Afrikaans circumpositions

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-44
Author(s):  
Erin Pretorius
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Structural Relation ◽  
Particle Verbs ◽  
Structural Positions

Abstract Circumpositions in Afrikaans present several puzzles: (i) they always encode spatial paths, but spatial paths can also be encoded by prepositional phrases; (ii) they can be doubling or non-doubling, and (iii) they exhibit disharmonic word order of the kind that appears to violate the Final-over-Final Condition (FOFC). In this paper, I argue that circumpositions offer support for the existence of a directional head [dir] in the fine structure of the Afrikaans verbal domain, and that this head is lexicalised by adpositional material in circumpositional expressions. I show that Afrikaans grammar distinguishes Route-paths from Goal-/Source-paths, and argue that whereas [dir] selects a [pathP] in the structure underlying Goal-/Source-paths (circumpositional expressions), Route-paths (prepositional expressions) are ‘bare’ [pathP] structures. I argue that since circumpositions identify structural components in different Spellout Domains, double-insertion of adposition-like material is required to exhaustively lexicalise the structure, and the disharmonic word order is understood as a direct consequence of the fact that [dir] is located in Afrikaans’ head-final verbal, which addresses the concern arising around FOFC. Finally, given that the adpositions in circumpositional expressions are shown to occupy structural positions that are distinct from that of de-adpositional V-particles, the paper also addresses the structural relation between circumpositions and particle verbs in which adposition-like material lexicalises a resultative [res] node in the verbal domain.

scholarly journals Comparative constructions in old Romanian

Diacronia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raluca Brăescu
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Comparative Constructions

In this paper, we analyse degree adjectival constructions in old Romanian texts. We focus on the comparative of superiority, taking into account in the first place the grammaticalization stage of the degree markers. The structures from the old texts contain polyfunctional units in competition; some of them enter a complex process of specialisation (mai ‘more’), while others disappear (camai). Afterwards, we focus on the realizations of the comparative complement in the corpus analysed: prepositional phrases headed by the prepositions ca, decît, de ‘than’. We want to see if we can establish any constraints in the use of these prepositions. We pay attention to the word order disharmonies encountered in the old texts. The configurations with pre-adjectival complements are related to the existence of certain relics of the non-configurational syntax in old Romanian.

Linearization and typology

2019 ◽  
pp. 497-522
Author(s):  
D. Gary Miller
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Linear Order ◽  
Left Periphery ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Subject Pronouns ◽  
Discourse Particles ◽  
Default Position ◽  
Object Pronouns

This chapter focuses on the linear order of phrasal constituents. Subject pronouns preferentially precede the verb directly. Object pronouns generally follow the verb. Reflexives with few exceptions follow the verb and precede non-reflexives. D-words generally precede nouns and adjectives. Only prepositional phrases occur, from which non-deictic Ds are excluded. Attributive and possessive adjectives tend to follow the noun, quantifiers to precede. The default position for genitives is postnominal. Partitive genitives are nearly always postposed. Discourse particles belong to the left periphery. Some force their host to sentence-initial, especially V1, position. In native Gothic, verbs follow predicate adjectives and auxiliaries follow verbs, as is typical of verb-final languages. Imperatives raise to the left periphery. The negator ni forms a tight constituent with the verb. The chapter closes with a brief overview of Gothic in the context of Germanic word order typology.

De plaats van het voorzetselvoorwerp

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Hoeksema
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Word Order Variation ◽  
Order Variation ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Regular Position ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This paper presents the results of a corpus study of Dutch complement PPs. On the basis of a collection of 3400 occurrences in negative sentences, the four major word order patterns (regular position, scrambling order, topicalization and extraposition) are studied, both in main and subordinate clauses, and linked to the properties of the prepositional phrases, in particular weight and definiteness. Greater weight corresponds to higher likelihood of extraposition, and definiteness to higher likelihood of scrambling and topicalization. This corresponds well with earlier studies of word order variation in Dutch, but had not been established for the class of complement PPs. Among definite phrases, PPs with so-called R-pronouns, such as hieraan ‘here-on’ and daarvan ‘thereof’ showed especially high preferences for topicalization and scrambling. Negative sentences were selected for this study to avoid cases where regular order and scrambling order could not be distinguished due to lack of adverbial elements in the middle field. The data set is temporally stratified. This made it possible to study changes over time, and the most robust finding was a continuous retreat of the scrambling order throughout the period 1700-2014.

scholarly journals THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEOLUS DURING MITOSIS IN THE GRASSHOPPER NEUROBLAST CELL

1965 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Peripheral Zone ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Nucleolar Material ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
Homogeneous Background

The behavior of the nucleolus during mitosis was studied by electron microscopy in neuroblast cells of the grasshopper embryo, Chortophaga viridifasciata. Living neuroblast cells were observed in the light microscope, and their mitotic stages were identified and recorded. The cells were fixed and embedded; alternate thick and thin sections were made for light and electron microscopy. The interphase nucleolus consists of two fine structural components arranged in separate zones. Concentrations of 150 A granules form a dense peripheral zone, while the central regions are composed of a homogeneous background substance. Observations show that nucleolar dissolution in prophase occurs in two steps with a preliminary loss of the background substance followed by a dispersal of the granules. Nucleolar material reappears at anaphase as small clumps or layers at the chromosome surfaces. These later form into definite bodies, which disappear as the nucleolus grows in telophase. Evidence suggests both a collecting and a synthesizing role for the nucleolus-associated chromatin. The final, mature nucleolar form is produced by a rearrangement of the fine structural components and an increase in their mass.

scholarly journals THE FINE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CONTRACTILE AXOSTYLES OF CERTAIN FLAGELLATES

1965 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Grimstone ◽  
L. R. Cleveland
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Basal Bodies ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Cross Links ◽  
Cilia And Flagella ◽  
Fine Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Regular Arrays

The axostyles of the flagellates Oxymonas, Saccinobaculus, and Notila are large ribbon-shaped structures which undulate actively in the cytoplasm. The form of their movements is described and illustrated. Axostyles consist of regular arrays of longitudinal fibres, the number of which varies between 100 and 5000 in different species. The fibres are about 240 A in diameter, apparently hollow, regularly cross-banded with a periodicity of about 150 A, and connected by delicate cross-links, also at regular intervals of about 150 A. They resemble very closely the central fibres of cilia and flagella. No other structural components are present, except at the anterior end, where the fibres are attached to one or more basal bodies, and at the posterior tip, where they are anchored to the plasma membrane. The relevance of the findings to an understanding of the mechanism of ciliary and flagellar movements is discussed.

The fine structure of coelomocytes of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus dröbachiensis (Müllier O.F.)

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. Vethamany ◽  
M. Fung
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Cell Aggregation ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Spherical Cells

The fine structure of six different types of coelomocytes from Strongylocentrotus dröbachiensis (Müller), a sea urchin, is described. (1) Phagocytic leukocytes have either phagosomes of different sizes or large bladder-like, as well as veils of, cytoplasmic extensions. Syncytia are not observed under normal physiological conditions, although cell aggregation occurs without fusing of the plasma membranes. (2) Vibra-tile cells have a conventional flagellum and numerous mucopolysaccharide granules fill their cytoplasm. (3) The amoeboid red spherule cells contain typical echinochrome granules showing three structural components. (4) Colorless spherule cells contain numerous vacuole-like structures. (5) Small spherical cells are probably stem cells. (6) The granulocytes are few in number.

Motivations for particle verb word order in Middle and Early Modern English

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARION ELENBAAS
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle English ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Particle Verbs ◽  
Early Modern English ◽  
The One ◽  
Particle Verb

This article examines possible motivations for the choice of particle verb word order in Middle English (1100–1500) and Early Modern English (1500–1700). The word order alternation of Present-Day English particle verbs, which presents language users with a choice between verb–object–particle and verb–particle–object order, first emerged in Early Middle English (twelfth century). For Present-Day English, several studies (e.g. Gries 1999, 2003; Dehé 2002) have shown that the choice is influenced by a number of linguistic factors, such as the heaviness of the object (morphosyntactic factor) and the givenness of the object (discourse factor). This article reveals the influence of a number of morphosyntactic factors and also shows that the choice is increasingly influenced by the givenness of the object. The differences between Present-Day English on the one hand and Middle and Early Modern English on the other hand are discussed in the light of syntactic changes going on in these periods. It is argued that the developments in particle verb syntax are characterised by an increasing division of labour between the two word orders, which may also explain why both orders survive into Present-Day English.

scholarly journals HIGH NEGATIVE INTERFERENCE AND RECOMBINATION IN BACTERIOPHAGE T5

Genetics ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-41
Author(s):  
Barbara North Beck
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Mismatch Repair ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Significant Source ◽  
Negative Interference ◽  
Progeny Phage ◽  
Recombinant Formation ◽  
Bacteriophage T5

ABSTRACT The process of close recombinant formation in bacteriophage T5 crosses has been studied by examining the structure of internal heterozygotes (HETs), the immediate products of recombination events. The T5 system was chosen because it permits the study of internal heterozygotes exclusively, thus avoiding the ambiguities inherent in previous studies with T4. The heterozygotes were obtained by the nonselective screening of progeny phage in a prematurely lysed sample from an eight-factor cross. The molecular structure of each HET was inferred from the strand genotypes displayed among its progeny. This investigation presents unequivocal evidence that both overlap and insertion HETs are intermediates in recombinant formation and that insertion HETs are a significant source of close double recombinants. There is evidence suggesting that mismatch repair of overlap HETs could be the source of close triple exchanges. Thus, a significant part, and perhaps all, of the high negative interference for close-marker recombination observed in this system is a direct consequence of the fine structure of the recombinational intermediates. These findings are compatible with recombination models proposed by others, in which a single branched intermediate can give rise to HETs of both the overlap and insertion types.

An event-semantic account of spatial modification in the acquisition of Mandarin

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 829-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangjun DENG ◽  
Virginia YIP
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Word Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Verb Classes ◽  
Semantic Account ◽  
Distributional Properties ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Event Semantic

AbstractThis study investigates Mandarin-speaking children's knowledge of event semantics in interpreting spatial modifiers withzai‘at’ after a posture verb or before a placement verb. The event-semantic principles investigated include subevent modification (Parsons, 1990) and aspect shift (Fong, 1997). We conducted an experimental study using modified forced choice, video choice, and elicited production techniques with five groups of children (two- to six-year-olds) and an adult control group. Three-year-olds were sensitive to the ambiguity ofzai-PPs with placement verbs and posture verbs, suggesting guidance from principles of aspect shift and subevent modification. On the other hand, distributional properties of the input play a role in acquiring the interpretation and word order ofzai: e.g., four-year-olds significantly differed from adults in accepting non-target V-zaisentences, as some verb classes can take postverbal prepositional phrases withzaiwhile others cannot in adult usage.

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