Learning Civil Courage: A Citizens’ Perspective

Civil courage refers to the behavior where people actively intervene to protect a victim in a concrete situation of injustice despite the risk of becoming a victim themselves. To act with civil courage, one requires competencies that relate to prosocial values as well as the physical and social ability to act. In this context, this brief reports the opinions of 2,046 respondents—representatives of Germany with respect to age, gender, and region—on what, according to them, are the best contexts for learning civil courage. “At home and/or from family” as well as “through volunteering” are considered the most suitable contexts to learn civil courage. In contrast, television, social media, and the internet are considered the least supportive contexts.

Dissecting the dimension of protection: Caligae and Scutum in the evaluative model of normative appeals

A normative appeal indicates that one should (or should not) do a certain action in a concrete situation. According to the Evaluative Model of Normative Appeals (EMNA), willingness to comply with these messages depends on an appraisal formed by two dimensions: formality and protection. In this work we center on the dimension of protection, proposing that it can be divided into two components: avoiding physical or psychological damage (scutum) and affording the performance of the main intended action (caligae). We conducted two studies to test this twofold meaning of protection. In Study 1 (N = 525), we manipulated the coherence of regulatory focus (promotion vs. control vs. prevention) with salience of the components of protection (caligae vs. control vs. scutum). In Study 2 (N = 513), we separately measured the perception of each component referred to an actual normative appeal (i.e., “To get into a class punctually”). The results showed that the manipulated salience and the measured perception of caligae and scutum elicits (Study 1) and predicts (Study 2) higher willingness to comply with normative appeals. Theoretical and applied implications of the results are discussed.

Common Sense High Reliability Organizing (HRO) in the Response to COVID-19

We find descriptions of common sense in the domains of anthropology, artificial intelligence, and psychiatry. This is the common sense for adaptation, a form of practical intelligence that better predicts success in everyday experiences, if not real-world survival. This common sense is experienced-based knowledge rather than rule-based. When unexpected situations occur, it supports continuous assessments and decisions to adjust to the conditions at hand. Overwhelmingly practical, common-sense deals with a concrete situation on its own terms. Common sense describes cultural knowledge and behaviors. Inquiry drives practical common sense.

A matter of quality: Kurt Goldstein‘s assessment of the abstract attitude after brain damage

ABSTRACT Neurologist and psychiatrist Kurt Goldstein (1878-1965) made substantial contributions to neuropsychology in general and to the development of tests for the assessment of brain damage sequelae in particular. Unlike present-day neuropsychology’s psychometric orientation, Goldstein kept a critical distance to a mere quantitative evaluation. Eighty years ago, he impressively demonstrated his own, qualitatively oriented diagnostic approach both in a remarkable monograph and in a didactic film, in collaboration with psychologist Martin Scheerer (1900-1961). By modifying a classical paradigm for the assessment of deficits in visuospatial construction, the Block Design Test, the two authors developed the Goldstein-Scheerer Cube Test. This version characterizes itself by offering the patient different types of cues in order to reveal the nature of the deficit at stake. The test remains an impressive illustration of Goldstein’s most famous neuropsychological concept, viz. the human ability to abstract from a concrete situation: the abstract (or categorial) attitude.

Misi Gereja Dalam Realitas Sosial Indonesia Masa Kini

In general, the problem of mission today is related to a one-sided emphasis on one side. One emphasizes and maintains the context of the humanitarian field with all its problems and challenges so that it tends to ignore the text. While others are fixated on the text and ignore the context. It is undeniable that the mission paradigm will influence and determine its missionary practice. This paper is intended to contribute theoretically about the importance of reconstructing the Church's mission paradigm that is relevant to the context of today's Indonesia, and practically the churches in Indonesia can implement an applicable form of mission by taking part in alleviating the concrete problems faced. by the community according to the capabilities of the church members. By using a qualitative approach, namely a literature study, the author will describe descriptively about the foundation of Christian mission and the urgency of conducting a review or updating of the understanding and practice of its mission in the current concrete situation. It was concluded that the mission of the church must still be carried out but in its implementation it must pay attention to the social situation in the community. Because the mission of the church without paying attention to the context of its recipients will find difficulties and even failures in carrying out God's will as the light and salt of the world. This means that the strategy or technique of the church's mission must be implemented according to the current context in which the church is present.

Evangelicalising Black Pentecostalism: The Mechanics of Change at the Apostolic Faith Mission Sharpeville Congregation (1981–1985)

A recent study argues that black Pentecostalism in the Apostolic Faith Mission (AFM) of South Africa became evangelicalised through the agency of white missionaries. The study was national in scope and drew from archival as well as secondary sources. This article, on the other hand, seeks to contribute to an understanding of how evangelicalisation worked in a concrete situation of a specific congregation by analysing oral historical and archival material related to this process in the AFM Sharpeville congregation, between 1981 and 1985. The article answers the following question: How did evangelicalisation of black Pentecostalism happen at the congregational level of the AFM? The findings suggest that evangelicalisation at the level of the congregation happened through the appointment of (an) evangelical pastor(s), the use of evangelistic and revival campaigns, as well as pastoral discretion in deciding what to relent to, what to refrain from, and what to emphasise in their engagement with the congregation.

Reflective Situated Normativity

Situated normativity is the ability of skilled individuals to distinguish better from worse, adequate from inadequate, appropriate from inappropriate, or correct from incorrect in the context of a particular situation. Situated normativity consists in a situated appreciation expressed in normative behaviour, and can be experienced as a bodily affective tension that motivates a skilled individual to act on particular possibilities for action offered by a concrete situation. The concept of situated normativity has so far primarily been discussed in the context of skilled unreflective action. In this paper, we aim to explore and sketch the role of the concept of situated normativity in characterising more reflective forms of normativity. The goal of the paper is two-fold: first, by showing more reflective forms of normativity to be continuous with unreflective situated normativity, we bring these reflective forms into the reach of embodied accounts of cognition; and second, by extending the concept of situated normativity, new light is thrown on questions regarding reflective forms of cognition. We show that sociomaterial aspects of situations are crucial for understanding more reflective forms of normativity. We also shed light on the important question of how explicit rules can compel people to behave in particular ways.

From Ladder and Thread to Heaven: The Symbolic Meaning of the Path in a Fragment of the Linguistic World Image

This article «From Ladder and Thread to Heaven: The Symbolic Meaning of the Path in a Fragment of the Linguistic World Image» explores the problem of the analysis of folk customs. These customs could be verbalized both in folk texts and in dialects. The specifics of this study lie in the linguistic analysis of the symbols which are usually interpreted as folk customs and folk objects. However, the symbolism of the objects in national customs causes the development of a symbolic meaning of the respective word that defines these objects. In this way, many symbols in folk customs become verbal, and the context of the custom creates a foundation for the development of the symbolic meaning. The verbal symbols analyzed are a «thread», a «ball of twine», a «ladder», a «bridge» and a «cross». In the national Ukrainian linguistic space, these words have the general semantics of the ‘connection between worlds’. It is stressed that the symbolic meaning of the (celestial) ladder has been discovered in the biblical context. This is also relevant for the clarification of the subject of continuity in the development of the symbolic meanings, which are also documented in the Ukrainian context. A concrete situation in linguistics and custom creates conditions under which arise symbolic co-meanings that develop in the framework of the same main symbolic archetypical meaning. All analyzed symbols belong to the archetypical ones. That is why they have been also discovered with the same semantics in other languages. This is the reason why the analysis of such symbols requires not only facts documented in the dictionaries and texts in Ukrainian, but also information about the respective symbol in other linguistic cultures. It is also pointed out that the thread is analyzed as an apotropaic symbol. This word has also been documented linguistically as a symbol of the demarcation line between one’s own world and the world of «others».

The general ineffectiveness of the appeal against the custody order: Final research results

This paper will present the results of the completed research which relates to the issue of the effectiveness of the appeal against the custody order pursuant to Article 294 of the Serbian Criminal Procedure Code. The research which the paper reports on was conducted on the entire territory of the Republic of Serbia, encompassed all Basic and Higher Courts, as well as a survey of more than 300 lawyers. Even though most colleagues will not be surprised by the results, the research has proven to be useful in multiple ways, primarily because it factually and comprehensively demonstrates the concrete situation regarding the effectiveness of the legal remedy in question. This research documents what was the general (but not empirically tested) impression in legal praxis.

Fontana K.A. Governing Water and Energy as Specific Resourses

Water and energy are resources without which it is impossible to present, at least, neither functioning of industrial enterprises nor existence of housekeeping. In terms of Oliver Williamson they are the typical resources (assets) of the general setting. Cases are at the same time possible, when they come forward as resources, alternative to generally accepted, namely: they appear in a role of specific resources. Reasons for it can be various, depending on the specificity of the concrete situation. As in the case of specific resources (assets) risks are great, it causes the special system requirements management such by water and energy. This paper is devoted to the exposure of features of these requirements.