Activatable fluorogenic probe for accurate imaging ulcerative colitis hypoxia in vivo

A simple but efficient fluorogenic probe is reported for accurate imaging of ulcerative colitis via hypoxia detection. The hypoxia produced by ulcerative colitis can lead to the upregulation of nitroreductase...

Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome and the Role of Imaging: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Associated Cancers

The Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (PJS) is an autosomal dominant neoplastic syndrome defined by hamartomatous polyps through the gastrointestinal tract, development of characteristic mucocutaneous pigmentations, and an elevated lifetime cancer risk. The majority of cases are due to a mutation in the STK11 gene located at 19p13.3. The estimated incidence of PJS ranges from 1:50,000 to 1:200,000. PJS carries an elevated risk of malignancies including gastrointestinal, breast, lung, and genitourinary (GU) neoplasms. Patients with PJS are at a 15- to 18-fold increased malignancy risk relative to the general population. Radiologists have an integral role in the diagnosis of these patients. Various imaging modalities are used to screen for malignancies and complications associated with PJS. Awareness of various PJS imaging patterns, associated malignancies, and their complications is crucial for accurate imaging interpretation and patient management. In this manuscript, we provide a comprehensive overview of PJS, associated malignancies, and surveillance protocols.

A Modified Range Migration Algorithm for FMCW SAR Signal Processing

The range migration algorithm (RMA) is an accurate imaging method for processing synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signals. However, this algorithm requires a big amount of computation when performing Stolt mapping. In high squint and wide beamwidth imaging, this operation also requires big memory size to store the result spectrum after Stolt mapping because the spectrum will be significantly expanded. A modified Stolt mapping that does not expand the signal spectrum while still maintains the processing accuracy is proposed in this paper to improve the efficiency of the RMA when processing frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) SAR signals. The modified RMA has roughly the same computational load and required the same memory size as the range Doppler algorithm (RDA) when processing FMCW SAR data. In extreme cases when the original spectrum is significantly modified by the Stolt mapping, the modified RMA achieves better focusing quality than the traditional RMA. Simulation and real data is used to verify the performance of the proposed RMA.

Current uses, emerging applications, and clinical integration of artificial intelligence in neuroradiology

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science with a variety of subfields and techniques, exploited to serve as a deductive tool that performs tasks originally requiring human cognition. AI tools and its subdomains are being incorporated into healthcare delivery for the improvement of medical data interpretation encompassing clinical management, diagnostics, and prognostic outcomes. In the field of neuroradiology, AI manifested through deep machine learning and connected neural networks (CNNs) has demonstrated incredible accuracy in identifying pathology and aiding in diagnosis and prognostication in several areas of neurology and neurosurgery. In this literature review, we survey the available clinical data highlighting the utilization of AI in the field of neuroradiology across multiple neurological and neurosurgical subspecialties. In addition, we discuss the emerging role of AI in neuroradiology, its strengths and limitations, as well as future needs in strengthening its role in clinical practice. Our review evaluated data across several subspecialties of neurology and neurosurgery including vascular neurology, spinal pathology, traumatic brain injury (TBI), neuro-oncology, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and epilepsy. AI has established a strong presence within the realm of neuroradiology as a successful and largely supportive technology aiding in the interpretation, diagnosis, and even prognostication of various pathologies. More research is warranted to establish its full scientific validity and determine its maximum potential to aid in optimizing and providing the most accurate imaging interpretation.

Urine analysis in KUB calculi in a tertiary care hospital

Background: This study was conducted to study the complete urine examination in patients presented with stones in kidney ureter and bladder.Methods: A retrospective study was done in patients with KUB stones who are attended OP or admitted in Saveetha Medical College and Hospital from January 2019 to December 2019. The data was collected from the Department of Urology, Radiology and Clinical pathology and entered in excel sheet, analysed descriptively. In our study 1000 cases were found to be CT-KUB and their urine samples are examined by dipstick method, microscopic examination and computed tomography (kidney ureter bladder) remain the most accurate imaging modality to detect kidney stones and to direct management.Results: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1000 patients with KUB stones and their urine examination was done. CT-KUB stones are found in the kidney of 540 patients, ureter- 440 patients, bladder- 20 patients respectively. In our study 17-70 years age group of patients were presented with stones and their urine examination showed RBC (30%), protein (21%), pus cells and leukocytes (26%).Conclusions: The present study found abnormal components are present in urine of KUB stone patients such as Red blood cells, Protein, Pus cells and leukocytes present. Hence it is mandatory to check the urine examination in-KUB Stone patients to prevent the further consequences in kidney, ureter and bladder.

REAL-TIME 3D IMAGING OF COMPLEX TURBIDITIC RESERVOIR ARCHITECTURE

Siliciclastic turbidite lobes and channels are known to exhibit varying degrees of architectural complexity. Understanding the elements that contribute to this complexity is the key to optimizing drilling targets, completions designs and long-term production. Several methods for 3D reservoir modelling based on seismic and electromagnetic (EM) data are available that are often complemented with outcrop, core and well log data studies. This paper explores an ultra-deep 3D EM inversion process during real-time drilling and how it can enhance the reservoir understanding beyond the existing approaches. The new generation of ultra-deep triaxial EM logging tools provide full-tensor, multi-component data with large depths of detection, allowing a range of geophysical inversion processing techniques to be implemented. A Gauss-Newton-based 3D inversion using semi-structured meshing was adapted to support real-time inversion of ultra-deep EM data while drilling. This 3D processing methodology provides more accurate imaging of the 3D architectural elements of the reservoir compared to earlier independent up-down, right-left imaging using 1D and 2D processing methods. This technology was trialed in multiple wells in the Heimdal Formation, a siliciclastic Palaeocene reservoir in the North Sea. The Heimdal Fm. sandstones are generally considered to be of excellent reservoir quality, deposited through many turbiditic pulses of variable energy. The presence of thin intra-reservoir shales, fine-grained sands, heterolithic zones and calcite-cemented intervals add architectural complexity to the reservoir and subsequently impacts the fluid flow within the sands. These features are responsible for heterogeneities that create tortuosity in the reservoir. When combined with more than a decade of production, they have caused significant localized movement of oil-water and gas-oil contacts. Ultra-deep 3D EM measurements have sensitivity to both rock and fluid properties within the EM field volume. They can, therefore, be applied to mapping both the internal reservoir structure and the oil-water contacts in the field. The enhanced imaging provided by the 3D inversion technology has allowed the interpretation of what appears to be laterally stacked turbidite channel fill deposits within a cross-axial amalgamated reservoir section. Accurate imaging of these elements has provided strong evidence of this depositional mechanism for the first time and added structural control in an area with little or no seismic signal.

Radiological Anatomy of Stomach and Duodenum with Clinical Significance

Anatomy is the key to accurate imaging interpretation. It is essential for radiologists to thoroughly understand the normal anatomy and spatial relationships of the stomach and duodenum to accurately localize the site of abnormality. In this article, we describe in detail the gross and applied radiological anatomy of the stomach and duodenum, and the current role of various radiological investigations (including barium studies, endoscopic ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging) in the evaluation of the diseases involving the stomach and duodenum.

Construction of nanomaterials as contrast agents or probes for glioma imaging

Malignant glioma remains incurable largely due to the aggressive and infiltrative nature, as well as the existence of blood–brain-barrier (BBB). Precise diagnosis of glioma, which aims to accurately delineate the tumor boundary for guiding surgical resection and provide reliable feedback of the therapeutic outcomes, is the critical step for successful treatment. Numerous imaging modalities have been developed for the efficient diagnosis of tumors from structural or functional aspects. However, the presence of BBB largely hampers the entrance of contrast agents (Cas) or probes into the brain, rendering the imaging performance highly compromised. The development of nanomaterials provides promising strategies for constructing nano-sized Cas or probes for accurate imaging of glioma owing to the BBB crossing ability and other unique advantages of nanomaterials, such as high loading capacity and stimuli-responsive properties. In this review, the recent progress of nanomaterials applied in single modal imaging modality and multimodal imaging for a comprehensive diagnosis is thoroughly summarized. Finally, the prospects and challenges are offered with the hope for its better development.

Lymph Node Ultrasound in Lymphoproliferative Disorders: Where Are We Now?

Lymphoproliferative disorders are one of the most frequent hematological malignancies affecting the blood and lymphatic system. To better stratify patients, an accurate imaging evaluation is needed. Although computed tomography and positron emission tomography are considered the standard methods, these procedures have several clinical drawbacks, such as biological risk and high costs. Ultrasound (US) is a rapid and user-friendly method to evaluate lymph node (LN) and organ enlargements. US imaging provides more sensitive information about LN structure, vascularization, and metabolism and new techniques have increased its specificity, especially in malignant setting. However, validated and standardized criteria for its use are missing, with only several single-center experiences reported. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to review and briefly illustrate the status of the US knowledge and applications in lymphoproliferative workup, particularly concerning malignant LN pathology.

Radiographic and MRI Assessment of the Thrower’s Elbow

Purpose of Review Throwing athletes are vulnerable to elbow injuries, especially in the medial elbow, related to high stress and valgus load in both acute and chronic settings as a result of this complex biomechanical action. This current review details the relevant anatomy and imaging features of common elbow pathology identified with radiographs and MRI in throwing athletes. Recent Findings Although elbow pathology in throwing athletes is well documented, advances in imaging technology and technique, particularly with MRI, have allowed for more detailed and accurate imaging description and diagnosis. Summary Pathology of thrower’s elbow occurs in predictable patterns and can be reliably identified radiologically. Clinical history and physical examination should guide radiologic evaluation initially with radiographs and followed by an MRI optimized to the clinical question. Constellation of clinical, physical, and radiologic assessments should be used to guide management.