Influence of chicory roots (Cichorium intybusL)on boar taint in entire male and female pigs

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Hansen ◽  
H. Mejer ◽  
S. M. Thamsborg ◽  
D. V. Byrne ◽  
A. Roepstorff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Boar Taint ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Breakdown Product ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Entire Male ◽  
Chicory Roots

AbstractBoar taint is an off-flavour of pork caused primarily by a microbial breakdown product, skatole and a testicular steroid, androstenone. As skatole is produced in the large intestine from tryptophan, it is possible that some ‘bioactive’ ingredients could modify protein fermentation and, in the process, diminish boar taint. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of inulin-rich chicory roots (Cichorium intybusL.) on boar taint. In the first of three trials individually penned, entire males and females were given an organic concentrate in which 0·25 of the daily energy intake was replaced with crude chicory roots for 9 or 4 weeks prior to slaughter. In the second trial, entire male pigs were given diets that included, either crude chicory roots, dried chicory roots, or inulin (extracted from chicory roots) for 6 weeks pre-slaughter. In the third trial, intact male pigs were given the dried chicory diet for either 2 or 1 week before slaughter. In all trials the chicory diets were offered on a scale at 0·95 of the Danish recommendation for energy intake, and pig performance was compared with a control group given the organic concentrate at 0·95 of recommended energy intake plus silage ad libitum. In trial 1 an additional control group was offered the organic concentrate at a daily energy intake level of 1·0 of Danish recommendations. The pigs in trials 1, 2, and 3 were slaughtered at an average live weight of 118, 124, and 110 kg, respectively, in order to ensure that they had achieved sexual maturity. Overall, skatole concentrations in blood plasma and backfat at slaughter were reduced to almost zero levels by including crude or dried chicory or inulin in the diet. This occurred irrespective of sex and length of feeding period (1 to 9 weeks). In trial 3 a significant effect on blood plasma concentration was observed after 3 days of feeding a diet containing dried chicory. The only significant reduction in plasma androstenone levels was detected in pigs given the crude chicory for a 9 week duration in trial 1. The production and proportion of lean was generally not affected by the addition of either form of chicory to the diets in trials 1 and 2. Therefore, dried chicory may be the most suitable form for commercial use because it: had no initial adverse effects on food intake, consistently reduced skatole without reducing performance, was easy to handle throughout the entire year and is relatively inexpensive.

Eating traits in relation to performance and carcass traits of restrictedly fed group-housed finishing pigs

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. L. Ramaekers ◽  
J. W. G. M. Swinkels ◽  
J. H. Huiskes ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Tissue Content ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractSeventy-two crossbred barrows (28.7 ± 0.3 kg live weight (LW)) were used to examine whether there is a relation between eating traits, and performance and carcass traits in ad libitum and restrictedly fed group-housed pigs. The experiment included two replicates, each consisting of 36 pigs. From day 1 to 42, all pigs were maintained with free access to a starter diet containing 12.7 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) and 8.2 g ileal apparent digestible lysine per kg. The experimental period was from day 42 (55.9 kg LW) to the end of the experiment (110.2 kg LW). The pigs in treatment 1 were maintained with free access to a high (H) energy diet (13.1 MJ ME and 7.1 g ileal apparent digestible lysine per kg). For pigs in treatments 2 and 3 the daily energy allowance per pig was restricted to 18 MJ ME above the daily energy requirement for maintenance using diet H, and a low (L) energy diet (12.5 MJ ME and 6.7 g ileal apparent digestible lysine per kg), respectively. The weekly measured LW was used to compute the energy requirements for maintenance (M = 0·719 MJ ME × LW (kg)0.63). Daily food intake and eating traits per pig were determined using transponders and an electronic feeding station equipped with an antenna.Daily energy intake of the ad libitum and restrictedly fed pigs was correlated with growth and lean meat tissue content of the carcass. In the pigs given food ad libitum, daily energy intake was correlated with daily feeder visiting time, time per meal and food intake per meal, but not with number of meals per day and rate of food intake. In the restricted treatments, number of meals per day was correlated with energy intake, but not with lean tissue content of the carcass. In conclusion, number of meals per day explained part of the variation of lean tissue content of the carcass in ad libitum, but not in restrictedly fed group-housed pigs.

The effect of body weight and energy intake on the composition of deposited tissue in pigs

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. de Greef ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen ◽  
B. Kemp ◽  
P. L. van der Togt
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Weight Range ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Entire Male

AbstractMany pig growth models assume that there is no effect of energy intake and of body weight on the ratio of lipid to protein deposition rate in pigs below their maximal protein deposition rate. An experiment was performed to check whether an effect of body weight and of amount of energy intake on this partitioning of energy is indeed absent when protein deposition is limited by energy intake. Two constant amounts of energy were given above maintenance requirement (12·6 and 16·3 MJ digestible energy (DE) per day for production, treatment L and H, respectively). A total of 52 entire male pigs were slaughtered at 25,45, 65, 85 or 105 kg live weight. Results showed that, for both levels of intake, the ratio of lipid to protein deposition rate increased with increasing body weight. At the L energy intake, the ratio of lipid to protein deposition rate increased from 0·74 at 25 kg to 0·99 at 105 kg body weight. In animals receiving the H treatment, the ratio of lipid to protein deposition rate increased from 0·82 to 1·35 in that weight range. This change in nutrient partition was also reflected in daily gain. Daily gain declined with increasing live weight, a decrease of 150 g/day over the weight range 25 to 105 kg. The 3·7 MJ DE difference in energy intake between treatment H and L resulted in an average overall difference of 105 g daily gain. A control group fed ad libitum showed that protein deposition capacity was above 200 g/day, thus the pigs at the L and H treatment were below their protein deposition capacity. It was concluded that both live weight and energy intake influence the ratio of lipid to protein deposition rate. The mechanism of partitioning between lipid and protein deposition below maximal protein deposition capacity needs further specification in order to improve the predictions of growth models which use the linear-plateau concept.

scholarly journals The Mode of Action of Chicory Roots on Skatole Production in Entire Male Pigs Is neither via Reducing the Population of Skatole-Producing Bacteria nor via Increased Butyrate Production in the Hindgut

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqiong Li ◽  
Bent Borg Jensen ◽  
Nuria Canibe
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Boar Taint ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Butyrate Production ◽  
Entire Male ◽  
Chicory Roots

ABSTRACTThe effect of high levels of dietary chicory roots (25%) and intracecal exogenous butyrate infusion on skatole formation and gut microbiota was investigated in order to clarify the mechanisms underlying the known reducing effect of chicory roots on skatole production in entire male pigs. A Latin square design with 3 treatments (control, chicory, and butyrate), 3 periods, and 6 animals was carried out. Chicory roots showed the lowest numerical levels of skatole in both feces and plasma and butyrate infusion the highest. In the chicory group, an increased abundance of the skatole-producing bacteriumOlsenella scatoligenescompared to the control group (P= 0.06), and a numerically higher relative abundance ofOlsenellathan for the control and butyrate groups, was observed. Regarding butyrate-producing bacteria, the chicory group had lower abundance ofRoseburiabut a numerically higher abundance ofMegasphaerathan the control group. Lower species richness was found in the chicory group than in the butyrate group. Moreover, beta diversity revealed that the chicory group formed a distinct cluster, whereas the control and butyrate groups clustered more closely to each other. The current data indicated that the skatole-reducing effect of chicory roots is neither via inhibition of cell apoptosis by butyrate nor via suppression of skatole-producing bacteria in the pig hindgut. Thus, the mode of action is most likely through increased microbial activity with a corresponding high incorporation of amino acids into bacterial biomass, and thereby suppressed conversion of tryptophan into skatole, as indicated in the literature.IMPORTANCECastration is practiced to avoid the development of boar taint, which negatively affects the taste and odor of pork, and undesirable aggressive behavior. Due to animal welfare issues, alternatives to surgical castration are sought, though. Boar taint is a result of high concentrations of skatole and androstenone in back fat. Skatole is produced by microbial fermentation in the large intestine, and therefore, its production can be influenced by manipulation of the microbiota. Highly fermentable dietary fiber reduces skatole production. However, various theories have been proposed to explain the mode of action. In order to search for other alternatives, more efficient or less expensive, to reduce skatole via feeding, it is important to elucidate the mechanism behind the observed effect of highly fermentable dietary fiber on skatole. Our results indicate that highly fermentable dietary fiber does not affect skatole production by reducing the number of skatole-producing bacteria or stimulating butyrate production in the large intestine.

scholarly journals Influence of Ultra-Processed Foods Consumption on Redox Status and Inflammatory Signaling in Young Celiac Patients

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Teresa Nestares ◽  
Rafael Martín-Masot ◽  
Marta Flor-Alemany ◽  
Antonela Bonavita ◽  
José Maldonado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Moderate Physical Activity ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Inflammatory Signaling ◽  
Daily Energy

The current study was designed to assess the influence of consumption of ultra-processed (UPF) on oxidative/antioxidant balance and evoked inflammatory signaling in young patients with celiac disease (CD). The study included 85 children. The celiac group (n = 53) included children with CD with a long (>18 months, n = 17) or recent (<18 months, n = 36) adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). The control group (n = 32) included healthy children with a significantly higher consumption of UPF compared to the control group, both expressed as kcal/day (p = 0.043) and as percentage of daily energy intake (p = 0.023). Among children with CD, the group with the lowest consumption of UPF (below the 50% of daily energy intake) had a greater Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence and higher moderate physical activity levels. In addition, CD children with the lowest consumption of UPF had healthier redox (lower soluble superoxide dismutase-1 and 15-F2t-isoprostanes) and inflammatory profiles (lower macrophage inflammatory protein-1α) compared to the group with the highest consumption of UPF (all, p < 0.05) regardless of the time on a GFD. These findings highlight the importance of a correct monitoring of the GFD. An unbalanced GFD with high consumption of UPF and an unhealthy pattern with less physical activity and worse adherence to MD results in a worse inflammatory profile, which could act as a parallel pathway that could have important consequences on the pathophysiology of the disease.

scholarly journals Effects of a Protein-Rich, Low-Glycaemic Meal Replacement on Changes in Dietary Intake and Body Weight Following a Weight-Management Intervention—The ACOORH Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 376
Author(s):  
Martin Röhling ◽  
Andrea Stensitzky ◽  
Camila L. P. Oliveira ◽  
Andrea Beck ◽  
Klaus Michael Braumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Lifestyle Intervention ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Meal Replacement ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Protein Rich

Although meal replacement can lead to weight reduction, there is uncertainty whether this dietary approach implemented into a lifestyle programme can improve long-term dietary intake. In this subanalysis of the Almased Concept against Overweight and Obesity and Related Health Risk (ACOORH) study (n = 463), participants with metabolic risk factors were randomly assigned to either a meal replacement-based lifestyle intervention group (INT) or a lifestyle intervention control group (CON). This subanalysis relies only on data of participants (n = 119) who returned correctly completed dietary records at baseline, and after 12 and 52 weeks. Both groups were not matched for nutrient composition at baseline. These data were further stratified by sex and also associated with weight change. INT showed a higher increase in protein intake related to the daily energy intake after 12 weeks (+6.37% [4.69; 8.04] vs. +2.48% [0.73; 4.23], p < 0.001) of intervention compared to CON. Fat and carbohydrate intake related to the daily energy intake were more strongly reduced in the INT compared to CON (both p < 0.01). After sex stratification, particularly INT-women increased their total protein intake after 12 (INT: +12.7 g vs. CON: −5.1 g, p = 0.021) and 52 weeks (INT: +5.7 g vs. CON: −16.4 g, p = 0.002) compared to CON. Protein intake was negatively associated with weight change (r = −0.421; p < 0.001) after 12 weeks. The results indicate that a protein-rich dietary strategy with a meal replacement can improve long-term nutritional intake, and was associated with weight loss.

scholarly journals Does Increased Exercise or Physical Activity Alter Ad-Libitum Daily Energy Intake or Macronutrient Composition in Healthy Adults? A Systematic Review

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e83498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Donnelly ◽  
Stephen D. Herrmann ◽  
Kate Lambourne ◽  
Amanda N. Szabo ◽  
Jeffery J. Honas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum

scholarly journals Protein content of diets dictates the daily energy intake of a free-ranging primate

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika M. Felton ◽  
Adam Felton ◽  
David Raubenheimer ◽  
Stephen J. Simpson ◽  
William J. Foley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Free Ranging

scholarly journals Breakfast eating among Brazilian adolescents: Analysis of the National Dietary Survey 2008-2009

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luana Silva MONTEIRO ◽  
Amanda de Moura SOUZA ◽  
Bruna Kulik HASSAN ◽  
Camilla Chermont Prochnik ESTIMA ◽  
Rosely SICHIERI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Food Record ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Processed Meats ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Breakfast Eating ◽  
Income Quartile

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize breakfast eating among Brazilian adolescents. Methods: Food intake was estimated based on a 1-day food record of adolescents aged 10-19 years, according to the first National Diet Survey (2008-2009). Breakfast was considered as the first meal of the day eaten between 4 and 11 am. Results: Ninety-three percent of adolescents reported eating breakfast. This meal contributed to 17.7% of the daily energy intake. The most commonly consumed food groups were: coffee and tea, breads, butter/margarine, milk, cakes and cookies, packaged snacks, corn-based dishes, cheese, processed meats, and fruit juice. In the Northern region there was a higher frequency of coffee and tea and roots and tubers intake and lower frequency of milk intake than that in the other regions in the country. In the Northeastern region, the intake of corn and eggs was high; in the Southern region, there was high intake of processed meats and fruits. Adolescents from families in the first income quartile reported higher intake of coffee and tea, packaged snacks, corn, and roots and tubers intake, and lower intake of milk and dairy products. Adolescents from families in the highest income quartile reported higher intake of milk, fruit juice, cheese, and sugar-added beverages. Conclusion: In Brazil, the contribution of breakfast to daily energy intake among adolescents is low. The nutritional quality of breakfast improved with increased income. The three most frequently consumed items were coffee and tea, breads, and butter/margarine.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document