scholarly journals The Rural Town as a Producing Unit: An Empirical Analysis and Implications for Rural Development Policy

1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-87
Author(s):  
Harry W. Ayer ◽  
Joe Weidman
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Producer Services ◽  
Migration Flow ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Rural Town ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Time Period

Emphasis at nearly all levels of government has been placed on rejuvenating rural areas in terms of their income and employment opportunities. Implicitly this rejuvenation is to occur in rural towns and not on farms, since employment opportunities in farming, while improving in the 1973-1976 time period, are not likely to expand greatly. Popular doctrine to stimulate economies of rural towns is fostered by the observed problems of pollution (air, water, noise), slums and human crowding, crime and traffic congestion associated with many large cities, and the concomitant problems of low income, poor consumer and producer services, and declining job opportunities in numerous rural towns. According to popular political opinion, a more desirable social state could be reached by reversing the migration flow, thereby relieving pressures of large cities and enhancing the standard of living potential in rural areas.

scholarly journals PENGEMBANGAN WISATA AGRO: PELUANG KERJA MASYARAKAT DI KAWASAN PONCOKUSUMO KABUPATEN MALANG, PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Triyono NFN ◽  
Eniarti B. Djohan
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Tourism Activity

This article aims to describe and assess the existence of This article aims to describe and assess the existence of agro-tourism in rural areas with regards to employment opportunities for local villagers around the area. This study used a socio culture approach by observing the supporting elements of tourism activities. This article derived from a research in Poncokusumo village, Malang District, of East Java Province, done in 2011. This village is currently developed as one of the Agropolitan Region in East Java Province including tourism,which expected to create job opportunities for people living around the area. This study used qualitative methods in the form of indepth interviews,observation and literature review.This study indicated that tourism, in particular agro tourism, has not been able to optimally provide employment opportunities for the local community. The problems, among others, were : 1 ) tourism activities are still run under conventional practices, 2) facilities and infrastructure needed to support tourism activities are inadequate, and 3) the absence of support from various stakeholders regarding tourism activity in Poncokusumo

scholarly journals Global mapping of urban–rural catchment areas reveals unequal access to services

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. e2011990118
Author(s):  
Andrea Cattaneo ◽  
Andrew Nelson ◽  
Theresa McMenomy
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Access To Services ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Urban Hierarchy ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Rural Catchment

Using travel time to cities of different sizes, we map populations across an urban–rural continuum to improve on the standard dichotomous representations of urban–rural interactions. We extend existing approaches by 1) building on central place theory to capture the urban hierarchy in access to services and employment opportunities provided by urban centers of different sizes, 2) defining urban–rural catchment areas (URCAs) expressing the interconnection between urban centers and their surrounding rural areas, and 3) adopting a global gridded approach comparable across countries. We find that one-fourth of the global population lives in periurban areas of intermediate and smaller cities and towns, which challenges the centrality of large cities in development. In low-income countries, 64% of the population lives either in small cities and towns or within their catchment areas, which has major implications for access to services and employment opportunities. Intermediate and small cities appear to provide catchment areas for proportionately more people gravitating around them than larger cities. This could indicate that, for countries transitioning to middle income, policies and investments strengthening economic linkages between urban centers and their surrounding rural areas may be as important as investing in urbanization or the rural hinterlands. The dataset provided can support national economic planning and territorial development strategies by enabling policy makers to focus more in depth on urban–rural interactions.

Effect of Residential Location and Access to Transportation on Employment Opportunities

2000 ◽  
Vol 1726 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piyushimita Thakuriah ◽  
Paul Metaxatos
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Job Retention ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Family Effects ◽  
Employment Retention ◽  
Entry Level ◽  
Public Benefits ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Employment Security

Women who have been on public assistance need to obtain and maintain steady employment because they stand to lose their public benefits and also because it is the only way out of poverty. Although the sociodemographic and general economic influences on job retention have been examined in the literature, the effects of transportation and of place of residence in a metropolitan area vis-à-vis entry-level job locations have not been studied systematically. Four sets of factors—transportation, location, sociodemographic, and family effects—are examined for their effect on job retention. In particular, it was found that employment security for female welfare clients or former clients does not come from job retention (i.e., tenure with the same employer) but from “employment retention” (i.e., jobs with different employers, possibly with a trend toward upward mobility). The effects of transportation and location on job and employment retention are complex. Although access to a vehicle is important for increasing employment retention, even more important is the number of job opportunities accessible by private vehicle or public transit within a tolerable travel time. Female welfare clients who retain a job longer and hold more jobs within a 2-year period are more likely to live in subareas of the metropolitan area with greater access to jobs within reasonable travel times; the competition for those jobs from other low-income individuals is low. Furthermore, female welfare clients with a high school diploma, when given the appropriate accessibility and location opportunities, enjoy increased job retention.

Financial Inclusion Through Microenterprises of Rural SHGs

2018 ◽  
pp. 269-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Vyas ◽  
Nidhi Nalwaya
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Financial Framework ◽  
Self Help Groups ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Self Help Group

The elementary aim of microenterprises and Self Help Groups (SHGs) is to empower the impoverished populace, particularly of the rural areas, and furthermore provide financial sustainability so as to improve livelihoods. The pervasive twin threats of unemployment and exclusion from the financial framework in the rural areas are the major challenges to the economic and social development of India. A self-help group is a potent means to remove poverty in the same vein microenterprises contribute significantly to economic development and social stability by affording employment opportunities, thereby emerging as a vehicle through which low-income people can escape poverty. SHGs and microenterprises are a significant means for socio-economic transformation through financial inclusion. The objective of the chapter is to study and analyze the impact of microenterprises and SHGs on the financial inclusion of people in rural areas of Tribal South Rajasthan.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Vietnamese Consumers' Intention to Buy Chinese Garment Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pham Thi Thuy Van ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Cronbach's Alpha ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Chinese garment products were present throughout the domestic market of Vietnam, both in large cities and in rural areas, attracting the majority of low-income and low-end customers. The main objective of this study was to identify, evaluate, and to measure the attributes of the Vietnamese consumers' intention to buy Chinese garment products. The study was based on a field survey using a semi-structured questionnaire on a sample of 600 consumers in Hanoi city and Ho Chi Minh city. But, only 406 filled questionnaires were satisfactory and therefore included in the analysis. By using seceral statistical analytical tools, i.e. descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s Alpha analysis, the study has identified and measured four (4) attributes of the Vietnamese consumers' intention to buy Chinese garment products. Based on the findings, some recommendations are given for the Vietnamese consumers' intention to buy Chinese garment products and domestic textile and garment firms in Vietnam.

scholarly journals Urban Population Growth and Job Opportunities: The Case of Albania

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-39
Author(s):  
Mario Ҫurçija ◽  
Emirjeta Bejleri
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Urban Population Growth ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Do So

AbstractDemographic change is a complex phenomenon, but it has generally been accepted that having better employment opportunities and quality of jobs are among important factors that determine people’s mobility. The purpose of this paper is to test the relationship between the increase in the number of people living in urban areas and the job opportunities in these areas in Albania. In order to do so, we performed a statistical analysis of a dataset on labor force surveys for the time period of 2007-2013. Our findings confirmed a positive correlation between the increase of individuals living in a certain area and job opportunities for specialized occupations in that area; however, a significant relationship was not found when job opportunities in general, in general, were considered.

TURNING FARMERS INTO SOCIAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURS FOR DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Runcan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
Rural And Urban

According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”

The territory of the Russian Federation is a rescue from the COVID-19 coronavirus

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-29
Author(s):  
Yu. Kozlov ◽  
R. Serebryakov
Keyword(s):  
Wind Power ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Air Spring ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Wind Power Plants ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation

A new coronavirus pandemic is raging all over the world, especially in densely populated areas. Unlike most countries, more than half of the territory of Russia is not used by humans — which means that it is possible to settle large cities to avoid crowding people on a small area. The authors of the article consider wind power, namely vortex wind power plants, as a new source of energy that can be quickly and with less harm built in rural areas. The article also discusses the possibilities of an alternative Autonomous non-volatile installation "Air spring" for obtaining fresh water from atmospheric air.

Households Discrimination in School Enrolment in Pakistan: Does gender matter?

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Ali Muhammad ◽  
Zahoor Ul Haq ◽  
Imad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
Female Education ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

This study uses Pakistan Social and Living Measurement Survey 2016 to study gender discrimination in school enrollment across the four provinces of Pakistan using bi-variate analysis. Results show that there is highly significant difference between male and female education in rural areas (x^2=4940.50 and p<0.05). Analysis indicate that gender disparity in enrollment is significantly higher in low income households (x^2=115.468 and P<0.05). The study also showed that as compared to male, fewer female are enrolled in both public and private sectors. Hence, socio-economic factors play important role in making decision about children enrollment in different types of school. The study recommends that government to take appropriate steps to reduce gender discrimination in school enrollment by offering subsidy on female education in the country.

Socio-Economic Profile of Labour Households in Rural Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 306-311
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Nuclear Families ◽  
The Family ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Average Condition ◽  
Economic Profile

The present paper is an attempt to analyze the socio-economic profile of the labour households in rural Punjab. The study revealed that majority of rural labour households belonged to the scheduled caste category. As far as the distribution of sampled rural labour households according to the family type was concerned, it was found that 46.42 percent of the total rural labour households had nuclear families, while the remaining 53.58 percent have joint families. Majority of the rural labourers were living in semi-pucca houses. Further, if we look at the housing condition, 54.72 percent of rural labourers owned the houses of average condition, 40.19 percent owned good condition households and 5.09percent owned dilapidated houses. The analysis further showed that as many as 20.35percentof the sampled labour population was illiterate. A few persons from sampled labour households educated above matric. Although large majority of the sampled labour population were from the working-age group yet the ratio of dependents was high among rural labour households. This was due to lower employment opportunities in rural areas.

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