Agreement processes in English and Spanish

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara María Riveiro Outeiral ◽  
Juan Carlos Acuña-Fariña
Keyword(s):  
Constraint Satisfaction ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Grammatical Encoding ◽  
Linguistic Influences ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Formal Operations

The nature of agreement has been the topic of extensive debate in the recent literature of both linguistics and psycholinguistics. In contrast to either fully syntactic or fully semantic accounts, so-called ‘constraint-satisfaction models’ (Haskell et al. 2010, among others) posit that all grammatical encoding is subject to a number of influences (syntax, semantics, pragmatics, frequency, etc.) which compete to dominate every computation, including agreement processes. After briefly considering psycholinguistic work on attraction (Wagers et al. 2009 and references therein), we try to shed light on this debate by observing how agreement operates in certain structures which were previously tested by Berg (1998) in a comparison of German and English. Here, we establish the same type of comparison between Spanish and English, and conclude that: 1. agreement is resolved after a constant tug-of-war between the syntactic and the semantic, a process in which semantics is likely to interfere in formal operations when these are performed in the context of a weak morphology; 2. agreement resolution is effectively subject to various linguistic influences, including the morphological characteristics of each language, but also the domain in which agreement is realised; and 3. agreement is responsible for shaping overall linguistic systems in the sense that, as noted by Berg, it may motivate left–orientation (as in English) or not (as in Spanish) as a general default strategy for locating subjects.

Open-mindedness as a Corrective Virtue

Philosophy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-97
Author(s):  
Hassan Alsharif ◽  
John Symons
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Confirmation Bias ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractThis paper argues that open-mindedness is a corrective virtue. It serves as a corrective to the epistemic vice of confirmation bias. Specifically, open-mindedness is the epistemically virtuous disposition to resist the negative effects of confirmation bias on our ability to reason well and to evaluate evidence and arguments. As part of the defense and presentation of our account, we explore four discussions of open-mindedness in the recent literature. All four approaches have strengths and shed light on aspects of the virtue of open-mindedness. Each mentions various symptoms of confirmation bias and some explore aspects of the corrective role of open-mindedness. However, ours is the first to explicitly identify open-mindedness as a corrective virtue to the specific epistemic vice of confirmation bias. We show how the corrective account also permits a response to the concern that open-mindedness might not actually count as a virtue.

What does Facebook ‘afford’ do-it-yourself musicians? Considering social media affordances as sites of contestation

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellis Jones
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Empirical Application ◽  
Recent Theoretical Work ◽  
User Groups ◽  
Do It Yourself ◽  
Facebook Pages ◽  
Shed Light

Recent theoretical work by Internet and social media scholars promises to offer valuable clarity to a concept which has been historically rather muddy: the affordance. Connections and shared themes within this recent literature have been thus far rather under-developed, and therefore the first contribution of this article is to strengthen those connections. It argues for a nascent conceptualisation of affordances as ‘sites of contestation’, improving on unsatisfactory applications of affordance theory to date by focusing on the specificity of user-groups, on social media’s status as both textual and material, and on power imbalances between users and platforms. The second contribution of this article is an empirical application of this analytical tool. Drawing on ethnographic work in a do-it-yourself (‘DIY’) music scene in Leeds, it considers what is ‘afforded’ to these practitioners by the Facebook Pages platform. Three key affordances are outlined – ‘digging’, ‘rallying’ and ‘surveilling’ – which shed light on the complexity and variety of contestations enacted between platforms and users.

scholarly journals Forensic NMR metabolomics: one more arrow in the quiver

Metabolomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela Locci ◽  
Giovanni Bazzano ◽  
Alberto Chighine ◽  
Francesco Locco ◽  
Ernesto Ferraro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Metabolic Profiles ◽  
Time Since Death ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Nmr Metabolomics ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Metabolic Signatures

Abstract Introduction NMR metabolomics is increasingly used in forensics, due to the possibility of investigating both endogenous metabolic profiles and exogenous molecules that may help to describe metabolic patterns and their modifications associated to specific conditions of forensic interest. Objectives The aim of this work was to review the recent literature and depict the information provided by NMR metabolomics. Attention has been devoted to the identification of peculiar metabolic signatures and specific ante-mortem and post-mortem profiles or biomarkers related to different conditions of forensic concern, such as the identification of biological traces, the estimation of the time since death, and the exposure to drugs of abuse. Results and Conclusion The results of the described studies highlight how forensics can benefit from NMR metabolomics by gaining additional information that may help to shed light in several forensic issues that still deserve to be further elucidated.

scholarly journals ‘No one is a better jurist than Accursius’

2014 ◽  
Vol 82 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 72-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels de Bruijn
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Legal Reasoning ◽  
Legal Scholarship ◽  
Shed Light

Jacques Cujas and Hugues Doneau are reputed to have been the standard-bearers of humanist jurisprudence, an approach to law which gained ground in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Adherents to the humanist approach to law, Cujas and Doneau are thought likely to have shared its condescending attitude towards medieval legal scholarship. In recent literature, however, it is argued that both scholars adopted a more balanced view towards medieval legal writings than was previously thought. This paper aims to shed light on what this view really involved, first, by investigating Cujas’ and Doneau’s writings on methodology and, secondly, by examining how these jurists put their methodology to practice in their efforts to solve difficult points of law in Justinian’s Corpus iuris civilis. Using the findings of this examination a thorough analysis of their legal reasoning is made which allows the author to speculate on Cujas’ and Doneau’s position vis-à-vis the medieval legal heritage.


scholarly journals Biomechanically distinct filter-feeding behaviors distinguish sei whales as a functional intermediate and ecologically flexible species

2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo S. Segre ◽  
Caroline R. Weir ◽  
Andrew Stanworth ◽  
Steve Cartwright ◽  
Ari S. Friedlaender ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Filter Feeding ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Feeding Modes ◽  
Flexible Form ◽  
Continuous Filter ◽  
Shed Light

ABSTRACT With their ability to facultatively switch between filter-feeding modes, sei whales represent a functional and ecological intermediate in the transition between intermittent and continuous filter feeding. Morphologically resembling their lunge-feeding, rorqual relatives, sei whales have convergently evolved the ability to skim prey near the surface of the water, like the more distantly related balaenids. Because of their intermediate nature, understanding how sei whales switch between feeding behaviors may shed light on the rapid evolution and flexibility of filter-feeding strategies. We deployed multi-sensor bio-logging tags on two sei whales and measured the kinematics of feeding behaviors in this poorly understood and endangered species. To forage at the surface, sei whales used a unique combination of surface lunges and skim-feeding behaviors. The surface lunges were slow and stereotyped, and were unlike lunges performed by other rorqual species. The skim-feeding events featured a different filtration mechanism from the lunges and were kinematically different from the continuous filter feeding used by balaenids. While foraging below the surface, sei whales used faster and more variable lunges. The morphological characteristics that allow sei whales to effectively perform different feeding behaviors suggest that sei whales rapidly evolved their functionally intermediate and ecologically flexible form to compete with larger and more efficient rorqual species.

scholarly journals Language learning experience of two Vietnamese language adult learners

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Cao Thi Hong Phuong
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Adult Learners ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Case Study Report ◽  
English Classroom ◽  
Linguistic Influences ◽  
Shed Light

In-depth research on Second Language Acquisition (SLA) has shed light on different factors affecting learners� process of learning an additional language (AL). The well-researched factors may include age, inter-linguistic influences, language aptitude, cognition, motivation, and so forth. This case study report compares two adult learners� language learning experiences from social and cognitive SLA perspectives. The key findings reveal that both of the learners mostly relied on three significant factors such as motivation, learners� identity and inter-linguistic influences to acquire the language. From the findings, the paper then suggests some pedagogical implications to maximize the effectiveness of English classroom practices.

scholarly journals Historical Legacies and African Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stelios Michalopoulos ◽  
Elias Papaioannou
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Social Traits ◽  
Historical Continuity ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Identification Techniques ◽  
Shed Light

As Africa’s role on the global stage is rising, so does the need to understand the shadow of history on the continent’s economy and polity. We discuss recent works that shed light on Africa’s colonial and precolonial legacies. The emerging corpus is remarkably interdisciplinary. Archives, ethnographic materials, georeferenced censuses, surveys, and satellite imagery are some of the sources often combined to test influential conjectures put forward in African historiography. Exploiting within-country variation and employing credible, albeit mostly local, identification techniques, this recent literature has uncovered strong evidence of historical continuity as well as instances of rupture in the evolution of the African economy. The exposition proceeds in reverse chronological order. Starting from the colonial period, which has been linked to almost all of Africa’s postindependence maladies, we first review works that uncover the lasting legacies of colonial investments in infrastructure and human capital and quantify the role of various extractive institutions, such as indirect rule and oppression associated with concessionary agreements. Second, we discuss the long-lasting impact of the “Scramble for Africa,” which led to ethnic partitioning and the creation of artificial modern states. Third, we cover studies on the multifaceted legacy of the slave trades. Fourth, we analyze the contemporary role of various precolonial, ethnic-specific, institutional, and social traits such as political centralization. We conclude by offering some thoughts on what we view as open questions. ( JEL F54, N17, N37, N47, O10, O43)

The Interplay of Experience-Based Affective and Probabilistic Cues in Decision Making

2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Glöckner ◽  
Guy Hochman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Constraint Satisfaction ◽  
Loss Aversion ◽  
Physiological Arousal ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Affective Cues ◽  
Choice Tasks ◽  
Risky Option ◽  
Shed Light

In a study using behavioral and physiological measures we induced experience-based affective cues (i.e., differential anticipatory arousal) toward a risky and a safe option by letting participants repeatedly select between two decks of cards with feedback. In later test decisions we presented choice tasks between these trained and new pairs of decks. In some of the trials a low-valid probabilistic cue was provided after stimulus onset but before the decision. Although we were successful in inducing experience-based affective cues these did not influence participants’ choices. In decisions without any further cues available people choose the safe and the risky option about equally often. If an additional low-valid probabilistic cue was available people followed this cue. Although experience had no effect on choices it influenced arousal. Anticipatory physiological arousal increased if the probabilistic cue and experience were conflicting. Our results are in line with recent findings indicating diminished loss aversion in experience-based decision making. They are also consistent with parallel constraint satisfaction models and shed light on the interrelation between experience, probabilistic cues, and arousal in decision making.

scholarly journals Popular functional foods and nutraceuticals with lipid lowering activity and in relation to cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and related complications: an overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui-Fang Chiu ◽  
You-Cheng Shen ◽  
Kamesh Venkatakrishnan ◽  
Chin-Kun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Lowering Activity

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common non-communicable ailment which claims one-third of total global death. This contribution provides an overview of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia (dyslipidemia) and their related complications as well as the current treatment options with special attention to popular functional foods and nutraceuticals. Currently, many synthetic lipid-lowering drugs are available in the market. However, they trigger several adverse effects. Thus, to overcome this problem nutraceuticals and functional foods which are considered safe, and with multifaceted lipid-lowering activity are highly recommended (adjuvant therapy) for treating dyslipidemia. This review intends to shed light on how to choose the appropriate or better nutraceutical/functional food ingredients to alleviate the risk of CVD, based on recent literature survey with the inclusion of clinical trials and meta-analysis to ensure the efficacy of nutraceuticals/ functional foods on lipid profile.

scholarly journals Countercurrent heat exchange and thermoregulation during blood-feeding in kissing bugs

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloé Lahondère ◽  
Teresita C Insausti ◽  
Rafaela MM Paim ◽  
Xiaojie Luan ◽  
George Belev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Heat Exchange ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Morphological Approach ◽  
Synchrotron Imaging ◽  
First Time ◽  
Shed Light

Blood-sucking insects experience thermal stress at each feeding event on endothermic vertebrates. We used thermography to examine how kissing-bugs Rhodnius prolixus actively protect themselves from overheating. During feeding, these bugs sequester and dissipate the excess heat in their heads while maintaining an abdominal temperature close to ambient. We employed a functional-morphological approach, combining histology, µCT and X-ray-synchrotron imaging to shed light on the way these insects manage the flow of heat across their bodies. The close alignment of the circulatory and ingestion systems, as well as other morphological characteristics, support the existence of a countercurrent heat exchanger in the head of R. prolixus, which decreases the temperature of the ingested blood before it reaches the abdomen. This kind of system has never been described before in the head of an insect. For the first time, we show that countercurrent heat exchange is associated to thermoregulation during blood-feeding.

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