Head-Level and Chain-Level constraints on spellout

Cardiovascular responses to head-up tilt, acutely graded hemorrhage, and pharmacologic stimulation by principal autonomic drugs were studied in four species of marine snakes, principally Aipysurus laevis (family Hydrophiidae). Arterial pressure varied inversely with tilt angle and blood volume deficit in conscious snakes outside of water, indicating that physiological regulation was poor or lacking. Calculated arterial pressures at head level typically diminished to zero in A. laevis tilted to angles greater than or equal to 30 degrees. Arterial pressure (corrected for external water pressure) did not change when these snakes were tilted in seawater. Changes of arterial pressure induced by tilt, blood loss, or autonomic drugs elicited reflex adjustments in heart activity, but the magnitude of these responses was less than that observed in terrestrial species of snake. It is concluded that baroreflexes are present but comparatively ineffective in sea snakes. Snakes tolerated large losses of blood volume, and extravascular fluids were absorbed into the circulation during hemorrhage; both hemorrhage and estimated hemodilution volumes exceeded 100% of the initial blood volume in Acalyptophis peronii. Thus, in marine snakes major fluid shifts between nonvascular and vascular compartments significantly compensate hypovolemia but, because of minor autonomic adjustments, do not result in a well-regulated arterial pressure.

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THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON SUPPLY CHAINS IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

6th LIMEN Conference Proceedings (part of LIMEN conference collection) ◽

10.31410/limen.2020.51 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Goran Milovanovic ◽

◽

Tamara Stankovic ◽

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Supply Chains ◽

Automotive Industry ◽

Business Relationships ◽

Automotive Supply Chain ◽

Automotive Supply ◽

The Impact ◽

Insight Into ◽

Chain Level

Health crises have an impact on supply chains, mainly by disrupting their regular activities. In this research, the authors have analyzed the impact that the Covid-19 pandemic has made on business relationships between supply chain partners in the automotive industry and their suppliers, which are mostly from territories where the initial outbreak of the SARS COV 2 virus occurred. The analysis shows that in some cases, there is a strong dependency between the pandemic and production levels. Being dependent prevents supply chains from maintaining stability and causes system vulnerabilities. The authors conclude their work with a thesis on the pronounced impact of the current pandemic on automotive supply chain activities. For the analysis to be complete, it is necessary to monitor changes in production levels further, since data for the current year still does not provide a realistic insight into all the consequences at the supply chain level.

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Plasma neurofilament light chain level and orthostatic hypotension in early Parkinson’s disease

Journal of Neural Transmission ◽

10.1007/s00702-021-02423-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Don Gueu Park ◽

Jae Whan Kim ◽

Young-Sil An ◽

Jaerak Chang ◽

Jung Han Yoon

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Orthostatic Hypotension ◽

Light Chain ◽

Neurofilament Light Chain ◽

Neurofilament Light ◽

Early Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Chain Level

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Sustainable Supply Chain Development

Emerging Applications in Supply Chains for Sustainable Business Development - Advances in Logistics, Operations, and Management Science ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-5424-0.ch005 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 81-102

Author(s):

Shounak Basak ◽

Sudhanshu Shekhar ◽

Kushal Saha

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Supply Chain ◽

Energy Management ◽

Balance Sheet ◽

Sustainable Supply Chain ◽

Chain Operation ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Supply Chain Operation ◽

Chain Level

Sustainability has assumed increased importance in view of the international focus on pollution control and climate change. Specifically, the development of sustainable supply chain can help in important ways to reduce pollution and address environmental concerns. Energy efficiency forms an important aspect of this movement towards sustainable supply chain. Energy efficiency can be achieved through judicious energy management initiatives at the supply chain level. A metrics-based approach provides an effective mechanism to implement energy management programs in supply chain operation. The chapter explores the utility of energy balance sheet as a metric to implement such energy management programs. It further looks at the challenges and opportunities faced by supply chain partners in implementing energy management programs. It uses the case study of Firozabad glass industry to illustrate the implementation of energy management for developing sustainable supply chain.

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Leucocyte profile and offspring production of guinea pig (Cavia cobaya) given Anredera cordifolia leaf extract

Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture ◽

10.14710/jitaa.43.1.19-25 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 19

Author(s):

D. Wijayanti ◽

E. T. Setiatin ◽

E. Kurnianto

Keyword(s):

Guinea Pig ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Chi Square ◽

Offspring Production ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Materials Used ◽

And Control ◽

The Given ◽

Head Level

The objective of this study was to determine leucocyte and offspring production of guinea pig (Cavia cobaya) giving Anredera cordifolia leaf extract. Materials used were female 16 heads of guinea pig with body weight of 425g. The treatments were an extract of A. cordifolia leaf at doses of 0, 10, 50 and 90 mg/head, designated as T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively. A. cordifolia leaf extract was administered orally from 10 days prepartum to 10 days postpartum. Blood was taken at 10 days prepartum and 10 days postpartum. Total birth of the offspring was observed. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and if there was effect of treatment, then continued with Duncan multiple range test and Chi-Square test for fetal production between the given A. cordifolia leaf extract and control. The result showed that there was no significant difference for 10 days prepartum after addition of A cordifolia leaf extract treatment. The postpartum treated showed a total 50 mg/head level increaed for monocytes than that of level 0, 10 and 90 mg/head. Ten days postpartum treatment showed the total increase for leucocyte and monocytes total were 50 and 90 mg/head, respectively compared to 10 mg/head level. Total lymphocyte of 90 mg/head increased compared to level 10 and 50 mg/head. The highest total neutrophil as found at level of 50 mg/head which increased compared to the level of 0 and 10 mg/head. ProvisioningA. cordifolialeaf extract at doses level of 50 and 90 mg/head could increase litter size (P<0.05; χ2=9.267) and decreased offspring mortality (P<0.05; χ2=6.4). In conclusion, by giving 50 mg/head A. cordifolia leaf extract could increase leucocyte profile and offspring production of guinea pig.

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An Analysis of Factors that Influence the Ability of SMEs to Derive Benefit in Four Phases of Electronic Commerce

Managing IT in Government, Business & Communities ◽

10.4018/978-1-93177-740-7.ch008 ◽

2003 ◽

pp. 97-110

Author(s):

Stephen B. Chau ◽

Paul Turner

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Electronic Commerce ◽

External Factors ◽

Third Party ◽

Preliminary Review ◽

Internal Factors ◽

Web Based ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

The Relationship ◽

Chain Level

This paper builds on research presented by the authors at IRMA 2001. Previous research by Chau and Turner (2001b) adapted the work of Venkatraman (1994) to explore the relationship between the degree of SME organisational transformation and potential benefits derived from e-commerce. The qualitative data explored reveals various factors that influence SME’s ability to derive benefit from conducting Web-based e-commerce. A preliminary review suggests that these factors can be distinguished into internal factors (organisational and technological) and external factors (nature of supply chain, level of service provided by third party organisations, industry influence, and government assistance). This paper discusses these factors and their implications for modelling e-business organisational transformation.

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