for the differentiation of immigrants’ socio-economic characteristics in a typical Region of Greece, where there is a strong interplay between major urban centers and large rural areas. Findings show that spatial factors play a very limited role in the differentiation of socio-economic characteristics of immigrants and indicate that other factors are more important. Thus, and as regards socio-economic characteristics of immigrants, the overall picture is that of urban-rural continuum rather than divide. 

scholarly journals Developing Comprehensive Economic Information for Regional Planning: A Case Study

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
Dilip Pendse ◽  
M. C. Conner
Keyword(s):  
Regional Planning ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Community Services ◽  
Access To Services ◽  
Economic Information ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Do So

In recent years, many communities have used regional planning in their quest for economic and social development. Several factors have prompted them to do so. First, community leaders have recognized that a larger geographic area gives a community a larger economic base for planning purposes and offers access to services and institutions that would be impossible in each and every town, thus enhancing potential for development. Second, a greater emphasis is now placed upon identification and use of regions for planning and development purposes under state and federal laws. Third, importance of regional planning has grown because of such factors as growing urbanization, increased demands for community services, pressure to reduce disparities among urban-rural areas, growing environmental concerns, and “spillover” effects of unplanned growth.

scholarly journals Urbanisation and asthma in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review of the urban–rural differences in asthma prevalence

Thorax ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 1020-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Rodriguez ◽  
Elizabeth Brickley ◽  
Laura Rodrigues ◽  
Rebecca Alice Normansell ◽  
Mauricio Barreto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Asthma Prevalence ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundUrbanisation has been associated with temporal and geographical differences in asthma prevalence in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, little is known of the mechanisms by which urbanisation and asthma are associated, perhaps explained by the methodological approaches used to assess the urbanisation-asthma relationship.ObjectiveThis review evaluated how epidemiological studies have assessed the relationship between asthma and urbanisation in LMICs, and explored urban/rural differences in asthma prevalence.MethodsAsthma studies comparing urban/rural areas, comparing cities and examining intraurban variation were assessed for eligibility. Included publications were evaluated for methodological quality and pooled OR were calculated to indicate the risk of asthma in urban over rural areas.ResultsSeventy articles were included in our analysis. Sixty-three compared asthma prevalence between urban and rural areas, five compared asthma prevalence between cities and two examined intraurban variation in asthma prevalence. Urban residence was associated with a higher prevalence of asthma, regardless of asthma definition: current-wheeze OR:1.46 (95% CI:1.22 to 1.74), doctor diagnosis OR:1.89 (95% CI:1.47 to 2.41), wheeze-ever OR:1.44 (95% CI:1.15 to 1.81), self-reported asthma OR:1.77 (95% CI:1.33 to 2.35), asthma questionnaire OR:1.52 (95% CI:1.06 to 2.16) and exercise challenge OR:1.96 (95% CI:1.32 to 2.91).ConclusionsMost evidence for the relationship between urbanisation and asthma in LMICs comes from studies comparing urban and rural areas. These studies tend to show a greater prevalence of asthma in urban compared to rural populations. However, these studies have been unable to identify which specific characteristics of the urbanisation process may be responsible. An approach to understand how different dimensions of urbanisation, using contextual household and individual indicators, is needed for a better understanding of how urbanisation affects asthma.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017064470.

scholarly journals The Rural Town as a Producing Unit: An Empirical Analysis and Implications for Rural Development Policy

1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-87
Author(s):  
Harry W. Ayer ◽  
Joe Weidman
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Producer Services ◽  
Migration Flow ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Rural Town ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Time Period

Emphasis at nearly all levels of government has been placed on rejuvenating rural areas in terms of their income and employment opportunities. Implicitly this rejuvenation is to occur in rural towns and not on farms, since employment opportunities in farming, while improving in the 1973-1976 time period, are not likely to expand greatly. Popular doctrine to stimulate economies of rural towns is fostered by the observed problems of pollution (air, water, noise), slums and human crowding, crime and traffic congestion associated with many large cities, and the concomitant problems of low income, poor consumer and producer services, and declining job opportunities in numerous rural towns. According to popular political opinion, a more desirable social state could be reached by reversing the migration flow, thereby relieving pressures of large cities and enhancing the standard of living potential in rural areas.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF MEDICAL CARE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-513
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Factor ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Quality Of Health Services ◽  
Metropolitan Counties

There have been extraordinary advances in medical care and prevention of disease among infants and children. Morbidity and mortality rates have shown remarkable declines in recent years following the introduction of new therapeutic agents. The fact still remains, however, that there are wide gaps in the distribution of medical care. There are sections of the country where the infant mortality is higher than the national average of a generation ago. In isolated rural areas, the physicians' services for children are less, both in quantity and quality, than in on near urban centers. In the outlying areas, not only specialists but also general practitioners were found to be relatively few; there were only one-third as many general practitioners for the same number of children in isolated counties as in greater metropolitan counties. The economic factor has an all-pervading influence. Where per capita income is low, the quantity and quality of health services are proportionately low. Thus, even in the more favored metropolitan areas, there are gaps in services for families of low income.

scholarly journals To e-bike or not to e-bike? A study of the impact of the built environment on commute mode choice in small Chinese city

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 479-497
Author(s):  
Yang Hu ◽  
Anae Sobhani ◽  
Dick Ettema
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Mode Choice ◽  
Sustainable Transportation ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Chinese City ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
The Impact

The use of electric bikes (e-bikes) is attracting increasing attention from researchers and policymakers as a way to promote sustainable transportation. However, knowledge about the built environment factors that influence e-bike use is lacking. In China, most evidence on e-bikes and travel behavior stems from big cities; there is much less evidence concerning small cities and their adjacent rural areas. Using travel data collected in a small Chinese city (Ganyu), the present research explores the impact of the built environment around residential and work locations on individuals’ commute mode choice, with a particular focus on e-bike use. Consistent with the few previous studies on travel behavior in small Chinese cities, we find that most residents of Ganyu commute only short distances and that the e-bike is the primary mode for their daily commutes. The results of a nested logit model show that e-bike use is more popular among females and low-income groups, and that certain built environment characteristics at the work location promote e-bike use. Moreover, the built environment in different geographical contexts has different influences on commute mode choice. In particular, the presence of city/town roads without bike lanes at work locations promotes e-bike use among rural residents but much less so among urban residents.

scholarly journals Urban-rural differences in long-term care service status and needs among home-based elderly people in China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangwen Zhang ◽  
Yanbing Zeng ◽  
Ying Han ◽  
Lixia Wang ◽  
Ya Fang
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Young Old

Abstract Background: Long-term care (LTC) needs for the elderly have become increasingly crucial policy concerns in rapidly aging Asia, especially in China, the most populous nation. However, very few studies have examined the cohort differences in terms of their existing and expected utilization of LTC services, above all urban-rural differences. This study aims to evaluate the differences of LTC current status and needs between urban-rural areas and to identify influencing factors causing the different LTC needs. Methods: The data comes from the Chinese Longitudinal Health Longevity Survey in 2014. 7192 home-based elderly aged ≥65 years by multistage sampling were enrolled. The Andersen Model was applied to categorize the influential factors into three components including predisposing, enabling and needs. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influential factors of the three levels of LTC needs. Results: A total of 6909 valid sample sizes were included in this study. The overall LTC needs of the elderly showed a rapidly increasing trend among which older people had the highest needs for bathing (27.29%) and toileting (15.8%). It was also demonstrated the aged cohort between urban and rural exerted an impact on all aspects of LTC status and needs to varying degrees (P＜0.05). Compared with urban areas, the LTC needs for the elderly in rural areas was more vigorous, but the supply was seriously inadequate. The elderly who were older, living in rural areas, unmarried, non-farming, with low income, in poor health, and less autonomy had higher anticipated needs for LTC services (ORs>1, P＜0.01). Compared with the young-old in rural, the young-old in urban were prone to live alone (ORs=1.61, P＜0.01). The elderly who were older, living in rural areas, farming, with low income, lonely and depressed had higher anticipated needs for community-based services (1＜ORs＜1.69, P＜0.05).Conclusions: The aged cohort in urban-rural distinction were facing an increasing need of immediate care due to the inadequate supports being provided, especially among rural elderly. The oldest old in rural areas had higher LTC needs, and different levels of needs were affected by age, economic level, family support and health status and other related effects. This study provides evidence-based recommendation for further improving the construction and development of the LTC system in China.

The Welfare Effects of Carbon Tax on Chinese Households: A Study Based on the 2013 Chip Survey Data

2021 ◽  
pp. 2050019
Author(s):  
LI Xuehui ◽  
LI Zhi ◽  
WANG Zhengxin
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
High Income ◽  
Cyclic Utilization ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Low Income Households

Based on the micro-data from the 2013 Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) Survey, the authors use a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model to simulate and measure the impacts on the welfare of urban and rural households with different incomes after a carbon tax at 50[Formula: see text]RMB/ton was levied in China. The results show that the collection of carbon tax will increase households’ consumer spending to varying degrees. In urban areas, the carbon tax exerts the greatest impact on low-income households, followed by high-income households; while in rural areas, it has the most significant effects on high-income households and the least on low-income households. On the whole, carbon tax’s impact on urban households is greater than that on rural households. To a certain extent, it can help the household income inequality change for the better and narrow the urban–rural income gap. Since the carbon tax does not act on the distribution of Chinese household income in a simply regressive or progressive way, the authors believe that China should implement supporting policies such as tax subsidies or tax refund as supplements to carbon taxation in an effort to establish a mechanism for cyclic utilization of carbon tax revenue.

scholarly journals Urban–Rural Differences in Long-Term Care Service Status and Needs Among Home-Based Elderly People in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1701
Author(s):  
Liangwen Zhang ◽  
Yanbing Zeng ◽  
Lixia Wang ◽  
Ya Fang
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Young Old

Background: Long-term care (LTC) needs for the elderly have become increasingly crucial policy concerns in rapidly aging Asia, especially in China, the most populous nation. However, very few studies have examined the cohort differences in terms of their existing and expected utilization of LTC services, above all urban–rural differences. This study aims to evaluate the differences of LTC current status and needs between urban–rural areas and age groups, and to identify influencing factors causing the different LTC needs. Methods: The data come from the Chinese Longitudinal Health Longevity Survey in 2014. A total of 7192 home-based elderly aged ≥65 years by multistage sampling were enrolled. The Andersen Model was applied to categorize the influential factors into three components including predisposing, enabling and needs. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influential factors of the three levels of LTC needs. Results: A total of 6909 valid sample sizes were included in this study. The overall LTC needs of the elderly showed a rapidly increasing trend among which older people had the highest needs for bathing (27.29%) and toileting (15.8%). It was also demonstrated the aged cohort between urban and rural exerted an impact on all aspects of LTC status and needs to varying degrees (p < 0.05). Compared with urban areas, the LTC needs for the elderly in rural areas was more vigorous, but the supply was seriously inadequate. The elderly who were older, living in rural areas, unmarried, non-farming, with low income, in poor health and having less autonomy had higher anticipated needs for LTC services (OR > 1, p < 0.01). Compared with the young-old in rural areas, the young-old in urban areas were prone to live alone (OR = 1.61, p < 0.01). The elderly who were older, living in rural areas, farming, with low income, lonely and depressed had higher anticipated needs for community-based services (1 < OR < 1.69, p < 0.05). Conclusions: The aged cohort in urban–rural distinction were facing an increasing need for immediate care due to the inadequate support being provided, especially among rural elderly. The oldest elderly in rural areas had higher LTC needs, and different levels of needs were affected by age, economic level, family support, health status and other related effects. This study provides evidence-based recommendation for further improving the construction and development of the LTC system in China.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of the State of the Territory in Flanders. Reporting About New Maps and Indicators Differentiating Between Urban and Rural Areas Within Flanders

2021 ◽  
pp. 209-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Pisman ◽  
Stijn Vanacker
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Settlement Area ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
International Comparative ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Urban And Regional Development

AbstractWithin the several European analyses of spatial patterns, Belgium and Flanders take a specific position. The average ‘settlement area percentage’ (i.e., all land used beyond agriculture, semi-natural areas, forestry, and water bodies) for Europe is 4%, but 32% of the Flemish area is occupied with artificial land. Belgium has the highest score for urban-sprawl indicators, and within the European context, almost the entire area is considered urban. The aim of the research presented in this paper is to expand on the theme of indicators for spatial patterns by analyzing the Flemish area with detailed data across various scales. The results are collected in a report, the ‘Ruimterapport’— ‘RURA’, published in 2018. RURA is a bundling and compilation of research results from very diverse sources, amongst others studies from the Department of Environment and Spatial Development of Flanders and of Espon studies. This article presents the most important results from RURA and further positions them in international comparative literature. New maps and indicators are developed for the urban/peri-urban/rural dimensions of the human settlement area, urban sprawl, and settlement patterns by differentiating amongst others between urban centers, ribbon development, and scattered buildings. The paper gives a quantitative, methodological, and empirical contribution to the field of urban and regional development processes and contributes to conceptualizations of space. The case of Flanders, with its specific sprawl pattern, illustrates the difficulties spatial planning policy makers currently are facing, dealing with the complexity of space and society.

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