Genetic markers - morphological, biochemical and molecular markers.

2009 ◽  
pp. 53-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. White ◽  
W. T. Adams ◽  
D. B. Neale
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Genetic Markers

Gintarasia and Xalocoa, two new genera to accommodate temperate to subtropical species in the predominantly tropical Graphidaceae (Ostropales, Ascomycota)

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaphan Kraichak ◽  
Sittiporn Parnmen ◽  
Robert Lücking ◽  
H. Thorsten Lumbsch
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Phylogenetic Placement ◽  
Complex Chemistry ◽  
Subtropical Species

The phylogenetic placement of Chapsa lamellifera, C. megalophthalma and Diploschistes ocellatus was studied using a dataset of five genetic markers (mtSSU, nuLSU, RPB1, RPB2 and ITS). As extratropical species occurring in Australasia, C. lamellifera and C. megalophthalma differ from other species in that genus by having relatively large ascomata with muriform ascospores and complex chemistry of either the protocetraric or stictic acids chemosyndrome. D. ocellatus is unique within Diploschistes, in lacking lateral paraphyses and containing the norstictic acid chemosyndrome. Previous phylogenetic analysis gave inconclusive results regarding the phylogenetic position of these taxa, and hence in the present study, a larger sampling of molecular markers was employed. Our results demonstrated that the two Chapsa species and D. ocellatus are not part of their current genera. Consequently, the new genera Gintarasia Kraichak, Lücking & Lumbsch and Xalocoa Kraichak, Lücking & Lumbsch are described to accommodate these species. The new combinations Gintarasia lamellifera (Kantvilas & Vězda) Kraichak, Lücking & Lumbsch, G. lordhowensis (Mangold) Kraichak, Lücking & Lumbsch, G. megalophthalma (Müll. Arg.) Kraichak, Lücking & Lumbsch and Xalocoa ocellata (Vill.) Kraichak, Lücking & Lumbsch are also proposed.

scholarly journals SSR and SNP Markers for the Identification of Clones, Hybrids and Species Within the Genus Populus

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Schroeder ◽  
M. Fladung
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Interspecies Hybrids ◽  
Ssr And Snp Markers ◽  
Species Hybrids

Abstract Several poplar species within a section, but also between sections, are cross-compatible, thus a high number of interspecies-hybrids occur naturally or have been artificially produced during the last 100 years. Very often, systematically kept records on the production or vegetative propagation of poplar hybrids and/or clones have not been available to date. Hence the origin of the poplar plant material used for the generation of hybrids or clones is not quite clear in many cases, thus making the differentiation between the clones a difficult task. Therefore, genetic markers are needed to clearly identify and differentiate the species and hybrids in the genus Populus, including both identification of existing clones and the breeding of new ones. One aspect of this study is therefore to develop molecular markers for the identification and differentiation of species, hybrids, and clones of the genus Populus.

Population genetics and the conservation and management of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (S1) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Gene Frequencies ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Major Floods

Molecular genetics provides data with temporal and spatial scales unavailable from other disciplines. Patterns of genetic diversity are influenced by adaptive, environmental, and stochastic factors. The rate of change in genetic markers allows investigations of diversity on temporal scales resulting from recent history (hundreds of years) to deep evolutionary time (millions of years). Cryptic spatial population structure is often revealed by molecular markers. Phylogeographic analysis of genes within populations can unite demographics with glaciation, uplift, climatic shifts, or major floods. Historically, the application of genetic markers has been largely limited to analyses of gene frequencies and patterns of diversity. The consequences of genetic rarity are controversial in relationship to endangerment or patterns of extinction. However, it is widely recognized that genes reflect a species' evolutionary past and represent the raw material underlying the diversity of biological expression throughout a species' range. DNA provides the architecture necessary for a species' adaptation and future survival. Conservation of this evolutionary legacy is important considering anthropomorphic manipulation of a species and the environment upon which it depends. In this paper I investigate evolution and genetic variation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) based on the current literature. I further discuss conservation and restoration questions using molecular markers.

scholarly journals GENETIC MARKERS: COMPARATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF MOLECULAR MARKERS

2018 ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Chesnokov
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Genetic Marker ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Nucleic Acid Sequence ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Tandem Repeat Sequences ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Economic Price

With the creation of the molecular markers allowing to carry out analysis of genotypes on the level initial genetic information – DNA, onset one of the most multifarious and one of the most large in number class of markers at the present day. It is concerned with that each separate nucleic acid sequence is unique on its structure. Set of molecular and genetic methods, named as DNA-fingerprinting, most wide used in modern investigations for solving different problems in different biological areas. In this connection, necessity in comparative classification of modern molecular and genetic markers is actual. Based on published literature material it shown data on different classifications of molecular markers. Determined definition of term “marker” in genetics and breeding. Gave the characters and distinctive features of genetic markers. It given the definition what is “good” genetic marker as well as kinds, categories, variations and types on heredity of molecular markers. Manifested by means of molecular markers polymorphisms can classified on polymorphism of sequence itself (including nucleotide substitution and insertion-deletion) and polymorphism the number of tandem repeat sequences in repeated regions. Moreover, molecular markers can classify on two variations: anonymous, for which nucleotide acid sequence unknown and for manifestation of the molecular marker its detection not necessary (for example, RAPD, AFLP, RFLP), and announce (or determined), for which nucleic acid sequence is known or can be detect during analysis (for example, SNP, CAPS, STS). However, in independence on using of molecular markers the choice of method of investigation will be depend on investigated plant species as well. The next influence of molecular and genetic methods on genetics and practical breeding of plants will be depend on results, which will be obtain, in particular, on revealing the possibility or not possibility of genotyping of individual on single genetic marker as wel as on economic price of obtain informative data.

scholarly journals A Dense Genetic Map of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori, Covering All Chromosomes Based on 1018 Molecular Markers

Genetics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 150 (4) ◽  
pp. 1513-1525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Yasukochi
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Linkage Map ◽  
Bombyx Mori ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Genetic Map ◽  
Z Chromosome ◽  
Linkage Groups ◽  
Average Interval ◽  
Silkworm Bombyx Mori

Abstract A dense linkage map was constructed for the silkworm, Bombyx mori, containing 1018 genetic markers on all 27 autosomes and the Z chromosome. Most of the markers, covering ∼2000 cM, were randomly amplified polymorphic DNAs amplified with primer-pairs in combinations of 140 commercially available decanucleotides. In addition, eight known genes and five visible mutations were mapped. Bombyx homologues of engrailed and invected genes were found to be closely linked, as in Drosophila melanogaster. The average interval between markers was ∼2 cM, equal to ∼500 kb. The correspondence of seven linkage groups to counterparts of the conventional linkage map was determined. This map is the first linkage map in insects having a large number of chromosomes (n = 28) that covers all chromosomes without any gaps.

Detection of polymorphic loci in Arachis germplasm using random amplified polymorphic DNAs

Genome ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 885-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick G. Lanham ◽  
Sarah Fennell ◽  
J. P. Moss ◽  
W. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Polymorphic Markers ◽  
Arachis Species ◽  
Polymorphic Loci ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Potential Exploitation ◽  
Synthetic Amphidiploid

The development of easily scoreable genetic markers in Arachis will facilitate the introgression of desirable traits from wild species into adapted germplasm. We have used random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) to identify polymorphic molecular markers in a range of wild and cultivated Arachis species. From a total of sixty 10-mer oligonucleotide primers, 49 polymorphic loci were identified between a cultivated A. hypogaea type (TMV-2) and a synthetic amphidiploid (B × C)2 created from a A. batizocoi and A. chacoense cross. The inheritance of polymorphic markers, both in the amphidiploid and in the F1 progeny in a TMV-2 × (B × C)2 cross, has also been demonstrated. The potential exploitation of RAPD markers in groundnut improvement programs is discussed.Key words: groundnut, Arachis species, RAPDs, amphidiploid.

scholarly journals Investigation of genetic markers for intramuscular fat in the hybrid Wagyu cattle with bulked segregant analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Zhu ◽  
Liyun Han ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Xiaolong Kang ◽  
Xingang Dan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Bulked Segregant Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Mixed Population ◽  
High Density ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Qtls Mapping

Abstractulked Segregant Analysis (BSA) is a rapid strategy for identifying genetic markers in specific regions of the phenotypical population and it has been widely used for QTLs mapping in smaller mixed F2 and F3 populations. We applied a modified BSA method to assessed genome-wide homozygous and heterozygous linkage patterns in the Chinese Wagyu Beef Cattle F2/F3 mixed population. Two overlapped regions from F2 and F3 populations on autosomes were found with high-density heterozygote alleles between high and low intramuscular fat groups. Regions from 24.8 M ~ 29.6 M of chromosome 23 were identified as most significantly correlated to the intramuscular fat in our samples. We also identified other 4 potential loci on chromosomes 5, 9, 15, and 21 correlated with Intramuscular fat. This study provided a novel low-cost method for QTLs mapping and identify molecular markers of phenotypical changes in a small mixed population.

scholarly journals Genetic identification of the Putre’s oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) by ITS and microsatellites, a species recognized in Chile with Seal of Origin

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-194
Author(s):  
Roberto Contreras ◽  
◽  
Isabel Calle ◽  
Romulo Oses ◽  
Fernanda Aguayo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Genetic Identification ◽  
Geographical Indication ◽  
Origanum Vulgare ◽  
Technological Support ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Production Conditions ◽  
Organoleptic Attributes

Putre´s oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) is a variety of oregano that grown in the Arica-Parinacota Region. Its organoleptic attributes and unique production conditions have earned it a certification with Geographical Indication (GI). However, the demands of the markets require a scientific-technological support for identification and authentication of materials. In this context, was proposed to identify Putre's oregano by phylogenetic relationships based on the use of molecular markers SSR and "DNA Barcode". The results showed that when comparing materials from different sources of Putre´s oregano versus information from certified germplasms and GenBank sequences, added to the analysis with nuclear genetic markers, Putre´s oregano corresponds to the species Origanum vulgare L. subsp virens. This precise identification will support the correct differentiation and authentication of this genotype, serving in addition to supporting the GI.

scholarly journals Investigation of Genetic Markers for Intramuscular Fat in the Hybrid Wagyu Cattle With Bulked Segregant Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Zhu ◽  
Liyun Han ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Xiaolong Kang ◽  
Xingang Dan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Bulked Segregant Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Mixed Population ◽  
High Density ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Qtls Mapping

Abstract Bulked Segregant Analysis（BSA）is a rapid strategy for identifying genetic markers in specific regions of the phenotypical population and it has been widely used for QTLs mapping in smaller mixed F2 and F3 populations. We applied a modified BSA method to assessed genome-wide homozygous and heterozygous linkage patterns in the Chinese Wagyu Beef Cattle F2/F3 mixed population. Two overlapped regions from F2 and F3 populations on autosomes were found with high-density heterozygote alleles between high and low intramuscular fat groups. Regions from 24.8M~29.6M of chromosome 23 were identified as most significantly correlated to the intramuscular fat in our samples. We also identified other 4 potential loci on chromosomes 5, 9, 15, and 21 correlated with Intramuscular fat. This study provided a novel low-cost method for QTLs mapping and identify molecular markers of phenotypical changes in a small mixed population.

scholarly journals Simulation of marker assisted selection in hybrid populations

1994 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gimelfarb ◽  
R. Lande
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Linkage Disequilibrium ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Computer Model ◽  
Marker Assisted Selection ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Response To Selection ◽  
Molecular Information ◽  
Efficiency Of Selection

SummaryA computer model is developed that simulates Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) in a population produced by a cross between two inbred lines. Selection is based on an index that incorporates both phenotypic and molecular information. Molecular markers contributing to the index and their relative weights are determined by multiple regression of individual phenotype on the markers. The model is applied to investigate the efficiency of MAS as affected by several factors including total number of markers in the genome, number of markers contributing to the index, population size and heritability of the character. It is demonstrated that selection based on genetic markers can effectively utilize the linkage disequilibrium between genetic markers and QTLs created by crossing inbred lines. Selection is more efficient if markers contributing to the index are re-evaluated each generation than if they are evaluated only once. Increasing the total number of markers in the genome as well as the number of markers contributing to the index does not necessarily result in a higher efficiency of selection. Moreover, too many markers may result in a weaker response to selection. Population size is shown to be the most important factor affecting the efficiency of MAS.

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