Les enjeux du débat sur l’(in)traduisibilité de la métaphore

FORUM ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-150
Author(s):  
Hyeon-ju Kim
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Language Usage ◽  
Pivotal Point ◽  
Figurative Meaning ◽  
Linguistic Unit ◽  
Real Language

Translation of metaphor presents both practical and theoretical problems. Within translation theory, metaphor has often been studied in terms of (un)translatability, which, in turn, has been treated as part of general (un)translatability. This paper examines representative views in this debate, which have been particularly vigorous in the journal Babel. The analysis focuses on three main issues at stake : the classification of metaphor, categories and their translatability, and the (un)translatability of metaphor. The analysis demonstrates that the conceptions of translation and metaphor constitute the pivotal point of the debate. Translation and metaphor have been understood as substitutive notions (A in place of B), according to which translation represents substitution of one linguistic unit by another and metaphor, a substitution of a literal meaning by a figurative meaning. A critical analysis of this conception shows that this static framework view has limitations when describing the dynamic processes of real language usage involving translation and metaphor.

Yesus Sebagai Yang Sulung Lebih Utama Dari Yang Diciptakan

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-85
Author(s):  
Yosef Yunandow Siahaan
Keyword(s):  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Early Church ◽  
Main Topic ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Jehovah’S Witnesses ◽  
Jehovah's Witnesses ◽  
Figurative Meaning ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church

Throughout the history of the church, from the early Church to the present, Christology has become the main topic of discussion, and it has often led to debates and even polemics for both the Church and those outside the church. The point of a long debate in the field of Christology is about Jesus as a creator or only as a creation. This study investigates this by using theological research, this study uses the exegesis method. The text that will be executed to provide evidence that Jesus was the Creator or creation is Colossians 1:15-20. Jehovah's Witnesses say that this text shows that Jesus was God's First creation. Whereas true Christians actually view this text as saying that Jesus is the Creator. The research used the exegesis method. The results show that Christ is the agent of creation. In building the understanding of the eldest word (Prototokos), it is not allowed to use the isolated text method. There are at least 2 meanings of this word, the first literal meaning is as the first born according to the order of time, and the second, the figurative meaning The eldest means the main, superior. Of course when looking at the context in Colossians 1:16-17, then Christ is not the first born according to chronological order, and comes from creation. Rather, He is the Creator, so it is not surprising that He is supreme or superior to all creation. Abstrak Indonesia Sepanjang sejarah gereja mulai dari Gereja mula-mula hingga kini Kristologi menjadi topik utama diskusi bahkan tak jarang menimbulkan perdebatan bahkan polemik baik bagi Gereja maupun kalangan di luar gereja. Yang menjadi titik perdebatan panjang dalam bidang Kristologi adalah Mengenai Yesus sebagai pencipta ataukah hanya sebagai ciptaan. Penelitian ini menyelidiki hal tersebut dengan menggunakan penelitian Teologi, penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksegesis. Teks yang akan dieksegesa guna untuk memberikan bukti Yesus adalah Pencipa atau ciptaan adalah Kolose 1:15-20. Saksi-saksi Yehuwa mengatakan bahwa teks ini menunjukkan bahwa Yesus adalah ciptaan Pertama dari Allah. Sedangkan Kristen sejati justru memandang teks ini mengatakan bahwa Yesus adalah Pencipta. Penelitian menggunakan metode eksegesis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Kristus adalah pelaku penciptaan. Dalam membangun pemahaman kata yang Sulung (Prototokos), tidak boleh menggunakan metode teks terisolasi. Paling tidak ada 2 makna dari kata ini, yang pertama makna literal adalah sebagai yang lahir pertama menurut urutan waktu, dan yang kedua, makna figuratif Yang sulung berarti yang utama, unggul. Tentu ketika melihat konteks dalam Kolose 1:16-17, maka Kristus bukanlah sang pertama lahir menurut urutan waktu, dan berasal dari ciptaan. Melainkan Ia adalah Pencipta, sehingga tidak mengherankan bahwa Ia adalah yang utama atau paling unggul di atas segala ciptaan.

The Concept and Characteristics of a Legal Action in Civil Law

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.V. Titov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Legal Action ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
Relevant Field ◽  
Legal Fact

The purpose of the article is a critical assessment of the established in the legal literature and practice the concept and characteristics of a legal action and criteria for distinguishing legal actions and events. The main problem identified by the author is that, despite the huge number of sources on this subject, jurisprudence has not progressed in the study of this phenomenon since the early 19th century. The definition and characteristics of a legal action «migrate» from one work to another, as a rule, without any critical analysis at all and are taken by lawyers as a given, which leads to stagnation in the development of the relevant field. At the same time, studies of specific varieties of legal actions often reach a deadlock precisely because of the incorrectly defined general characteristics of a legal action. The author defines the classification criterion of differentiation of legal facts, and argues the necessity of two-member division of legal facts into events and actions. It is proved that facts-states cannot be distinguished within the classification of legal facts on the volitional ground and they are not legal facts at all. The concept of legal action and its characteristics are given. The concept of will as a key element of legal action is discussed in the article and it is substantiated that «involuntary» actions are not legal facts. The author analyzes the classification of events into absolute and relative, and offers an algorithm for determining whether a certain legal fact refers to events or actions.

scholarly journals A STATE OF ART AND PROSPECTS OF USED PNEUMATIC TIRES MANAGEMENT (REVIEW)

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-83
Author(s):  
I.O. Mikulionok
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Processing ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
The World ◽  
Intended Use ◽  
State Of Art ◽  
Frag Ments ◽  
Pneumatic Tires

The basic data on the volume of production of pneumatic tires in the world and in Ukraine are presented. The need to improve the ways of handling pneumatic tires that have lost their con-sumer properties (worn out tires as a result of their intended use and tires rejected as a result of passing quality control during their manufacture) is shown as one of the most dangerous for the environment and promising in terms of using their properties. A detailed classification of methods for handling worn out and defective tires is proposed and a critical analysis of each of them is given. Particular attention is paid to the methods of utilization of tires, in particular, recycling, which makes it possible to efficiently use the secondary raw materials obtained from tires directly for their intended purpose. The features of physical, physicochemical and chemical processing methods, in particular combustion, gasification, pyrolysis of tires and their frag-ments, as well as the prospects for their decomposition under the influence of environmental factors, in particular microorganisms, are also considered. The main ways of solving the prob-lem of tires that have lost their consumer properties in Ukraine are proposed. Bibl. 88, Fig. 2.

CORRELATION BETWEEN ANTONYMS AND OTHER LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC CATEGORIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 108-118
Author(s):  
D. V. Movchan
Keyword(s):  
General Scheme ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Figurative Meaning ◽  
Quantitative Indicator ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Polynomial Structure ◽  
Common Concept ◽  
Polysemous Words

The article argues that antonymous words are not isolated in the language but are part of the general scheme of thematic classification of the vocabulary, entering into close ties with representatives of synonymous and polysemantic groups. Proof of this position is the availability of antonymous-synonymous blocks and paradigms of meanings of antonymous words-polysemants in the language. This fact serves to understand the antonymy of lexical as a relationship between members of opposing dichotomous series, as well as expands the boundaries of closed binary structures, which are traditionally used to make antonymous connections. Antonymous relations are established to connect two opposites in pairs, as well as to combine several units into one polynomial structure. Words are found to have more antonyms than the corresponding number of meanings. This proves that some semes of one word are opposed by two or more synonymous antonyms. From the above-mentioned, it follows that the antonyms of polysemous words can be stated only within one family. Such a framework can be defined by limiting the range of antonymous units to a third common concept, under which two antonyms are summed up; establishing the antonyms of polysemous words through the contextual indicative minimum; distinguishing between the direct and figurative meaning of the word. The antonymous connections within the framework of the synonymous-antonymous paradigm are established to demonstrate a qualitatively heterogeneous character, differ in the strength of the manifestation of the relations of opposites and the frequency of practical implementation. The analysis of the manifestations of antonyms between the members of the dichotomous synonymous series allows distinguishing the following types: radial, linear, and cross radial. It is proved that the quantitative indicator of the formation of certain antonymous pairs from among the members of synonymous series depends on the volume of the synonymous series being compared, from the nature of semantic differences of the words of each series, from the emotional, evaluative, and stylistic characteristics of the members of the series, and the distribution of the words with relatively opposite meanings.

Positively bitter and negatively sweet?

Pragmatics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suwon Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Compatibility Condition ◽  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Conventional Implicature ◽  
Figurative Meaning ◽  
Condition Model ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
Expressive Meaning ◽  
Occurrence Pattern ◽  
Expressive Dimension

Abstract The goal of this study is to propose a pragmatic analysis of what we call Emotive Taste Terms (ETTs) in Korean, compared to English. What makes Korean taste adjectives special is its multidimensional meaning: In descriptive dimension, (i) the literal meaning concerns the taste; or (ii) it can be extended toward the situation, yielding a figurative meaning. In expressive dimension, (iii) the choice of particular derivation form reflects the speaker’s positive or negative emotional attitude; and (iv) another potential expressive meaning concerns honorification, thought it is not part of the meaning of ETTs. We thus propose that ETTs are a novel subcase of expressive elements, triggering Conventional Implicature. We show how the analysis of ETTs as a CI allows us to successfully derive subtle connotational differences amongst numerous variants. Finally, we show how the co-occurrence pattern of multiple expressives, ETTs and other expressives, within the sentence can be captured by Compatibility Condition Model.

scholarly journals International Classification of Headache Disorders - ICHD-4. Will medication-overuse headache survive?

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-74
Author(s):  
Mario Fernando Prieto Peres ◽  
Thaiza Agostini Córdoba de Lima ◽  
Marcelo Moraes Valença
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Medication Overuse ◽  
Medication Overuse Headache ◽  
International Classification ◽  
Headache Disorders ◽  
Critical View

The article is a critical analysis of the diagnostic criteria for medication-overuse headache. This is an important discussion to improve the criteria in the next update, as well as providing a critical view for neurologists when applying the criteria to their clinical practice.

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