scholarly journals Intersectional inequalities in science

2022 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. e2113067119
Author(s):  
Diego Kozlowski ◽  
Vincent Larivière ◽  
Cassidy R. Sugimoto ◽  
Thema Monroe-White
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
White Men ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Scientific Impact ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Research Organizations ◽  
The Us ◽  
Scientific Workforce ◽  
The Relationship

The US scientific workforce is primarily composed of White men. Studies have demonstrated the systemic barriers preventing women and other minoritized populations from gaining entry to science; few, however, have taken an intersectional perspective and examined the consequences of these inequalities on scientific knowledge. We provide a large-scale bibliometric analysis of the relationship between intersectional identities, topics, and scientific impact. We find homophily between identities and topic, suggesting a relationship between diversity in the scientific workforce and expansion of the knowledge base. However, topic selection comes at a cost to minoritized individuals for whom we observe both between- and within-topic citation disadvantages. To enhance the robustness of science, research organizations should provide adequate resources to historically underfunded research areas while simultaneously providing access for minoritized individuals into high-prestige networks and topics.

Gender inequities in the online dissemination of scholars’ work

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (39) ◽  
pp. e2102945118
Author(s):  
Orsolya Vásárhelyi ◽  
Igor Zakhlebin ◽  
Staša Milojević ◽  
Emőke-Ágnes Horvát
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Scientific Impact ◽  
The Public ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Coauthorship Networks ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Unbiased science dissemination has the potential to alleviate some of the known gender disparities in academia by exposing female scholars’ work to other scientists and the public. And yet, we lack comprehensive understanding of the relationship between gender and science dissemination online. Our large-scale analyses, encompassing half a million scholars, revealed that female scholars’ work is mentioned less frequently than male scholars’ work in all research areas. When exploring the characteristics associated with online success, we found that the impact of prior work, social capital, and gendered tie formation in coauthorship networks are linked with online success for men, but not for women—even in the areas with the highest female representation. These results suggest that while men’s scientific impact and collaboration networks are associated with higher visibility online, there are no universally identifiable facets associated with success for women. Our comprehensive empirical evidence indicates that the gender gap in online science dissemination is coupled with a lack of understanding the characteristics that are linked with female scholars’ success, which might hinder efforts to close the gender gap in visibility.

Economics, Race, and the Postwar US Novel: A Quantitative Literary History

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Sinykin ◽  
Richard Jean So ◽  
Jessica Young
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
White Men ◽  
Social Analysis ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract How has the language of economics, as codified by economics as a discipline, entered the US novel in the postwar period? Have economists influenced novelists at the level of language, and if so, how and how much? We begin with the belief, inferred from current scholarship on economics and culture, but never before empirically tested, that economic language became more prevalent around 1980, especially among white men—a belief that we strive to complicate and give nuance. Readers may detect an irony in the relationship between our method and case study. No academic discipline has valorized the use of quantification for social analysis more than economics. As a discipline, its language has become saturated with the language of modeling. Cultural and literary critics have long argued that economics has even harmed society by creating false accounts of how humans behave and think. Can we take their tools, however, and make them ours as a way to critique economics itself?

Dance Your PhD: Embodied Animations, Body Experiments, and the Affective Entanglements of Life Science Research

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Myers
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
Life Science ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Body Work ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Differential Relations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Science Magazine

In 2008 Science Magazine and the American Academy for the Advancement of Science hosted the first ever Dance Your PhD Contest in Vienna, Austria. Calls for submission to the second, third, and fourth annual Dance Your PhD contests followed suit, attracting hundreds of entries and featuring scientists based in the US, Canada, Australia, Europe and the UK. These contests have drawn significant media attention. While much of the commentary has focused on the novelty of dancing scientists and the function of dance as an effective distraction for overworked researchers, this article takes seriously the relationship between movement and scientific inquiry and draws on ethnographic research among structural biologists to examine the ways that practitioners use their bodies to animate biological phenomena. It documents how practitioners transform their bodies into animating media and how they conduct body experiments to test their hypotheses. This ‘body-work’ helps them to figure out how molecules move and interact, and simultaneously offers a medium through which they can communicate the nuanced details of their findings among students and colleagues. This article explores the affective and kinaesthetic dexterities scientists acquire through their training, and it takes a close look at how this body-work is tacitly enabled and constrained through particular pedagogical techniques and differential relations of gender and power. This article argues that the Dance Your PhD contests, as well as other performative modalities, can expand and extend what it is possible for scientific researchers to see, say, imagine and feel.

Potential for Remote Sensing to Detect and Predict Herbicide Injury on Waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfredo Robles ◽  
John D. Madsen ◽  
Ryan M. Wersal
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Spectral Band ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Mississippi State University ◽  
State University ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Reflectance Measurements

AbstractMany large-scale management programs directed toward the control of waterhyacinth rely on maintenance management with herbicides. Improving the implementation of these programs could be achieved through accurately detecting herbicide injury in order to evaluate efficacy. Mesocosm studies were conducted in the fall and summer of 2006 and 2007 at the R. R. Foil Plant Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, to detect and predict herbicide injury on waterhyacinth treated with four different rates of imazapyr and glyphosate. Herbicide rates corresponded to maximum recommended rates of 0.6 and 3.4 kg ae ha−1(0.5 and 3 lb ac−1) for imazapyr and glyphosate, respectively, and three rates lower than recommended maximum. Injury was visually estimated using a phytotoxicity rating scale, and reflectance measurements were collected using a handheld hyperspectral sensor. Reflectance measurements were then transformed into a Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) simulated data set to obtain pixel values for each spectral band. Statistical analyses were performed to determine if a correlation existed between bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 and phytotoxicity ratings. Simulated data from Landsat 5 TM indicated that band 4 was the most useful band to detect and predict herbicide injury of waterhyacinth by glyphosate and imazapyr. The relationship was negative because pixel values of band 4 decreased when herbicide injury increased. At 2 wk after treatment, the relationship between band 4 and phytotoxicity was best (r2of 0.75 and 0.90 for glyphosate and imazapyr, respectively), which served to predict herbicide injury in the following weeks.

scholarly journals Psychometric Properties of a Chatbot Version of the PHQ-9 With Adults and Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilly Dosovitsky ◽  
Erick Kim ◽  
Eduardo L. Bunge
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
The Us ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
Initial Support ◽  
The Relationship

Background: The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is a brief depression measure that has been validated. A chatbot version of the PHQ-9 would allow the assessment of depressive symptoms remotely, at a large scale and low cost.Objective: The current study aims to: Assess the feasibility of administering the PHQ-9 in a sample of adults and older adults via chatbot, report the psychometric properties of and identify the relationship between demographic variables and PHQ-9 total scores.Methods: A sample of 3,902 adults and older adults in the US and Canada were recruited through Facebook from August 2019 to February 2020 to complete the PHQ-9 using a chatbot.Results: A total of 3,895 (99.82%) completed the PHQ-9 successfully. The internal consistency of the PHQ-9 was 0.896 (p < 0.05). A one factor structure was found to have good model fit [X2 (27, N = 1,948) = 365.396, p < 0.001; RMSEA = 0.080 (90% CI: 0.073, 0.088); CFI and TLI were 0.925 and 0.900, respectively, and SRMR was 0.039]. All of the demographic characteristics in this study were found to significantly predict PHQ-9 total score, however; their effect was negligible to weak.Conclusions: There was a large sample of adults and older adults were open to completing assessments via chatbot including those over 75. The psychometric properties of the chatbot version of the PHQ-9 provide initial support to the utilization of this assessment method.

scholarly journals Differential Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdowns on PM2.5 across the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin L. Chen ◽  
Lucas R.F. Henneman ◽  
Rachel C. Nethery
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
The Us ◽  
Confounding Adjustment ◽  
Business As Usual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTThe COVID-19 pandemic has induced large-scale social, economic, and behavioral changes, presenting a unique opportunity to study how air pollution is affected by unprecedented societal shifts. At each of 455 PM2.5 monitoring sites across the United States, we conduct a causal inference analysis to determine the impacts of COVID-19 interventions and behavioral changes (“lockdowns”) on PM2.5 concentrations. Our approach allows for rigorous confounding adjustment and provides highly spatio-temporally resolved effect estimates. We find that, with the exception of the Southwest, most of the US experienced increases in PM2.5 during lockdown, compared to the concentrations expected under business-as-usual. To investigate possible drivers of this phenomenon, we use regression to characterize the relationship of many environmental, geographical, meteorological, mobility, and socioeconomic factors with the lockdown-attributable changes in PM2.5. Our findings have immense environmental policy relevance, suggesting that large-scale mobility and economic activity reductions may be insufficient to substantially and uniformly reduce PM2.5.

scholarly journals Rereading ‘Biogenetics of Race and Class’ 50 Years Later

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 302-305
Author(s):  
Eric Turkheimer
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bell Curve ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
Mental Testing ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Do So

In 1968, long before the publication of Stephen J. Gould's The Mismeasure of Man, Herrnstein and Murray's The Bell Curve, or Arthur Jensen's Bias in Mental Testing, Irving Gottesman published a book chapter that addressed head-on the issues that would define the relationship between the genetics of social behavior and large-scale social theory for the next 50 years. That he could do so with his characteristic scholarly thoroughness and scientific tough-mindedness without once lapsing into regressive hereditarianism is a testimony to the scope of his scientific knowledge and the generosity of his intellectual spirit.

scholarly journals Climate change and the Viking-age fjord environment of the Eastern Settlement, South Greenland

1999 ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoon Kuijpers ◽  
Niels Abrahamsen ◽  
Gerd Hoffmann ◽  
Veit Hühnerbach ◽  
Peter Konradi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Viking Age ◽  
Natural Science Research Council ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example: Kuijpers, A., Abrahamsen, N., Hoffmann, G., Hühnerbach, V., Konradi, P., Kunzendorf, H., Mikkelsen, N., Thiede, J., & Weinrebe, W. (1999). Climate change and the Viking-age fjord environment of the Eastern Settlement, South Greenland. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 183, 61-67. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v183.5206 _______________ The main objective of the project reported here is to reconstruct late Holocene hydrographic changes in South Greenland fjords and to study the relationship with large-scale atmospheric climate change; in particular to shed light on a possible link between these hydrographic changes and the disappearance of the Norse from Greenland more than five centuries ago. The project (1998–2000) is financially supported by the Danish Natural Science Research Council and the Government of Greenland.

Relationship between total plasma homocysteine and the risk of aneurysms – a meta-analysis

VASA ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Hanji Zhang ◽  
Dexin Yin ◽  
Yue Zhao ◽  
Yezhou Li ◽  
Dejiang Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Healthy Participants

Summary: Our meta-analysis focused on the relationship between homocysteine (Hcy) level and the incidence of aneurysms and looked at the relationship between smoking, hypertension and aneurysms. A systematic literature search of Pubmed, Web of Science, and Embase databases (up to March 31, 2020) resulted in the identification of 19 studies, including 2,629 aneurysm patients and 6,497 healthy participants. Combined analysis of the included studies showed that number of smoking, hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) in aneurysm patients was higher than that in the control groups, and the total plasma Hcy level in aneurysm patients was also higher. These findings suggest that smoking, hypertension and HHcy may be risk factors for the development and progression of aneurysms. Although the heterogeneity of meta-analysis was significant, it was found that the heterogeneity might come from the difference between race and disease species through subgroup analysis. Large-scale randomized controlled studies of single species and single disease species are needed in the future to supplement the accuracy of the results.

The United States and the Iranian Nuclear Programme

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Hurst
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nixon Administration ◽  
Comprehensive Plan ◽  
The Us ◽  
Nuclear Issue ◽  
The Relationship

The United States, Iran and the Bomb provides the first comprehensive analysis of the US-Iranian nuclear relationship from its origins through to the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015. Starting with the Nixon administration in the 1970s, it analyses the policies of successive US administrations toward the Iranian nuclear programme. Emphasizing the centrality of domestic politics to decision-making on both sides, it offers both an explanation of the evolution of the relationship and a critique of successive US administrations' efforts to halt the Iranian nuclear programme, with neither coercive measures nor inducements effectively applied. The book further argues that factional politics inside Iran played a crucial role in Iranian nuclear decision-making and that American policy tended to reinforce the position of Iranian hardliners and undermine that of those who were prepared to compromise on the nuclear issue. In the final chapter it demonstrates how President Obama's alterations to American strategy, accompanied by shifts in Iranian domestic politics, finally brought about the signing of the JCPOA in 2015.

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