Image metaphors of Trianon

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-200
Author(s):  
Orsolya Putz
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual System ◽  
Cultural Cognition ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Linguistic Data ◽  
Search Results ◽  
Visual Metaphors ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Google Search

Abstract This paper studies the visual representation of the Treaty of Trianon by identifying the most common image metaphors related to it.1 Three hypotheses are articulated. (1) Visual metaphors about Trianon are based on the same underlying conceptual metaphors as the corresponding metaphorical linguistic expressions. However, it is proposed that figures tend to be construed of mixed metaphors in order to convey a more condensed and complex message. In case of mixed metaphors, more source domains are applied to conceptualize the same target domain. (2) There exists a cultural cognition (Sharifian 2011) about Trianon, which is shared by the contemporary Hungarian community and which is represented in different modes of communication, namely in language and in images. The members of the community are able to understand and (re-)produce the linguistic and image metaphors about Trianon, because their conceptual system about Trianon is structured by similar conceptual metaphors. (3) Furthermore, based on linguistic data Putz (2019), it is assumed that the figures represent the perspective of the post-1920 Hungarian nation exclusively.2 The data is based on a Google search conducted on January 15, 2019, which referenced figures of Trianon with a .hu internet domain. Among the hundreds of thousands of search results, the first 150 figures were selected and ordered into six categories. Among this set of figures, the analysis focused on illustrations based on maps of pre- and post-1920 Hungary. The paper provides an in-depth analysis of eight figures, based on a three-step procedure, which is motivated by Steen et al.’s (2017) protocol.

Readability of Online Patient Information Relating to Cleft Palate Surgery

2021 ◽  
pp. 105566562110131
Author(s):  
Christopher V. Lavin ◽  
Evan J. Fahy ◽  
Darren B. Abbas ◽  
Michelle Griffin ◽  
Nestor M. Diaz Deleon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Grade Level ◽  
Reading Level ◽  
Online Information ◽  
Health Care Education ◽  
Search Results ◽  
Cleft Palate Repair ◽  
Grade Reading Level ◽  
Google Search

Objective: It is important for health care education materials to be easily understood by caretakers of children requiring craniofacial surgery. This study aimed to analyze the readability of Google search results as they pertain to “Cleft Palate Surgery” and “Palatoplasty.” Additionally, the study included a search from several locations globally to identify possible geographic differences. Design: Google searches of the terms “Cleft Palate Surgery” and “Palatoplasty” were performed. Additionally, searches of only “Cleft Palate Surgery” were run from several internet protocol addresses globally. Main Outcome Measures: Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level and Readability Ease, Gunning Fog Index, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) index, and Coleman-Liau Index. Results: Search results for “Cleft Palate Surgery” were easier to read and comprehend compared to search results for “Palatoplasty.” Mean Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level scores were 7.0 and 10.11, respectively ( P = .0018). Mean Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease scores were 61.29 and 40.71, respectively ( P = .0003). Mean Gunning Fog Index scores were 8.370 and 10.34, respectively ( P = .0458). Mean SMOG Index scores were 6.84 and 8.47, respectively ( P = .0260). Mean Coleman-Liau Index scores were 12.95 and 15.33, respectively ( P = .0281). No significant differences were found in any of the readability measures based on global location. Conclusions: Although some improvement can be made, craniofacial surgeons can be confident in the online information pertaining to cleft palate repair, regardless of where the search is performed from. The average readability of the top search results for “Cleft Palate Surgery” is around the seventh-grade reading level (US educational system) and compares favorably to other health care readability analyses.

A practical guide for understanding online business models

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Won Kim
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Business Plan ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Search Results ◽  
Practical Guide ◽  
Online Business ◽  
Proper Perspective ◽  
Google Search

Purpose There is a lack of clarity about what online business models are. The top 20 Google search results on online business models are articles that explain online business models. However, each of them deals with just one or two elements of business strategies. The list of business models is also a mixture of business strategies. This paper aims to provide practical guide that puts these business models into proper perspective. Design/methodology/approach A business model includes all key elements of the business, marketing and operational strategies. There are many such elements. The author has reviewed the popular use of the term online business models and found that just five of the key elements can put almost all of them into proper perspective. Findings Five elements of the business and marketing strategies constitute a practical guide for understanding, discussing and even designing the first working draft of a business plan. Practical implications The practical guide will serve as a robust vehicle for understanding, discussing and even designing the first working draft of a business plan. The current haphazard use of the term online business models does not shed light on online business models. Originality/value The author has examined 20 top Google search results for “online business models” and “business models”. These are articles that talk about 3-17 “business models”. The author examined all of them and confirmed that the five key elements of the business and marketing strategies can put all of them into proper perspective.

scholarly journals Conceptual Metaphor about Corona Virus: Cognitive Semantic Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Irzam Sarif S ◽  
Yuyu Yohana Risagarniwa ◽  
Nani Sunarni
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Scale Space ◽  
Press Conference ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Cognitive Semantic ◽  
Conceptual Meaning

Abstract. Conceptual metaphors are the result of mental construction, conceptualization of the experience of human life. In Japanese, metaphorical features are often found in conveying information so that information can be easily understood. This study aimed to describe the conceptual metaphors found at the Japanese Prime Minister's Press Conference, Shinzo Abe on March 14 and 28, 2020 through the official website kantei.go.jp. The research method used was descriptive qualitative analysis. Data were collected by taking text that contained metaphorical elements and then selected. Data selection was based on the basic principle of metaphor, which was the mapping from the source domain to the target domain. Then the data were classified based on the type of metaphor by Lakoff and Johnson and the type of image scheme by Cruse and Croft. Based on the study done, there were three types of conceptual metaphors, 1) Structural metaphors with conceptuals meaning of enemy, medical treatment, control, and mind; 2) Orientational metaphors with conceptual meaning of disadvantage, and approval; 3) Ontological metaphors with conceptuals meaning of finance, and emotion. In addition, there were also six types of image schemes, namely the image scheme of Strength, Existence, Identity, Scale, Space, and Unity.Keywords: Conceptual Meaning, Press Conference, Cognitive Semantic, Image Scheme

scholarly journals COGNITIVE INTERPRETATION OF OBJECTS’ STATE OF BEING

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5(74)) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
M.V. Kozis
Keyword(s):  
Final Stage ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Spatial Position ◽  
Semantic Description ◽  
Search Results ◽  
Language Representation ◽  
Cognitive Frame ◽  
Google Search ◽  
National Corpus

The paper focuses on language conceptualization of objects’ state of being within the framework of the frame approach studying cognitive frame of spatial position of entities. The author offers a linguistic overview of Russian metaphoric posture verbs stoyat', sidet', lezhat'. The analysis is based on a sample of over 1,500 Russian sentences from the Russian National Corpus, Google search results and utterances offered by native speakers of Russian.Distributive analysis allowed to define the co-occurrence of posture verbs with nouns denoting different objects and to hypothesize the verbs' meanings. Triangulation approach involving corpus experiment, semantics experiment and inquiries in searching systems revealed frequency and acceptability of the verbs stoyat', sidet', lezhat' in utterances representing various denotative situations, which allowed to verify the hypothesis on the verbs' meaning and describe their semantics. The study reveals variability in cognitive interpretation of physical objects’ sate of being and the key role of human prototype in conceptualization of spatial position of entities. The study shows that language representation of the frame “the object’s state of being in space” relies on its salient element –possible one-to-one correspondence between the object’s position and a human posture. The final stage of the research features semantic description of the verbs under study.

Iranian EFL Learners' Cognitive Styles and Their Explanations of Conceptual Metaphors

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
Somaye Piri ◽  
Dara Tafazoli
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Cognitive Styles ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Metaphor Processing

The current study aims to investigate Iranian EFL learners' cognitive styles and their explanations of conceptual metaphors, offering a possible range of individual differences in metaphor processing. 71 participants were asked to explain some established conceptual metaphors that are commonly used in English. Then, their cognitive styles were classified into “analytic” or “holistic” and “imager” or “verbalizer” by means of cognitive styles test. Data analysis revealed that 29 participants (40.85%) explained the three conceptual metaphors by making structural correspondences between source and target domain. Moreover, 20 participants (28.17%) explained at least one of the metaphors by applying elements which were not part of the source domain. The results of the experiment revealed that learners with “holistic” cognitive styles were more likely to blend their conception of the target domain with the source domain in comparison to participants with “analytic” styles; also, “imagers” were more likely than “verbalizers” to refer to stereotypical images to explain the metaphors.

scholarly journals Can search result summaries enhance the web search efficiency and experiences of the visually impaired users?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aboubakr Aqle ◽  
Dena Al-Thani ◽  
Ali Jaoua
Keyword(s):  
Search Engine ◽  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Web Search ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Formal Concept ◽  
Search Efficiency ◽  
User Interactions ◽  
Search Results ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Google Search

AbstractThere are limited studies that are addressing the challenges of visually impaired (VI) users when viewing search results on a search engine interface by using a screen reader. This study investigates the effect of providing an overview of search results to VI users. We present a novel interactive search engine interface called InteractSE to support VI users during the results exploration stage in order to improve their interactive experience and web search efficiency. An overview of the search results is generated using an unsupervised machine learning approach to present the discovered concepts via a formal concept analysis that is domain-independent. These concepts are arranged in a multi-level tree following a hierarchical order and covering all retrieved documents that share maximal features. The InteractSE interface was evaluated by 16 legally blind users and compared with the Google search engine interface for complex search tasks. The evaluation results were obtained based on both quantitative (as task completion time) and qualitative (as participants’ feedback) measures. These results are promising and indicate that InteractSE enhances the search efficiency and consequently advances user experience. Our observations and analysis of the user interactions and feedback yielded design suggestions to support VI users when exploring and interacting with search results.

scholarly journals Direct Answers in Google Search Results

IEEE Access ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 103642-103654
Author(s):  
Artur Strzelecki ◽  
Paulina Rutecka
Keyword(s):  
Search Results ◽  
Google Search

scholarly journals Lexico-grammatical alignment in metaphor construal

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Lederer
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
American English ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Economic Discourse ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Metaphoric Language

AbstractThis study concerns the distribution of metaphorical lexis in discrete syntactic constructions. Source and target seed language from established conceptual metaphors in economic discourse is used to catalogue the specific patterns of how metaphorical pairs align in five syntactic constructions: A-NP, N-N, NP-of-NP, V-NP, and X is Y. Utilizing the Corpus of Contemporary American English (Davies, Mark. 2008–present. The corpus of contemporary American English: 450 million words, 1990–present [Online Corpus]), the examination includes 12 frequent metaphorical target triggers combined with 84 source triggers to produce 2,016 ordered collocations, i.e. investment freeze and turbulent market. Through detailed type and token counts, results confirm that source domains function as conceptual material used to structure the target domain and disproportionally fill syntactic positions associated with predication (cf. Sullivan, Karen. 2009. Grammatical constructions in metaphoric language. In B. Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk & K. Dziwirek (eds.), Studies in cognitive corpus linguistics. Frankfurt: Peter Lang Publishers; Sullivan, Karen. 2013. Frames and constructions in metaphoric language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing). Given a lexeme’s origin – source or target – when used in source-target metaphors, syntactic alignment can be predicted, market climate is metaphorical, climate market is not. Exceptions to these strong tendencies are explained through genre-specific lexicalization processes in which predicate denoting terms like bubble (market bubble) establish themselves as domain modifiers (bubble market) in economic jargon. Through quantitative techniques to gage metaphorical conventionality and lexical versatility, corpus methodology is used to define and inform the value of frequency effects in cataloguing and understanding metaphorical lexicalization.

scholarly journals Googling Politics: Parties, Sources, and Issue Ownerships on Google in the 2017 German Federal Election Campaign

2019 ◽  
pp. 089443931988163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Unkel ◽  
Mario Haim
Keyword(s):  
News Media ◽  
Election Campaign ◽  
Issue Ownership ◽  
Federal Election ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Search Results ◽  
Multimethod Approach ◽  
Democratic Election ◽  
Google Search

Democratic election campaigns require informed citizens. Yet, while the Internet allows for broader information through greater media choices, algorithmic filters, such as search engines, threaten to unobtrusively shape individual information repertoires. The purpose of this article is to analyze what search results people encounter when they employ various information orientations, and how these results reflect people’s attributions of issue ownership. A multimethod approach was applied during the 2017 German Federal Election campaign. First, human search behavior depicting various information orientations was simulated using agent-based testing to derive real search results from Google Search, which were then manually coded to identify information sources and ascribe issue ownerships. Second, a survey asked participants about which issues they attribute to which party. We find that search results originated mainly from established news outlets and reflected existing power relations between political parties. However, issue-ownership attributions of the survey participants were reflected poorly in the search results. In total, the results indicate that the fear of algorithmic constraints in the context of online search might be overrated. Instead, our findings (1) suggest that political actors still fail to claim their core issues among political search results, (2) highlight that news media (and thus existing media biases) feature heavily among search results, and (3) call for more media literacy among search engine users.

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