Some experimental evidence for sound–emotion interaction

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Gafni ◽  
Reuven Tsur
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Speech Sounds ◽  
Phonetic Symbolism ◽  
Structural Account ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Geometrical Shapes

Abstract This paper describes a structural account of phonetic symbolism and submits it to empirical investigation. To enable testing for possible iconic sound–emotion relations, participants compared pairs of syllables (e.g., ma – ba) as well as pairs of emotional states (e.g., joyful – sad) on various perceptual scales (e.g., softness). In addition, we replicated the classic ‘bouba/kiki’ experiment to investigate sound-shape symbolism. In accordance with the theoretical model, the results of the experimental tasks suggest that participants can detect abstract similarities between speech sounds and emotions as well as geometrical shapes. We discuss the theoretical model and the experimental results in relation to previous empirical findings and conflicting evidence from the study of affective iconicity in poetry.

Actuation and dynamic mechanical characteristics of a core free flat dielectric electro-active polymer soft actuator

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 7396-7404
Author(s):  
Abdul Malek Abdul Wahab ◽  
Emiliano Rustighi ◽  
Zainudin A.
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Resonance Frequency ◽  
Dynamic Testing ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Initial Tension ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Soft Actuator ◽  
Average Percentage Error ◽  
Mechanical Dynamics

Various complex shapes of dielectric electro-active polymer (DEAP) actuator have been promoted for several types of applications. In this study, the actuation and mechanical dynamics characteristics of a new core free flat DEAP soft actuator were investigated. This actuator was developed by Danfoss PolyPower. DC voltage of up to 2000 V was supplied for identifying the actuation characteristics of the actuator and compare with the existing formula. The operational frequency of the actuator was determined by dynamic testing. Then, the soft actuator has been modelled as a uniform bar rigidly fixed at one end and attached to mass at another end. Results from the theoretical model were compared with the experimental results. It was found that the deformation of the current actuator was quadratic proportional to the voltage supplied. It was found that experimental results and theory were not in good agreement for low and high voltage with average percentage error are 104% and 20.7%, respectively. The resonance frequency of the actuator was near 14 Hz. Mass of load added, inhomogeneity and initial tension significantly affected the resonance frequency of the soft actuator. The experimental results were consistent with the theoretical model at zero load. However, due to inhomogeneity, the frequency response function’s plot underlines a poor prediction where the theoretical calculation was far from experimental results as values of load increasing with the average percentage error 15.7%. Hence, it shows the proposed analytical procedure not suitable to provide accurate natural frequency for the DEAP soft actuator.

scholarly journals Self-Governance in Generalized Exchange. A Laboratory Experiment on the Structural Embeddedness of Peer Punishment

Games ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Georg Kanitsar
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Social Cooperation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Norm Enforcement ◽  
Structural Setting ◽  
Structural Embeddedness ◽  
Generalized Exchange

Peer punishment is widely lauded as a decentralized solution to the problem of social cooperation. However, experimental evidence of its effectiveness primarily stems from public good structures. This paper explores peer punishment in another structural setting: a system of generalized exchange. In a laboratory experiment, a repeated four-player prisoner’s dilemma is arranged either in a public good structure or in a circular network of generalized exchange. The experimental results demonstrate that the merits of peer punishment do not extend to generalized exchange. In the public good, peer punishment was primarily altruistic, was sensitive to costs, and promoted cooperation. In generalized exchange, peer punishment was also altruistic and relatively frequent, but did not increase cooperation. While the dense punishment network underlying the public good facilitates norm enforcement, generalized exchange decreases control over norm violators and reduces the capacity of peer punishment. I conclude that generalized exchange systems require stronger forms of punishment to sustain social cooperation.

scholarly journals Three doors anomaly, “should I stay, or should I go”: an artefactual field experiment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Morone ◽  
Rocco Caferra ◽  
Alessia Casamassima ◽  
Alessandro Cascavilla ◽  
Paola Tiranzoni
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Bayesian Updating ◽  
Anomalous Behavior ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Illusion Of Control ◽  
Optimal Decision ◽  
Status Quo Bias ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis work aims to identify and quantify the biases behind the anomalous behavior of people when they deal with the Three Doors dilemma, which is a really simple but counterintuitive game. Carrying out an artefactual field experiment and proposing eight different treatments to isolate the anomalies, we provide new interesting experimental evidence on the reasons why subjects fail to take the optimal decision. According to the experimental results, we are able to quantify the size and the impact of three main biases that explain the anomalous behavior of participants: Bayesian updating, illusion of control and status quo bias.

Litigation Spending and Care under the English and American Rules: Experimental Evidence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baptiste Massenot ◽  
Maria Maraki ◽  
Christian Thöni
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Rent Seeking ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Settlement Rate ◽  
Levels Of Care ◽  
Personal Cost

Abstract We investigate the effects of fee-shifting in an experimental litigation game. In our setup, a defendant may cause harm to a plaintiff. The defendant can take precautions to lower the probability of harm at a personal cost. In case of harm, the parties go to court, where the winner is determined by a rent-seeking contest. We compare two fee-shifting rules: under the American rule each party bears its own litigation costs; under the English rule the loser has to reimburse the winner’s expenses. We test the hypothesis that the English rule leads to higher litigation spending but also to higher care compared to the American rule. The experimental results largely support the predictions: fee-shifting leads to higher litigation spending, which motivates higher levels of care. When the parties are offered the possibility to settle their dispute out of court, fee-shifting leads to even higher litigation spending in court, but it neither affects the settlement rate nor care.

Convective Losses From Cavity Solar Receivers—Comparisons Between Analytical Predictions and Experimental Results

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Clausing
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Excellent Agreement ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Simple Analytical Model ◽  
Refined Model ◽  
Wall Area

Cavity solar receivers are generally believed to have higher thermal efficiencies than external receivers due to reduced losses. A simple analytical model was presented by the author which indicated that the ability to heat the air inside the cavity often controls the convective loss from cavity receivers. Thus, if the receiver contains a large amount of inactive hot wall area, it can experience a large convective loss. Excellent experimental data from a variety of cavity configurations and orientations have recently become available. These data provided a means of testing and refining the analytical model. In this manuscript, a brief description of the refined model is presented. Emphasis is placed on using available experimental evidence to substantiate the hypothesized mechanisms and assumptions. Detailed comparisons are given between analytical predictions and experimental results. Excellent agreement is obtained, and the important mechanisms are more clearly delineated.

Experimental evidence for the need of thermodynamic considerations in modelling of anaerobic environmental bioprocesses

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choon-Yee Hoh ◽  
Ralf Cord-Ruwisch
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Positive Reaction ◽  
Rate Equation ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Product Inhibition ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics

For modeling of biological processes that operate close to the dynamic equilibrium (eg. anaerobic processes), it is critical to prevent the prediction of positive reaction rates when the reaction has already reached dynamic equilibrium. Traditional Michaelis-Menten based models were found to violate the laws of thermodynamics as they predicted positive reaction rates for reactions that were endergonic due to high endproduct concentrations. The inclusion of empirical “product inhibition factors” as suggested by previous work could not prevent this problem. This paper compares the predictions of the Michaelis-Menten Model (with and without product inhibition factors) and the Equilibrium Based Model (which has a thermodynamic term introduced into its rate equation) with experimental results of reactions in anaerobic bacterial environments. In contrast to the Michaelis-Menten based models that used traditional inhibition factors, the Equilibrium Based Model correctly predicted the nature and the degree of inhibition due to endproduct accumulation. Moreover, this model also correctly predicted when reaction rates must be zero due to the free energy change of the conversion reaction being zero. With these added advantages, the Equilibrium Based Model thus seemed to provide a scientifically correct and more realistic basis for a variety of models that describe anaerobic biosystems.

scholarly journals Investigation of thermal conductivity of single-wall carbon nanotubes

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 565-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Jafari ◽  
Majid Vaezzadeh ◽  
Momhamad Mansouri ◽  
Abazar Hajnorouzi
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Lattice Vibrations ◽  
Single Wall Carbon ◽  
Thermal Potential ◽  
Conductivity Behavior

In this paper, the thermal conductivity of Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is determined by lattice vibrations (phonons) and free elections. The thermal conductivity of SWCNTs is modeled up to 8-300 K and the observed deviations in K-T figures of SWCNTs are explained in terms of phonon vibrations models. An suitable theoretical model is shown for thermal conductivity behavior with respect to temperature and is generalized for experimental results. This model enables us to calculate thermal conductivity SWNTs and Thermal Potential Energy (TPE).

Theoretical Model for Interfacial Nonlinear Bond Softening Behavior between Embedded Steel and HSHPC

2007 ◽  
Vol 348-349 ◽  
pp. 845-848
Author(s):  
Shan Suo Zheng ◽  
Lei Li ◽  
Guo Zhuan Deng ◽  
Shun Li Che ◽  
Wei Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Performance Concrete ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Nonlinear Process ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Interfacial Bond ◽  
Bond Slip ◽  
Softening Behavior ◽  
Bond Softening

The latest experimental study on steel reinforced high strength and high performance concrete (SRHSHPC) specimens shows that there exists interfacial bond softening phenomenon between embedded steel and high strength and high performance concrete (HSHPC), and it makes the shear transfer capacity between shaped steel and HSHPC be progressively reduced. To predict failure load in design, a theoretical model for interfacial bond softening behavior is required. As interfacial bond softening behavior is a nonlinear process involving material properties, it can be analyzed once the relation of interfacial bond stress (τ ) and slippage ( s ) is known. In this paper, the mechanism of interfacial bond-slip is studied, thus a simplified τ − s relation including ascending and descending parts is proposed and employed to analyze the interfacial nonlinear bond-slip process. Based on the interfacial equilibrium between steel and HSHPC as well as the τ − s relation, the basic governing equations in both softened region and elastic region are established and solved for steel strain or stress. At last, the application of the model is verified through comparison with experimental results. The calculating results of the model are found to be in good agreement with experimental results, showing that the model can describe the bond-slip process in real material systems.

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