scholarly journals Semantic fieldwork and lexical universals

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cliff Goddard ◽  
Anna Wierzbicka
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Endangered Languages ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Practical Procedure ◽  
Semantic Communication ◽  
Shed Light

The main goal of paper is to show how NSM findings about lexical universals (semantic primes) can be applied to semantic analysis in little-described languages. It is argued that using lexical universals as a vocabulary for semantic analysis allows one to formulate meaning descriptions that are rigorous, cognitively authentic, maximally translatable, and free from Anglocentrism. A second goal is to shed light on methodological issues in semantic fieldwork by interrogating some controversial claims about the Dalabon and Pirahã languages. We argue that reductive paraphrase into lexical universals provides a practical procedure for arriving at coherent interpretations of unfamiliar lexical meanings. Other indigenous/endangered languages discussed include East Cree, Arrernte, Kayardild, Karuk, and Maori. We urge field linguists to take the NSM metalanguage, based on lexical universals, into the field with them, both as an aid to lexicogrammatical documentation and analysis and as a way to improve semantic communication with consultants.

El Concepto De La lingüística Cognitiva En La Poesía Traducida Análisis Semántico Según La Teoría del Esquema Básico De La Referencia

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Hameed Abdulmajeed Abeer Hussein Abid
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Search For Meaning ◽  
Basic Scheme ◽  
Scheme Theory ◽  
The Common ◽  
Symmetry Relations ◽  
Shed Light

This research work is part of a project to get an M.A. degree. Some of the linguistic sciences specialized in the search for meaning in the text, such as semantics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics and etc. will be clarified. Besides, we shed light on the elements of semantic analysis with examples according to the basic scheme theory of reference, which indicates that the language is of a fictional nature. As it is a variety of similarity and symmetry relations between the form of the word and its meaning, whether it is phonetic or written or related to metaphor, metonymy or analogy, and it is not a random relationship. In all these genres, a very important role is played by imaginative comprehension, which subsequently acquires a traditional character and spreads due to the common collective understanding of the word among speakers of the speech community.

Perception and Evaluation of Timing Patterns in Drum Ensemble Music from Mali

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Neuhoff ◽  
Rainer Polak ◽  
Timo Fischinger
Keyword(s):  
Music Theory ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Clear Preference ◽  
Comparison Experiment ◽  
Preference Ratings ◽  
Shed Light

Polak’s (2010) chronometric analyses of Malian jembe music suggested that the characteristic “feel” of individual pieces rests upon nonisochronous subdivisions of the beat. Each feel is marked by a specific pattern of two or three different subdivisional pulses—these being either short, medium, or long. London (2010) called the possibility of more than two different pulse classes into question on psychological and theoretical grounds. To shed light on this issue, 23 professional Malian percussionists and dancers were presented with timing-manipulated phrases from a piece of Malian drumming music called “Manjanin.” In a pairwise comparison experiment, participants were asked: (1) if the items of each pair were same or different, and (2) if different, which of the two was the better example of the characteristic rhythm of Manjanin. While most contrastive pairs were well distinguished and produced clear preference ratings, participants were unable to distinguish short-medium-long patterns from short-long-long patterns, and both were preferred to all other manipulations. This supports London’s claim that, perceptually, there are only two pulse classes. We discuss further implications of these findings for music theory, involving beat subdivision, tempo effects, microtiming, and expressive variation, as well as methodological issues.

scholarly journals Semantic analysis of body parts in emotion terminology: Avoiding the exoticisms of “obstinate monosemy” and “online extension”

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 85-106 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Linguistic Meaning ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Conceptual Category ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Central Concern ◽  
Emotion Experience ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
Established Fact ◽  
Is Failure

Investigation of the emotions entails reference to words and expressions conventionally used for the description of emotion experience. Important methodological issues arise for emotion researchers, and the issues are of similarly central concern in linguistic semantics more generally. I argue that superficial and/or inconsistent description of linguistic meaning can have seriously misleading results. This paper is firstly a critique of standards in emotion research for its tendency to underrate and ill-understood linguistic semantics. It is secondly a critique of standards in some approaches to linguistic semantics itself. Two major problems occur. The first is failure to distinguish between conceptually distinct meanings of single words, neglecting the well-established fact that a single phonological string can signify more than one conceptual category (i.e., that words can be polysemous). The second error involves failure to distinguish between two kinds of secondary uses of words: (1) those which are truly active “online” extensions, and (2) those which are conventionalised secondary meanings and not active (qua “extensions”) at all. These semantic considerations are crucial to conclusions one may draw about cognition and conceptualisation based on linguistic evidence.

scholarly journals Methodological Issues in Suicide Research in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 93-96
Author(s):  
Anisur Rahman Khan ◽  
S. M. Anowarul Kayes Shimul
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Original Publication ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
School Certificate ◽  
Letter To The Editor ◽  
Shed Light

We are writing to you to allow us to enter into an ongoing debate concerning a write-up titled, “Young teenage suicides in Bangladesh – are mandatory Junior School Certificate exams to blame?”published in ‘International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction’by Mamun and Griffiths (2020a).Arafat (2020), are searcher from Bangladesh, initiated the debate through a letter to the editor of that journal raising several theoretical and procedural/methodological flaws of the original publication of Mamun and Griffiths (2020a).Arafat (2020) finds this publication as “potentially flawed” and “purely hypothetical” (p.1).Hereafter, Mamun, and Griffiths (2020b) categorically refuted each of the claims raised by Arafat (2020)to justify their stance and flows writing another letter to the editor. Space will not allow us to touch upon each of their arguments and counter-arguments rather we would shed light on the major issues of their dissonance cornering the methodological issues. At the same time, we would also highlight our opinions in this regard.

scholarly journals Current and Future Perspectives on Children’s Genetic- and Endophenotype-Based Differential Susceptibility to Parenting

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 773-779
Author(s):  
Karen Fischer ◽  
Joyce Weeland ◽  
Patty Leijten ◽  
Alithe van den Akker ◽  
Geertjan Overbeek
Keyword(s):  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Positive Parenting ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Susceptibility Factors ◽  
Enriched Environments ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract Objectives Accumulating research provides support for differential susceptibility, which holds that the same children who are most vulnerable to adversity, such as negative parenting, may also benefit most from enriched environments, such as positive parenting. This “for better and for worse” phenomenon is believed to be rooted in endogenous, biological susceptibility factors such as genes, and cognitive and physiological endophenotypes (e.g., heart rate variability and skin conductance). The goal of this paper is to discuss the effect of this biological perspective on children’s susceptibility, and the inclusion of genetic and endophenotypical data in parenting research to shed light on the differential effects of parenting behavior We discuss a number of conceptual and methodological issues related to prior studies that have aimed to assess this. Methods We review and discuss current and future perspectives on children’s genetic- and endophenotype-based differential susceptibility to parenting, and experimental study designs that can adequately assess the within-person phenomenon of differential susceptibility. Results We summarize our call for research in an experimental paradigm to test children’s gene- and endophenotype-based differential susceptibility to parenting in their development of externalizing behavior. Conclusions Hereby we aim to advance our understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying children’s differential susceptibility to negative and positive parenting.

FRUGAL INVENTION CANDIDATES AS ANTECEDENTS OF FRUGAL PATENTS — THE ROLE OF FRUGAL ATTRIBUTES ANALYSED IN THE MEDICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (06) ◽  
pp. 2050082
Author(s):  
NORA ALTGILBERS ◽  
LOTHAR WALTER ◽  
MARTIN G. MOEHRLE
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Medical Engineering ◽  
General Outline ◽  
Engineering Technology ◽  
New Markets ◽  
Frugal Innovations ◽  
Moderating Role ◽  
Shed Light

Frugal innovations enable companies to access new markets because of some specific characteristics. Typically, they focus on existing solutions as a blueprint, changing parts of their functionality while reducing the costs. Many companies are faced with the question how to find ideas for such frugal innovations. For this purpose, we introduce a method for the identification of frugal invention candidates and their qualification as frugal patents. We provide a general outline of a process and apply it to the medical engineering technology. By use of semantic analysis, we shed light on the moderating role of frugal attributes to qualify a frugal invention candidate as a frugal patent. The application produces a comprehensive set of frugal patents. Our approach deepens the understanding of frugality by providing an appropriate assessment based on a newly developed frugal thesaurus. Managers will have the option to adapt our method to their particular fields of experience.

A lexical-semantic analysis of anglicisms in sports terminology

Babel ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 752-768
Author(s):  
Milisav Ilinčić
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
General Classification ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Complete Answer ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Linguistic Means

Abstract Anglicisms are words borrowed from the English language that are customarily used in the Serbian language; they are frequently used in the Serbian media and in everyday speech. Trying to shed light on the role and importance of anglicisms in the Serbian language, this paper places a special emphasis on the influence of anglicisms in the sphere of sports terminology. The reasons for conducting an all-encompassing analysis of sports terms are quite obvious. First of all, if we exclude the growing vocabulary pertaining to informatics, we could say that it is precisely in the sphere of sports terminology that the greatest number of anglicisms is to be found. Taking into consideration separate functions of the English language (English for special purposes, English for academic and professional purposes), the paper introduces a general classification of anglicisms, following which, providing numerous examples, it analyses the adaptation of sports terminology within the framework of the Serbian language – on the level of phonology, morphology and semantics. Finally, in order to provide a complete answer to this question, the final research encompasses the broader context of the use of linguistic means. Naturally, the broadening of lexis makes it increasingly diverse and rich on a daily basis, with new syntagms being coined in English, giving surprising results. At this moment, we do not know fully what can be accomplished with them, as their use is still being developed.

Current immunity markers in insect ecological immunology: assumed trade-offs and methodological issues

2012 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Moreno-García ◽  
A. Córdoba-Aguilar ◽  
R. Condé ◽  
H. Lanz-Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Evolutionary Ecology ◽  
Nitric Oxide Production ◽  
Ecological Immunology ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Phenoloxidase Activity ◽  
Capsule Formation ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Physiologically Based ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractThe field of ecological immunology currently relies on using a number of immune effectors or markers. These markers are usually used to infer ecological trade-offs (via conflicts in resource allocation), though physiological nature of these markers remains elusive. Here, we review markers frequently used in insect evolutionary ecology research: cuticle darkening, haemocyte density, nodule/capsule formation, phagocytosis and encapsulation/melanization via use of nylon filaments and beads, phenoloxidase activity, nitric oxide production, lysozyme and antimicrobial peptide production. We also provide physiologically based information that may shed light on the probable trade-offs inferred when these markers are used. In addition, we provide a number of methodological suggestions to improve immune marker assessment.

scholarly journals SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF THETA ROLES OF VERBS IN THE MAH MERI LANGUAGE

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Maisarah Maisarah ◽  
Kais Amir Kadhim ◽  
Zahid Ali Veesar
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Argument Structure ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endangered Languages ◽  
Verb Phrase ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Thematic Relations ◽  
Theta Role

The Mah Meri language, one of the severely endangered languages of Malaysia, is facing the threat of extinction. In order to save valuable information of this language, this paper focuses on one of its aspects, the Theta Roles in relation to the verbs. Using Radford’s (1997 & 2009) theory of Theta Roles, this study analyzes and explores the verb phrase of Mah Meri. The main objective of this study is to establish the Theta Roles in relation to verbs in the Mah Meri language. In order to fully understand the verb structures, the morphological entities of affixes such as prefixes and suffixes are studied. Moreover, the word order of the sentential constructions are also analyzed according to active and passive forms. These are done in tandem with analyzing the pronouns in relation to the placement of verbs in a Mah Meri sentential construction. It is found that Theta Roles are present in the data except for the Theta Role Recipient. However, this is not due to the lack of the Theta Role of Recipient in the Mah Meri language; rather it is due to the limitation of the scope in this study as data is analyzed based on the interviews only. On the other hand, the Theta Role of Agent is clearly evident in the Mah Meri language.Keywords: Mah Meri Language, Argument Structure, Theta Roles, Thematic Relations

Measuring and Optimizing Design Variety Using Herfindahl Index

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faez Ahmed ◽  
Sharath Kumar Ramachandran ◽  
Mark Fuge ◽  
Sam Hunter ◽  
Scarlett Miller
Keyword(s):  
Ground Truth ◽  
Modular Function ◽  
Pairwise Comparisons ◽  
Herfindahl Index ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Good Design ◽  
Practical Procedure ◽  
Optimizing Design ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Abstract In this paper, we propose a new design variety metric based on the Herfindahl index. We also propose a practical procedure for comparing variety metrics via the construction of ground truth datasets from pairwise comparisons by experts. Using two new datasets, we show that this new variety measure aligns with human ratings more than some existing and commonly used tree-based metrics. This metric also has three main advantages over existing metrics: a) It is a super-modular function, which enables us to optimize design variety using a polynomial time greedy algorithm. b) The parametric nature of this metric allows us to fit the metric to better represent variety for new domains. c) It has higher sensitivity in distinguishing between variety of sets of randomly selected designs than existing methods. Overall, our results shed light on some qualities that good design variety metrics should possess and the non-trivial challenges associated with collecting the data needed to measure those qualities.

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