The cost of linguistic loyalty

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin L. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Language Maintenance ◽  
Census Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Model Set ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

In a census-related study on language maintenance among the Hispanic/Latino population in the southwest United States, Hudson, Hernández-Chávez and Bills (1995) stated that, given negative correlations between language maintenance and years of education and per capita income, “educational and economic success in the Spanish origin population are purchased at the expense of Spanish language maintenance in the home” (1995: 179). While census figures from 1980 make this statement undeniable for the Southwest, the recent growth of the Spanish-language population in the United States, which has grown by a factor of ~2.5 over the last twenty years, begs a reexamination of these correlations. A recent study on the state of Colorado (McCullough & Jenkins 2005) found a correlational weakening, especially with regard to the relationship between language maintenance and median income.
 The current study follows the model set forth by Hudson et al. (1995) in examining the interrelationship between the measures of count, density, language loyalty and retention based on 2000 census data, as well as the relationship between these metrics and socioeconomic and demographic variables, including income and education. While some relationships existed in 2000 much in the same way that they did in the 1980 data, especially with regard to count and density, the measures of loyalty and retention saw marked reductions in their correlations with social variables.

scholarly journals On the Relationship between Development and Fertility: The Case of the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Ryabov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
The United States ◽  
Median Income ◽  
County Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Rural Counties ◽  
The Relationship

The present article addresses the question of whether there is a link between the spatial patterns of human development and period fertility in the United States at the county level. Using cross-sectional analyses of the relationship between Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and an array of human development indicators (pertaining to three components of the Human Development Index (HDI) – wealth, health, and education), this study sheds light on the relationship between fertility and human development. The analyses were conducted separately for urban, suburban and rural counties. According to the multivariate results, a negative association between selected human development indicators and TFR exists in suburban and rural counties, as well as in the United States as a whole. However, this is not the case for urban counties, where the results were inconclusive. Some indicators (e.g., median income per capita) were found to be positively, and some (e.g., the share of adults with at least bachelor’s degree) negatively, associated with TFR in urban counties. All in all, our results provide evidence of a negative relationship between human development indicators and period fertility in the United States at the county level, a finding which is consistent with the basic tenets of classic demographic transition theory.

With a Little Help from my Friends

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 971-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Victoria Murillo ◽  
Andrew Schrank
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Labor Rights ◽  
Labor Laws ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

Why did Latin American governments adopt potentially costly, union-friendly labor reforms in the cost-sensitive 1980s and 1990s? The authors answer the question by exploring the relationship between trade unions and two of their most important allies: labor-backed parties at home and labor rights activists overseas. While labor-backed parties in Latin America have locked in the support of their core constituencies by adopting relatively union-friendly labor laws in an otherwise uncertain political and economic environment, labor rights activists in the United States have demonstrated their support for their Latin American allies by asking the U.S. government to treat the protection of labor rights as the price of access to the U.S. market. The former trajectory is the norm in traditionally labor-mobilizing polities, where industrialization encouraged the growth of labor-backed parties in the postwar era; the latter is more common in more labor-repressive environments, where vulnerable unions tend to look for allies overseas.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Social Identity and Foreign Language Learning Motivation: The Sustainability of Heritage Language Learners

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 13102
Author(s):  
Luis Miguel Dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
University Environment ◽  
Spanish Language Learners ◽  
The Relationship

This study aimed to explore the relationship between social identity and language learning motivations of a group of heritage Spanish language learners in a university environment in the United States. Based on the qualitative research inquiry with semi-structured interview and focus group activity tools, a group of 78 Spanish language learners in one university environment in the United States were surveyed. Under the open-coding and axial-coding techniques, the finding of this study indicated that the three main motivations were Latinx Americans with dual identities, interests in career development, and surrounding environments and individuals. Department heads, non-profit organisation managers, and researchers may use this study as the blueprint to reform and polish the current foreign language teaching and learning programmes, courses, and policies to meet the expectations of multilingualism.

scholarly journals Bridging the Financial Gap Among Young People

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Torres ◽  
Russell Rudman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Income ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
The United States ◽  
Student Loan ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Experts have determined that the cost of attending college is rising (Williams, 2006) and as a result, it has altered college graduates’ cumulative debt levels. In addition, research shows that those who attend college are more likely to earn higher salaries (Ma et al., 2016). Consequently, the existence of a low-income college graduate population would be considered a paradox. Simultaneous to such changes mentioned, homeownership among young individuals is declining in the United States (Dettling & Hsu, 2014). As of today, research has focused on the relationship between student loan debt and homeownership but has neglected the relationship between cumulative debt and homeownership. This study will answer the following question: What is the relationship between cumulative debt acquired by low-income college graduates between the ages of 23-40 in the United States in the 21st century and the corresponding likelihood of homeownership? Through interviews with five low-income college graduates, I collected narratives describing their outlooks on cumulative debt and its influences on homeownership. Through thematic analysis, I drew connections between common themes that indicated how cumulative debt affected one’s actions or thoughts regarding purchasing a home.  The results showed that cumulative debt has negative effects on homeownership. Subjects disclosed that their struggle to pay their cumulative debt and inability to accumulate wealth were the two most common hindrances of purchasing a home. This is significant because cumulative debt predetermines how the subject manages their finances to pursue purchasing a home and such data may influence the financial decisions of future generations.

Declaring Race

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Masuoka
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Mixed Race ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Interracial Couple ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Choice Approach

This chapter presents an analysis of public opinion and census data to demonstrate the opportunities in, and constraints on, identifying as multiracial. It outlines a new approach to interpreting empirical data on race, the identity choice approach, and offers an example of how to apply this approach to data on multiracial identification. It examines the relationship, first, between being the child of an interracial couple and the belief that one is of mixed race, and, second, between multiracial identification and the belief that one is of mixed race. The chapter ends by presenting and interpreting census data on the two-or-more-races population in the United States.

scholarly journals The Cost Variability of Orthobiologics

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-98
Author(s):  
Amit Mukesh Momaya ◽  
Andrew Sullivan McGee ◽  
Alexander R. Dombrowsky ◽  
Alan Joshua Wild ◽  
Naqeeb M. Faroqui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The United States ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Significant Variability ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost

Background: Mixed results exist regarding the benefit of orthobiologic injections. The purpose of this study was to assess the variability in costs for platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and stem cell (SC) injections and evaluate for variables that influence pricing. Hypothesis: There will be significant variability in the cost of PRP and SC injections throughout the United States. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Calls were made to 1345 orthopaedic sports medicine practices across the United States inquiring into the availability of PRP or SC knee injections and associated costs. In addition to pricing, the practice type, number of providers, and population and income demographics were recorded. Univariate statistical analyses were used to identify differences in availability and cost between variables. Results: Of the contacted offices that provided information on both PRP and SC availability (n = 1325), 268 (20.2%) offered both treatments, 550 (41.5%) offered only PRP injections, 20 (1.5%) offered only SC injections, and 487 (36.8%) did not offer either treatment. The mean ± SD cost of a PRP injection was $707 ± $388 (range, $175-$4973), and the mean cost of an SC injection was $2728 ± $1584 (range, $300-$12,000). Practices offering PRP and SC injections tended to be larger (PRP, 12.0 physicians per practice vs. 8.1 [ P < 0.001]; SC, 13.6 vs 9.7 [ P < 0.001]). Practices that offered PRP injections were located in areas with higher median household income ( P = 0.047). Variables associated with higher cost of PRP injections included city population ( P < 0.001) and median income of residents ( P < 0.001). Conclusion: While the majority of sports medicine practices across the United States offer some type of orthobiologic injection, there exists significant variability in the cost of these injections. Clinical Relevance: This study demonstrates the significant variability in costs of orthobiologic injections throughout the country, which will allow sports medicine physicians to appreciate the value of these injections when counseling patients on available treatment options.

scholarly journals Exploring the Relationship Between the CFPB Financial Well-Being Score and the Elder Index

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 731-732
Author(s):  
Jan Mutchler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Financial Security ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The Elder Index is a cost of living indicator that measures the income older adults need to meet their living expenses while staying independent in the community, calculated on a county-by-county basis for the United States. Analyses based on the Elder Index show that a large segment of the age 65+ population has incomes below the Index, reflecting a level of insecurity that is considerably higher than suggested by the poverty rate. Moreover, comparison of the Elder Index to household income illustrates differences across states in the extent to which incomes cover the cost of necessary expenditures. In this paper we explore how cost of living contributes to subjective financial security among older people, as measured by the CFPB Financial Well-Being Score, using a data match of the Understanding America Study with the Elder Index. Results document this association, offering insight to spatial patterns of financial insecurity in later life.

scholarly journals Toxic Waste and Race in Twenty-First Century America

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-126
Author(s):  
Michael Mascarenhas ◽  
Ryken Grattet ◽  
Kathleen Mege
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hazardous Waste ◽  
Census Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Toxic Waste ◽  
Toxic Exposure ◽  
Environmental Racism ◽  
Hazardous Waste Facilities ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

In 1987, the United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice released its groundbreaking study, Toxic Waste and Race in the United States. The report found race to be the most significant predictor of where hazardous waste facilities were located in the United States. We review this and other studies of environmental racism in an effort to explain the relationship between race and the proximity to hazardous waste facilities. More recent research provides some evidence that the effect is causal, where polluting industries follow the path of least resistance. To date, the published work using Census data ends in 2000, which neglects the period when economic and political changes may have worsened the relationship between race and toxic exposure. Thus, we replicate findings using data from 2010 to show that racial disparities remain persistent in 2010. We conclude with a call for further research on how race and siting have changed during the 2010s.

scholarly journals El panorama del español en Estados Unidos

Triangle ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Anna Orlovska
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central Government ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Concrete Situation ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The Relationship

The goal of this paper is to reflect on the situation of the Spanish language in the USA, considering basic concepts in Sociolinguistics such as identity, attitude and prestige. Forecasts indicate that by 2050 USA will be the country with the largest number of Spanish speakers. These forecasts are based almost exclusively on the number of people that will costitute the Latin-community in the coming years. In this paper, we consider that statements like the above may be moot if we analyze the concrete situation in which Spanish speakers are in the USA and the attitudes and opinions arising from the use of this language in the United States. In order to get answers to basic questions -namely, in the USA, regarding the relationship Spanish-English, we find a situation of bilingualism or diglossia?; What is the future of Spanish in the USA? What role will play the Spanish language in the USA in the coming years?-, in this paper we analyze: 1) the presence of the Spanish language in the USA; 2) the language planning of the central government of the USA; 3) the use of the language by the Spanish speakers in USA; and 4) the attitude of English speakers towards Spanish language.

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