scholarly journals Complex subsurface hydrothermal fluid mixing at a submarine arc volcano supports distinct and highly diverse microbial communities

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (51) ◽  
pp. 32627-32638
Author(s):  
Anna-Louise Reysenbach ◽  
Emily St. John ◽  
Jennifer Meneghin ◽  
Gilberto E. Flores ◽  
Mircea Podar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Hydrothermal Fluid ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Hydrothermal Systems ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Hydrothermal Circulation ◽  
Microbial Life ◽  
Mineral Assemblages ◽  
History Of ◽  
Arc Volcano

Hydrothermally active submarine volcanoes are mineral-rich biological oases contributing significantly to chemical fluxes in the deep sea, yet little is known about the microbial communities inhabiting these systems. Here we investigate the diversity of microbial life in hydrothermal deposits and their metagenomics-inferred physiology in light of the geological history and resulting hydrothermal fluid paths in the subsurface of Brothers submarine volcano north of New Zealand on the southern Kermadec arc. From metagenome-assembled genomes we identified over 90 putative bacterial and archaeal genomic families and nearly 300 previously unknown genera, many potentially endemic to this submarine volcanic environment. While magmatically influenced hydrothermal systems on the volcanic resurgent cones of Brothers volcano harbor communities of thermoacidophiles and diverse members of the superphylum “DPANN,” two distinct communities are associated with the caldera wall, likely shaped by two different types of hydrothermal circulation. The communities whose phylogenetic diversity primarily aligns with that of the cone sites and magmatically influenced hydrothermal systems elsewhere are characterized predominately by anaerobic metabolisms. These populations are probably maintained by fluids with greater magmatic inputs that have interacted with different (deeper) previously altered mineral assemblages. However, proximal (a few meters distant) communities with gene-inferred aerobic, microaerophilic, and anaerobic metabolisms are likely supported by shallower seawater-dominated circulation. Furthermore, mixing of fluids from these two distinct hydrothermal circulation systems may have an underlying imprint on the high microbial phylogenomic diversity. Collectively our results highlight the importance of considering geologic evolution and history of subsurface processes in studying microbial colonization and community dynamics in volcanic environments.

Putative fossil life in a hydrothermal system of the Dellen impact structure, Sweden

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Lindgren ◽  
Magnus Ivarsson ◽  
Anna Neubeck ◽  
Curt Broman ◽  
Herbert Henkel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Alteration ◽  
Hydrothermal System ◽  
Hydrothermal Systems ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Early Earth ◽  
Impact Structure ◽  
Microbial Life ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Evolution Of Life ◽  
Alteration Minerals

AbstractImpact-generated hydrothermal systems are commonly proposed as good candidates for hosting primitive life on early Earth and Mars. However, evidence of fossil microbial colonization in impact-generated hydrothermal systems is rarely reported in the literature. Here we present the occurrence of putative fossil microorganisms in a hydrothermal system of the 89 Ma Dellen impact structure, Sweden. We found the putative fossilized microorganisms hosted in a fine-grained matrix of hydrothermal alteration minerals set in interlinked fractures of an impact breccia. The putative fossils appear as semi-straight to twirled filaments, with a thickness of 1–2 μm, and a length between 10 and 100 μm. They have an internal structure with segmentation, and branching of filaments occurs frequently. Their composition varies between an outer and an inner layer of a filament, where the inner layer is more iron rich. Our results indicate that hydrothermal systems in impact craters could potentially be capable of supporting microbial life. This could have played an important role for the evolution of life on early Earth and Mars.

scholarly journals Multicellular and unicellular responses of microbial biofilms to stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 401 (12) ◽  
pp. 1365-1374
Author(s):  
Daniel K.H. Rode ◽  
Praveen K. Singh ◽  
Knut Drescher
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Internal Stresses ◽  
Microbial Life ◽  
Microbial Biofilms ◽  
Applied Stresses

AbstractBiofilms are a ubiquitous mode of microbial life and display an increased tolerance to different stresses. Inside biofilms, cells may experience both externally applied stresses and internal stresses that emerge as a result of growth in spatially structured communities. In this review, we discuss the spatial scales of different stresses in the context of biofilms, and if cells in biofilms respond to these stresses as a collection of individual cells, or if there are multicellular properties associated with the response. Understanding the organizational level of stress responses in microbial communities can help to clarify multicellular functions of biofilms.

scholarly journals Analysis of Hydrothermal Systems Beneath Tayukeng through Long-Term Geochemical Signals of Hydrothermal Fluids in Tatun Volcano Group, Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7411
Author(s):  
Hsin-Fu Yeh ◽  
Hung-Hsiang Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Hydrothermal System ◽  
Hydrothermal Fluid ◽  
Thermal Water ◽  
Hydrothermal Systems ◽  
Hydrothermal Fluids ◽  
Geochemical Variations ◽  
Northern Taiwan

The Tatun Volcano Group (TVG) is located in northern Taiwan and consists of many springs and fumaroles. The Tayukeng (TYK) area is the most active fumarole site in the TVG. In this study, we analyzed the long-term geochemical variations of hydrothermal fluids and proposed a mechanism responsible for the variation in TYK. There are two different aquifers beneath the TYK area: a shallow SO42−-rich aquifer and a deeper aquifer rich in Cl−. TYK thermal water was mainly supplied by the shallow SO42−-rich aquifer; therefore, the thermal water showed high SO42− concentrations. After 2015, the inflow of deep thermal water increased, causing the Cl− concentrations of the TYK to increase. Notably, the inferred reservoir temperatures based on quartz geothermometry increased; however, the surface temperature of the spring decreased. We inferred that the enthalpy was lost during transportation to the surface. Therefore, the surface temperature of the spring does not increase with an increased inflow of deep hydrothermal fluid. The results can serve as a reference for understanding the complex evolution of the magma-hydrothermal system in the TVG.

scholarly journals Microbial Colonization and their Relation with Potential Cofactors in Patients with Denture Stomatitis

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhushan Arun Jawale ◽  
Rahul Redasani ◽  
Lalit Chaudhari ◽  
Narendra Chopde ◽  
Amol Pharande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Denture Stomatitis ◽  
Dietary History ◽  
Salivary Ph ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACT Aim To determine microbial prevalence in the mucous membrane and prosthesis of denture wearers with and without denture stomatitis and to study its relationship with potential clinical cofactors. Materials and methods Saliva was collected from 200 patients (100 female and 100 male) wearing dental prosthesis for measurement of pH. Oral samples of the mucous membrane and of dentures were taken with sterile swab for microbiological analysis. Medical and dietary history of the subjects was recorded. Chi-square test and analysis of varience were used for statistical analysis. Results Diabetes, hypertension and high carbohydrate ingestion was observed in majority of patients. The pH average in saliva was of 5.1. The presence of C. albicans, S. aureus and S. mutans in the mucous membrane was of 55.4, 56.4 and 63.6% respectively. C. albicans was isolated in 69.7% from the prosthesis, whereas S. aureus and S. mutans were isolated in 45.3%. The isolation of C.albicans was more frequent in patients with deture stomatitis. Conclusion C. albicans, S. aureus and S. mutans frequently colonize the oral mucous of denture wearers. This is more frequently observed in patients with denture stomatitis. Clinical significance Denture stomatitis is associated to Candida albicans, different bacteria and other cofactors, such as salivary pH, carbohydrate ingestion, systemic illnesses and medication. How to cite this article Chopde N, Jawale B, Pharande A, Chaudhari L, Hiremath V, Redasani R. Microbial Colonization and their Relation with Potential Cofactors in Patients with Denture Stomatitis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(4):456-459.

Effects of Community Versus Single Strain Inoculants on the Biocontrol of Salmonella and Microbial Community Dynamics in Alfalfa Sprouts†

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANABELLE MATOS ◽  
JAY L. GARLAND
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
Acridine Orange Staining ◽  
Physiological Profiles ◽  
Alfalfa Sprouts ◽  
Alfalfa Seeds

Potential biological control inoculants, Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79 and microbial communities derived from market sprouts or laboratory-grown alfalfa sprouts, were introduced into alfalfa seeds with and without a Salmonella inoculum. We examined their ability to inhibit the growth of this foodborne pathogen and assess the relative effects of the inoculants on the alfalfa microbial community structure and function. Alfalfa seeds contaminated with a Salmonella cocktail were soaked for 2 h in bacterial suspensions from each inoculant tested. Inoculated alfalfa seeds were grown for 7 days and sampled during days 1, 3, and 7. At each sampling, alfalfa sprouts were sonicated for 7 min to recover microflora from the surface, and the resulting suspensions were diluted and plated on selective and nonselective media. Total bacterial counts were obtained using acridine orange staining, and the percentage culturability was calculated. Phenotypic potential of sprout-associated microbial communities inoculated with biocontrol treatments was assessed using community-level physiological profiles based on patterns of use of 95 separate carbon sources in Biolog plates. Community-level physiological profiles were also determined using oxygen-sensitive fluorophore in BD microtiter plates to examine functional patterns in these communities. No significant differences in total and mesophilic aerobe microbial cell density or microbial richness resulting from the introduction of inoculants on alfalfa seeds with and without Salmonella were observed. P. fluorescens 2-79 exhibited the greatest reduction in the growth of Salmonella early during alfalfa growth (4.22 log at day 1), while the market sprout inoculum had the reverse effect, resulting in a maximum log reduction (5.48) of Salmonella on day 7. Community-level physiological profiles analyses revealed that market sprout communities peaked higher and faster compared with the other inoculants tested. These results suggest that different modes of actions of single versus microbial consortia biocontrol treatments may be involved.

Emplacement ages and exhumation rates for intrusion-hosted Cu–Mo–Sb–Au mineral systems at Freegold Mountain (Yukon, Canada): assessment from U–Pb, Ar–Ar, and (U–Th)/He geochronometers

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 653-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Bineli Betsi ◽  
David Lentz ◽  
Brent McInnes ◽  
Noreen J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Systems ◽  
Mountain Area ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Late Tertiary ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fast Cooling ◽  
Exhumation Rates ◽  
Uplift And Erosion ◽  
Combined Data ◽  
Hydrothermal Event

To decipher the thermal history of mineralized systems across the Freegold Mountain area (Yukon, Canada), a combined geochronology (zircon U–Pb and hornblende, biotite, and whole rock Ar–Ar) and thermochronology (apatite and zircon (U–Th)/He) study was carried out. Previous U–Pb data combined with new U–Pb and Ar–Ar data show that intrusive bodies across the Freegold Mountain were emplaced during two protracted episodes, the first spanning from 109.6 to 98 Ma and the second between 79 and 68 Ma. Overprinting of the first intrusive event by a second magmatic hydrothermal event is suggested by a zircon U–Pb age of 108.7 ± 0.4 Ma for a chlorite-altered dyke and a whole rock Ar–Ar plateau age of 76.25 ± 0.53 Ma. Zircon (U–Th)/He data are between 66 and 89 Ma, whereas apatite (U–Th)/He data are scattered (38.7–109.9 Ma) and bracket the two magmatic emplacement events. Our combined data reveal a complex history of reheating that led to resetting of numerous chronometers. In most of the investigated magmatic hydrothermal systems, early fast cooling from igneous emplacement through hydrothermal alteration (between 900 and 200 °C) was followed by later and slower cooling accompanying post mineralization uplift and erosion (between 200 and 70 °C). Preliminary models indicate intrusive bodies associated with the Stoddart Cu–Mo ± W prospect cooled slowly (23 °C/Ma) compared with the ones spatially associated with the Revenue Au–Cu prospect (43 °C/Ma), and the similarity of the zircon U–Pb and (U–Th)/He ages from Revenue dyke further supports a rapid cooling from 700 to 180 °C. Erosion rates of 0.035–0.045 mm/year are consistent with tectonic quiescence during the Late Tertiary combined with the lack of Pleistocene glaciation in central Yukon. Such low rates of exhumation favour the formation and preservation of supergene mineralization, such as that found north of Freegold Mountain.

scholarly journals Microbial colonization of chasmoendolithic habitats in the hyper-arid zone of the Atacama Desert

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 15603-15632
Author(s):  
J. DiRuggiero ◽  
J. Wierzchos ◽  
C. K. Robinson ◽  
T. Souterre ◽  
J. Ravel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Atacama Desert ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Microbial Life ◽  
Total Community ◽  
Diverse Community

Abstract. Efforts in searching for microbial life in the driest part of Atacama Desert, Chile, revealed a small number of lithic habitats that can be considered as environmental refuges for life. In this study, we describe for the first time chasmoendolithic colonization of fissures and cracks of rhyolite-gypsum and calcite rocks collected in the hyper-arid zone of the desert. The use of high-throughput sequencing revealed that the Atacama rock communities comprised a few dominant phylotypes and a number of less abundant taxa representing the majority of the total community diversity. The chasmoendolithic communities were dominated by Chroococcidiopsis species cyanobacteria and supported a number of novel heterotrophic bacteria. Micro-climate data and geomorphic analysis of the mineral substrates suggested higher water availability in the calcite rocks in the form of enhanced water retention in the complex network of cracks and fissures of these rocks as well as increased occurrence of liquid water in the form of dewfall. These characteristics were associated with a diverse community of phototrophic and heterotrophic bacteria in the calcite chasmoendolithic ecosystem. This study is another example of the diversity of adaptive strategies at the limit for life and illustrates that rock colonization is controlled by a complex set of factors.

scholarly journals Less Is More: Genome Reduction and the Emergence of Cooperation—Implications into the Coevolution of Microbial Communities

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele Bosi ◽  
Flavia Mascagni
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Ecology ◽  
Genome Reduction ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Less Is More ◽  
Ecological Patterns ◽  
Emergence Of Cooperation ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

Organisms change to adapt to the environment in which they live, evolving with coresiding individuals. Classic Darwinism postulates the primal importance of antagonistic interactions and selfishness as a major driver of evolution, promoting an increase of genomic and organism complexities. Recently, advancements in evolutionary ecology reshaped this notion, showing how leakiness in biological functions favours the adaptive genome reduction, leading to the emergence of codependence patterns. Microbial communities are complex entities exerting a gargantuan influence on the environment and the biology of the eukaryotic hosts they are associated with. Notwithstanding, we are still far from a comprehension of the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms governing the community dynamics. Here, we review the implications of genome streamlining into the unfolding of codependence within microbial communities and how this translates to an understanding of ecological patterns underlying the emerging properties of the community.

scholarly journals Coupled partitioning of Au and As into pyrite controls formation of giant Au deposits

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. eaav5891 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kusebauch ◽  
S. A. Gleeson ◽  
M. Oelze
Keyword(s):  
Partition Coefficients ◽  
Hydrothermal Fluid ◽  
Iron Sulfide ◽  
Gold Deposits ◽  
Hydrothermal Systems ◽  
Hydrothermal Fluids ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Mass Balance Model ◽  
Depositional Process ◽  
Partitioning Behavior

The giant Carlin-type Au deposits (Nevada, USA) contain gold hosted in arsenic-rich iron sulfide (pyrite), but the processes controlling the sequestration of Au in these hydrothermal systems are poorly understood. Here, we present an experimental study investigating the distribution of Au and As between hydrothermal fluid and pyrite under conditions similar to those found in Carlin-type Au deposits. We find that Au from the fluid strongly partitions into a newly formed pyrite depending on the As concentration and that the coupled partitioning behavior of these two trace elements is key for Au precipitation. On the basis of our experimentally derived partition coefficients, we developed a mass balance model that shows that simple partitioning (and the underlying process of adsorption) is the major depositional process in these systems. Our findings help to explain why pyrite in Carlin-type gold deposits can scavenge Au from hydrothermal fluids so efficiently to form giant deposits.

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