Diachronic register change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Collins ◽  
Minna Korhonen ◽  
Haidee Kotze ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Xinyue Yao
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
21St Century ◽  
American English ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Register Variation ◽  
Diachronic Change ◽  
Six Dimensions ◽  
Over Time

Abstract A number of studies have found that grammatical differences across registers are more extensive than those across dialects. However, there is a paucity of research examining intervarietal register change, exploring how registers change differently over time in different regional varieties. The present study addresses this diachronic deficit, focusing on grammatical developments – from the early 20th to the early 21st century – in corpora representing three written registers and two speech-based registers in Australian, British and American English. We conducted a factor analysis on 68 lexicogrammatical features to identify six dimensions of register variation, and subsequently investigated the diachronic change of the five registers across these dimensions. We interpret our findings in terms of the differential effects of broad social changes on individual registers, in light of existing findings on trends of change in different registers and varieties.

scholarly journals Historical Trends in Expressive Timing Strategies: Chopin's Etude, Op. 25 no. 1

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 176-201
Author(s):  
Michael Rector
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Performance Practice ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
Performance Style ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Expressive Performance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Timing Strategies ◽  
Over Time

Studies of early 20th-century performance practice tend to focus on features that are alien to late 20th- and early 21st-century ears. Empirical analysis of timing in recordings of Chopin's Etude, Op. 25 no. 1—a piece for which performance style has remained relatively static—suggests how some foundational rules of phrasing and expressive nuance have changed over the history of recorded music. Melody note onsets were marked manually in 127 commercial recordings dating from 1909 to 2016. Overall, the data do not show an increase or decrease over time in the amount of tempo fluctuation. Independently of a tendency to use slower tempi, pianists changed the way they employ rubato. Several factors contribute to a trend whereby the fourth beat is lengthened at the expense of the second and third beats: an increase in phrase-final lengthening, an increase in the use of tempo arching for shorter groups of measures, and a tendency to delay the arrival of an accented dissonance or change of harmony instead of lengthening the melody inter-onset interval that contains it. The data illustrate nearly imperceptible shifts in interpretation and suggest that some practices thought to be the bedrock of expressive performance may be historically conditioned.

Guqin Playing Now: Re-inventing the Past as a Creative Way of Sustaining an Instrumental Practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Hoh Chung Shih
Keyword(s):  
Popular Music ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Performance Practice ◽  
Music Performance ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Music Notation ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Music Making ◽  
Over Time

Guqin (古琴) music, a cultural practice of the Classical Chinese literati which survived and had seen a surge of interest globally in the early 21st century, can be understood as an interactive whole consisting of the instrument and the performer. The musical interface, its music notation focuses heavily on the instrumental spatial-motor relationship with the performer, with sound as product of this psychosomatic interaction. This paper will examine the various layers of this interaction between: a) notation and movement and sound; b) topography of instrument body and physicality of performers’ hand on it; c) physicality and psychology of performance, leading to questions of musicality, authenticity in expression, and intentions or functions of guqin music. By comparing particular works (such as 山居吟 and 潇湘水云) across score collections from different periods (such as 神奇秘谱 1425, 大还阁琴谱 1673, 五知斋琴谱1722), and highlighting certain peculiar fingering position and combinations in earlier music against recent transcriptions of popular music, I will raise questions on possible musical purposes and expressions in relation to the proposed performer-instrument interaction perspective, so as to further understand the evolving nature of this music making over time. This creative interaction in sonic terms as sound and as music, performance practice and musical expression as culture and aesthetics, are some aspects of what I wish to present on an ongoing reinvention of guqin as instrument and music.

scholarly journals Comparative characterizations of patients with hypertensive disease in the mid-1980s and in the 2010s (the patients’ portraits in the context of factor analysis)

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-57
Author(s):  
E G Zakharova ◽  
A N Fursov ◽  
N P Potekhin
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers ◽  
Hypertensive Disease ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1 ◽  
The Early 21St Century

Aim: to study the clinical characteristics of patients with hypertensive disease (HD) in the first decade of the 21st century versus the mid-1980s, by using multivariate statistical methods for the further optimization of therapeutic and diagnostic guidelines. Materials and methods. 234 case histories of patients with HD in the periods 1985 to 1987 (Group 1) and 2010–2012 (Group 2) were analyzed. Factor analysis of 110 signs identified 7 factors or leading symptom complexes. Results. Comparison of HD patients’ portraits in the mid-1980s and the first decade of the 21st century may lead to a number of main conclusions: firstly, HD has undergone certain alternations in the past quarter of a century, which is associated with changes in both the socioeconomic characteristics of society and those in approaches to therapy and with the advent of novel groups of antihypertensive drugs; secondly, the emergence of drugs with a proven nephroprotective effect (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers) resulted in the reduced negative impact of BP on renal functions. Thus, three of the seven factors in Group 1 are directly related to the renal function of patients with HD while Group 2 shows only one factor of systemic and intraglomerular hypertension; thirdly, metabolic disturbances assume great importance in the characterization of Group 2 patients. Metabolic syndrome is typical of them; fourthly, for the patients of the early 21st century, of particular significance is tobacco smoking that is not only a risk factor of cardiovascular diseases in general, but also a factor influencing of the diurnal BP variation that promotes the formation of its particularly unfavorable variants – a night peaker, and finally fifthly, the patients of the early 21st century are characterized by a greater adherence to systemic antihypertensive therapy, which positively affects primarily on the course of the disease, by preventing target organ damage. Conclusion. The findings make it possible to optimize therapeutic and diagnostic efforts in patients with HD and to make more goal-oriented secondary prevention of complications.

scholarly journals Experiencias laborales de jóvenes en contextos de pobreza crítica en Gran San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina, en los inicios del siglo XXI / Work experiences of young people in contexts of extreme poverty in Gran San Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina, in the early 21st century

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
Alejandra Carolina Del Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Young People ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Work Experiences ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Northwestern Argentina ◽  
Extreme Poverty ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Over Time

Los contextos de pobreza presionan a los jóvenes a participar tempranamente en actividades económicas, en las que alcanzan, por lo general, una inserción precaria en el mercado de trabajo que tiende a persistir en el tiempo. Partiendo de esta premisa, en este trabajo se analizan experiencias laborales de jóvenes que viven en áreas de pobreza crítica en el Gran San Miguel de Tucumán, principal ciudad intermedia del noroeste argentino. Se busca indagar cuáles son los principales obstáculos que enfrentan los jóvenes pobres para insertarse en el mercado laboral, así como los sentidos que atribuyen al trabajo en relación a otras experiencias vitales.AbstractPoverty contexts pressure young people to participate early in economic activities, in which they usually achieve a precarious insertion in the labor market, which tends to persist over time. On the basis of this premise, this paper analyzes the work experiences of young people living in areas of critical poverty in Gran San Miguel de Tucuman, the main intermediate city in northwestern Argentina. The paper attempts to determine the main obstacles poor young people face in entering the labor market as well as the meanings they attribute to work in relation to other life experiences.

Measurement Invariance of the Serbian Version of the Satisfaction With Life Scale Across Age, Gender, and Time

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veljko Jovanović
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Satisfaction With Life ◽  
Satisfaction With Life Scale ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Life Scale ◽  
Serbian Version ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. The present research aimed at examining measurement invariance of the Serbian version of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) across age, gender, and time. A total sample in Study 1 consisted of 2,595 participants from Serbia, with a mean age of 23.79 years (age range: 14–55 years). The final sample in Study 2 included 333 Serbian undergraduate students ( Mage = 20.81; age range: 20–27 years), who completed the SWLS over periods of 6 and 18 months after the initial assessment. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the modified unidimensional model of the SWLS, with correlated residuals of items 4 and 5 tapping past satisfaction. The results of the multigroup confirmatory factor analysis supported the full scalar invariance across gender and over time and partial scalar invariance across age. Latent mean comparisons revealed that women reported higher life satisfaction than men. Additionally, adolescents reported higher life satisfaction than students and adults, with adults showing the lowest life satisfaction. Our findings indicate that the SWLS allows meaningful comparisons in life satisfaction across age, gender, and over time.

Globalization and interconfessional communications

2001 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Serhii Viktorovych Svystunov
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The World ◽  
Target Set ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Rapid Appearance

In the 21st century, the world became a sign of globalization: global conflicts, global disasters, global economy, global Internet, etc. The Polish researcher Casimir Zhigulsky defines globalization as a kind of process, that is, the target set of characteristic changes that develop over time and occur in the modern world. These changes in general are reduced to mutual rapprochement, reduction of distances, the rapid appearance of a large number of different connections, contacts, exchanges, and to increase the dependence of society in almost all spheres of his life from what is happening in other, often very remote regions of the world.

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