2. From colony to empire to republic

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-29
Author(s):  
Anthony W. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Gold Rush ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Unique Path ◽  
African Slaves ◽  
The 19Th Century

‘From colony to empire to republic’ details Brazil’s unique path to statehood and nationhood. Brazil is a relatively recent creation. For more than three centuries, it was a colony of Portugal, and for the first sixty-seven years of its independent history, it was a monarchy and an empire rather than a republic. It is only in the 20th century that Brazil had all three essential components of a modern nation-state. The chapter then considers the role of indigenous groups, the Portuguese, African slaves, and other immigrants—as well as the events of the gold rush in the 1690s and the Paraguay War in the 19th century—in Brazil’s history.

19th and 20th century theories of case

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 123-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Cienki
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Cognitive Representation ◽  
Spatial Expressions ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

Summary This article considers the similarities and differences between two types of semantically-based approaches to the study of grammatical case. One approach, which views the basic meanings of cases as spatial, stems from the localist hypothesis, which claims that spatial expressions serve as structural templates for other expressions. This view was most strongly espoused by certain German linguists in the 19th century, but has found support in the 20th century as well. The range of localist theories of case and the extent of the claims made by different localists are considered. These are compared and contrasted with contemporary approaches subsumed under the banner of ‘cognitive linguistics’. Research in this vein has focussed on the role of spatial notions in the semantics of case, but within a broader framework of human conceptualization. According to this view, space is only one of several domains which are basic to cognitive representation.

scholarly journals PERKEMBANGAN WACANA IDENTITAS ARSITEKTUR DALAM JURNAL-JURNAL ARSITEKTUR DI AWAL ABAD XX DI HINDIA BELANDA

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-306
Author(s):  
Mahatmanto
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
The West ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Dutch East Indies ◽  
The 19Th Century

The transition of the 19th century to the 20th century known as the flowering period of the printed mass media in the West and the colonies. Similarly, in the Dutch East Indies, in the turn of the century, many publications are created, written and read by the architects who come to enjoy this print technology development in order to always be able to follow the progress in the Netherlands. At the turn of the century it was known four publications that circulated among architects in the Indies. Ideologies and interests with each of them carrying, mixing, and developed the ideas of architecture are increasingly different from the original. This process is in line with the development of the ideas of nationalism in a society that demands the assertion of identity in the form of nation-state nation Indonesia. This study surveyed the development of the contents of the four publications related to architecture in the Dutch East Indies, which is the method of Discourse Analysis, found patterns of discourse that lies behind the development of architectural identity discourse in the aftermath of Indonesia's independence.

scholarly journals The New Role of Ulama in Nigeria: Focus on the Post 1999 Democratic Dispensation

2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Mukhtar Umar Bunza
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
The Government ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Muslim Scholars

Nigeria is a country with a centuries’ long tradition of Islamic revivalism and activism. It was the impact of the activities of the 17th century scholars of Nigeria that culminated in the success of the 19th century tajdeed movement that brought about the emergence of the muslim caliphate of Sokoto. British imperialism brought an end to the caliphate in the beginning of the 20th century, the circumstances of which have been consistently challenged mainly by the ulama and their followers ever since. Some contemporary scholars such as Shaikh Abubakar Mahmud Gummi, former Grand Qadi of Northern Nigeria, contributed significantly in the new dimension to the roles of muslim scholars in the government. Since 1999 muslim scholars have taken on new roles in the administration of states, serving as commissioners for newly established ministries for Religious Affairs, as special advisers, or directors of commissions like Hisbah, Hajj, Masjid, Moon Sighting, and other related government bodies, with full salaries and other benefits unlike ever before in the Nigerian system. This new role of ulama and its impacts in the governance of the contemporary Nigeria is what this paper intends to investigate and expound.[Nigeria merupakan sebuah negara dengan tradisi revivalisme dan aktivisme Islam selama berabad-abad. Hal itu terkait dengan upaya para ulama Nigeria abad ke-17 yang berpuncak pada keberhasilan gerakan tajdid pada abad 19 dengan munculnya kekhalifahan muslim dari Sokoto. Imperialisme Inggris mengakhiri kekhalifahan ini pada awal abad ke-20, yang terus dilawan oleh terutama para ulama secara konsisten. Beberapa ulama kontemporer seperti Syaikh Abubakar Mahmud Gummi, mantan Grand Qadi Nigeria Utara, memberikan kontribusi signifikan dalam membentuk dimensi baru peran ulama dalam pemerintahan Nigeria modern. Sejak tahun 1999 para ulama telah mengambil peran baru dalam pemerintahan, sebagai pegawai Kementerian Agama yang baru didirikan, sebagai penasihat ahli, atau direktur komisi seperti Hisbah, Haji, Masjid, Rukyah Hilal, dan badan-badan pemerintah terkait lainnya, dengan gaji penuh. Peran baru dari ulama dan pengaruhnya dalam pemerintahan Nigeria kontemporer inilah yang menjadi fokus tulisan ini.]

scholarly journals Poetycka wyspa pokoju: O powstaniu, działalności i światowych aspiracjach arabskiego Stowarzyszenia Apollo

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida Balwierz
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
International Forum ◽  
Arabic Poetry ◽  
Monthly Review ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

THE POETIC ISLAND OF PEACE. THE FORMATION, ACTIVITY AND WORD-WIDE ASPIRATIONS OF THE ARABIC APOLLO SOCIETY The object of the book is the presentation of the genesis and activity of the Apollo Society, acting in Egypt within the years 1932-1934 for the benefit of the rebirth of Arabic poetry. Particular attention in this book was paid to the peaceful mission that the society itself selected, and the ideas of brotherhood, cooperation, and international literary exchange – on which it was based. The leading representatives of this group understood the rebirth of Arabic poetry as such an increase of its artistic level that would enable its creators to join the Parnassus of the world poetry, become equal partners alongside the English, French or German poets. They dreamed their poetic works would become the great pride of the Arabs in the international forum. The book presents the various stages of the rebirth of Arabic poetry in Egypt during the second half of the 19th century to the first four decades of the 20th century. Factors that enabled the development of poetry were characterized, the role of the Apollo Society and the monthly review published by it was shown in the history of Arabic literature. The 20s of the 20th

scholarly journals Verspieltes Kapital? Der gesellschaftliche Rollenwandel des Samuraistandes im Zuge der Meiji-Restauration

2021 ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Maximilian Gröber
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modern Japan ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Class Distinction

The change in the social role of the Samurai ranks during the Meiji RestorationThe creation of the nation state and its influence on the respective societies characterized the 19th century – not only in Europe. As a result of the Meiji Restoration, which initiated the formation of modern Japan in the 1860s, feudalism came to an end. By using Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of capital and class distinction, the goal of this study is to illuminate and evaluate the social status of the former warrior nobility, the samurai, under these changed circumstances.

scholarly journals In the Service of Abundance

2000 ◽  
Vol 122 (08) ◽  
pp. 58-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
John K. Shueller
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Agricultural Mechanization ◽  
Small Grains ◽  
The Many ◽  
Human Powered ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article focuses on the role of agriculture mechanization in the growth process in different fields. Many innovations in agricultural mechanization occurred in the middle of the 19th century. Agricultural mechanization is often exemplified by the development of the tractor. A key figure in the development of tractors was a Michigan farm boy who first became interested in technology when he saw a large steam traction engine. The adoption of the gasoline tractor was aided significantly by successful demonstrations and tests. The many 20th-century advancements in machinery to till soil, plant, remove weeds, and apply fertilizers and pesticides are too numerous to discuss here. However, at least harvesting equipment should be discussed because its mechanization trailed only tractors in importance. Cyrus McCormick’s reaper replaced human-powered cutting tools in small grains with a horse-drawn machine in the 19th century.

THE ROLE OF THE AMUDARYA FLEET IN THE ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE EMIRATE OF BUKHARA AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY - THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
Shukhrat Allamuratov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Amu Darya ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article deals with the history of the establishment of the Amu Darya flotilla, its economic significance in the life of the Bukhara emirate and its role in the transportation of military and commercial cargo on the banks of the Amu Darya

The dynamics of symbiosis: an historical overview

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 1046-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Sapp
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Biology I ◽  
Symbiosis Research ◽  
The 19Th Century

Two facets of symbiosis theory are discussed: the role of symbiosis in evolution and the evolution and ecology of symbiosis. Research on symbiosis developed in virtual conflict with the aims and doctrines of the major biological disciplines for most of the 20th century. To gain a better understanding of this aspect of biology, I briefly sketch some of the phenomena and issues that have shaped discourse over its scope and significance. Diverse explanations for the various relations exhibited by symbiosis have been proposed from the 19th century to the present. The usefulness of the word itself has been debated, and its anthropomorphisms have been discussed. Research on mycorrhizas has been paradigmatic for revealing the dynamic nature of symbiosis and the inherent complexities of cost–benefit accounting across the parasitism–mutualism continuum.Key words: ecology, evolution, parasitism, mutualism, mycorrhizas, symbiosis.

scholarly journals Scarpa’s fascia and clinical signs: the role of the membranous superficial fascia in the eponymous clinical signs of retroperitoneal catastrophe

2013 ◽  
Vol 95 (7) ◽  
pp. 519-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Ullah ◽  
RC Grant ◽  
M Johnson ◽  
VC McAlister
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Fascia Lata ◽  
Deep Fascia ◽  
Horizontal Line ◽  
Superficial Fascia ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Scarpa’S Fascia

Introduction The membranous superficial fascia (MSF) was described early in the 19th century, as was its role in the clinical sign of urethral disruption. Clinical signs of haemorrhage or leakage of pancreatic and biliary fluid into the retroperitoneum, which were described throughout the 20th century, all relied on circumscribed discolouration of the skin of the torso. The objective of this study was to relate the anatomy of the MSF to clinical signs of retroperitoneal catastrophe. Methods The MSF was dissected in the torso of seven embalmed cadavers to note its extent and its attachments. The attachments of the MSF were mapped to the areas of skin discolouration that are described in the clinical signs. Results The well known extent of the MSF in the inguinal region, its continuation into the perineum and its attachment to the fascia lata of the thigh were confirmed with our method of dissection. Dissection was continued superiorly, demonstrating continuation of the MSF over the entire torso with loose fibrous attachment of the MSF to the deep fascia. The MSF is firmly adherent to the midline of the abdomen except for the umbilicus, to a horizontal line below the clavicles and laterally in the abdomen to form pockets. The lines of firm adhesion correspond with the borders of the discoloured areas described in the clinical signs. Conclusions Circumscription of discolouration seen in the eponymous clinical signs of retroperitoneal catastrophe is explained by confinement of coloured retroperitoneal fluid by the MSF and its deep attachments.

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