scholarly journals Nature of the effects of bran on digestive transit time in pigs

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 685-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Bardon ◽  
J. Fioramonti
Keyword(s):  
Transit Time ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Milk Diet ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Faecal Output ◽  
Mechanical Factors ◽  
In Transit

1. Transit time of digesta, faecai volatile fatty acids (VFA) excretion and faecal output were measured in four pigs (initially of 90 kg live weight) fitted with chronic catheters inserted into the caecum.2. Each pig was given a basal milk diet (20 g/kg live weight per d) for 30 d and then received successively four further treatments: the basal diet with bran (100 g/d), the bran-supplemented diet with a daily administration of neomycin (100 mg/kg orally and 100 mg/kg intracaecally), the basal diet with continuous intracaecal infusion of either saline (9 g sodium chloride/1) or with VFA solution (100 mM/h) at the same rate.3. The mean retention time of the polyvinyl chloride marker was reduced from 98·6 h on the milk diet to 64·3 h on the milk + bran diet. This transit time was notsignificantly modified by neomycin treatment.4. Daily faecal excretion of VFA was significantly affected by the diet: the additionof bran induced a 167% increase from the milk diet; neomycin treatment reduced VFA excretion with the bran-supplemented diet from 11·3 mM/d to 6·3 mM/d whereas during VFA infusion, excretion levels were twice those of the basal diet.5. Infusion of VFA solution on the milk diet induced an 11% increase in transit time,without any change in faecal output and dry matter.6. In conclusion, it is suggested that the decrease in transit time associated with bran supplementation is mediated by direct mechanical factors rather than fermentation products, including VFA.

scholarly journals The digestion process of the sugar alcohol isomalt in the intestinal tract of the pig

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Van Weerden ◽  
J. Huisman
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Secondary Effect ◽  
Sugar Alcohol ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Digestion Process

In a study with twelve pigs of 60–70 kg live weight provided with a re-entrant cannula at the end of the ileum, and twelve intact, non-cannulated pigs, the fate of dietary doses of 100 and 200 g isomalt/kg during gastrointestinal passage was examined. From sugar analyses in ileal chyme it was calculated that 0.43 and 0.30 of the isomalt consumed was digested in the small intestine with the 100 and 200 g/kg doses of isomalt respectively. From findings on ileal energy digestibility it was calculated that, because of a secondary effect of isomalt on the digestion of the basal diet, isomalt digestibility in the small intestine was distinctly lower. In faeces no sugars were found, so faecal digestibility of isomalt was 1.00 for both doses. The bacterial fermentation in the large intestine of the isomalt not digested in the small intestine caused an increase in the faecal excretion of nitrogen and energy. This increased faecal excretion was hardly (nitrogen) or not (energy) compensated by a decreased urinary excretion.

scholarly journals The effect of age, sex and level of intake of dietary fibre from wheat on large-bowel function in thirty healthy subjects

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison M. Stephen ◽  
H. S. Wiggins ◽  
H. N. Englyst ◽  
T. J. Cole ◽  
B. J. Wayman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transit Time ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Bowel Function ◽  
White Bread ◽  
Stool Weight ◽  
Transit Times ◽  
Slow Transit ◽  
In Transit ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Faecal Ph

1. To evaluate the effect of age, sex and level of intake on the colonic response to wheat fibre, thirty healthy volunteers aged 17–62 years (nineteen men, eleven women) recruited from a local industry, were divided into four groups and given a controlled diet for two 3-week periods. The diet contained white bread during one period or one of four different amounts of bran-enriched wholemeal bread during the other (30, 60, 110, 170 g/d).2. Wide variation was observed between subjects in stool weight on the basal diet and in response to wheat fibre. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the variation in stool weight was significantly related to sex (t4.0, P <0.001) but not to age, height, weight or energy:fibre intakes on the basal diet. Stool weight in men (162(SE 11) g/d) was approximately double that in women (83(SE 11) g/d). Transit time and stool weight were closely related and the effect of sex on stool weight could be explained entirely by differences in transit.4. Faecal carbohydrate excretion increased with the addition of bran mainly due to increased amounts of cellulose and pentose (arabinose+xylose), whilst digestibility of dietary non-starch polysaccharide fell from 77.6 (SE 2.3)% on the white bread diet to 65.6 (SE 2.4)% with the added bran (t 7.4, P < 0.01, n26).5. Faecal pH was more acid in men than in women and was related to methane production. Methane producers had higher faecal pH than non-producers (7.06 (SE 0.1 1) v. 6.65 (SE O.1)), lower stool weight (g/d; 93 (SE 12) v. 156 (SE 13)) and slower transit times (h; 84.6 (SE 11.7) v. 48.6 (SE 6.6)).6. These studies show that, when on similar diets, women have much lower stool weights and slower transit times than men. Furthermore, within the range of amounts of wheat fibre used in this and other published work, stool weight increases in linear proportion to the dose of fibre added to the diet. Methane excretion in breath is associated in this group of subjects with slow transit time and high faecal pH.

Effect of supplementation with different proportions of barley grain or citrus pulp on the digestive utilization of ammonia-treated straw by sheep

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Barrios-Urdanetat ◽  
M. Fondevila ◽  
C. Castrillo
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Dietary Treatments

AbstractThe effect of carbohydrate supplementation on rumen utilization of ammonia-treated straw was studied in four rumen-cannulated ewes (42•0 (s.e. 2•80) kg live weight) in a Latin-square design. Diets were a 50: 50 mixture of ammoniated barley straw and a concentrate made up with different ratios of barley grain and citrus pulp, namely M1 (100: 0), M2 (66: 33), M3 (33: 66) and M4 (0: 100). Concentrates also included soya-bean meal and urea to make diets isonitrogenous. Diets were given in one meal in the morning at 0•8 kg/day. There were no significant differences among treatments in daily weighted means of rumen pH and concentration of volatile fatty acids. Acetate, propionate and butyrate molar proportions were not different among treatments, but proportions of isobutyrate (P < 0•05) and isovalerate (P < 0•10) were higher for M1 and M2. Ammonia concentration immediately before feeding was lower (P < 0•05) for M3 and M4 (72•1 and 51•3 mg/l) than for M1 and M2 (97•0 and 107•9 mg/ l). Total rumen bacterial concentration was higher (P < 0•05) with the highest barley proportion, whereas enzymatic activity against structural carbohydrates of particle-associated bacteria did not differ significantly among treatments. Digestibility of neutral-detergent fibre increased (P < 0•05) with the increase in the proportion of citrus pulp in the concentrate (0•647, 0•674, 0•684 and 0•693 for M1, M2, M3 and M4; s.e. = 0•0086). Urinary excretion of purine derivatives decreased linearly (P < 0•05) as the proportion of citrus pulp in the diet increased, while faecal excretion of purine bases was not significantly affected by dietary treatments.

scholarly journals Utilization of salts of volatile fatty acids by growing sheep

1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
D. M. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
High Level ◽  
Basal Ration

1. An experiment was conducted in which sodium and calcium salts of acetic, propionic and butyric acids were given to groups of eight lambs as additions to basal diets of hay and concentrate. Two control groups were included, one group which received only the basal ration and one high-level control group which received sufficient additional concentrate to achieve growth rates greater than those of the groups receiving volatile fatty acid (VFA) salts. 2. With rumen-fistulated sheep, the effect on the rumen VFA composition and the pH of the rumen liquor, of diets supplemented with VFA salts given twice daily, was also investigated and compared with the effect of the basal diet alone. 3. The lambs receiving the VFA salts grew faster and achieved significantly greater empty body and carcass weights than those receiving only the basal rations; the high-level control group had significantly greater empty body and carcass weights than groups receiving salts of VFA. 4. There were no differences approaching significance in the efficiency of the three VFA in promoting gains in live weight, empty body weight and carcass weight. There appeared to be equal efficiency of utilization of the gross energy of the VFA and of the calculatedmetabolizable energy of the concentrates. 5. The effect of twice-daily feeding on the rumen VFA composition was that the concentration of the supple- mentary acid was greatest shortly after feeding, and about 5–6 h after feeding the effect was difficult to detect. There were no differences in the pH of the rumen liquor between animals given diets containing VFA salts and those given the basal ration.

scholarly journals Utilization of salts of volatile fatty acids by growing sheep

1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
D. M. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Basal Ration

1. The effect, on the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen, of increasing the frequency of feeding from twice daily to four or six times daily was investigated in sheep given isocaloric rations containing VFA salts. In a second experiment isocaloric rations containing acetate and propionate were given to groups of lambs in two or six equal feeds daily. The efficiency with which the lambs utilized the VFA salts was measured as gain in live weight, empty body weight and carcass weight and was compared to that of lambs receiving only the basal ration. The composition of the carcasses was estimated from that of the loin. 2. Increasing the frequency of feeding from twice daily to four or six times daily significantly reduced the marked changes in rumen VFA composition associated with giving rations containing VFA salts twice daily. In lambs receiving acetate and propionate, final live weight, empty body weight and carcass weight were significantly greater than in lambs receiving only the basal ration (P < 0.001). The combustible energy from added VFA was apparently utilized more efficiently than the calculated metabolizable energy of the basal rations given above maintenance level, and there was no difference between the utilization of acetate and propionate. 3. There were no differences approaching significance between feeding twice daily and six times daily either between groups of lambs receiving only the basal diet or between those given the diets supplemented with VFA salts. Nor were there any interactions between VFA and frequency of feeding. 4. It is postulated that in ruminants the effect of frequency of feeding depends on the environment and level of feeding.

Effect of inclusion of sunflower hulls in the diet on performance, disaccharidase activity in the small intestine and caecal traits of growing rabbits

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nicodemus ◽  
J. García ◽  
R. Carabaño ◽  
J. C. de Blas
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Disaccharidase Activity ◽  
Food Efficiency ◽  
Caecal Fermentation

AbstractA basal diet was formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of growing rabbits. Another diet was formulated by substituting 152 g/kg of the basal diet with sunflower hulls (SH diet). One hundred and sixty-eight weaned 30-day-old rabbits were given these diets and finishing performance was recorded. Eighty animals were used to study the effect of SH inclusion on caecal fermentation traits at two ages (5 and 35 days after weaning) and disaccharidase activity in the small intestine at 35 days after weaning. Inclusion of SH in the diet reduced growth rate by proportionately 0·056 in the first 2 weeks after weaning (P 0 ×001), but had no effect from 14 to 65 days after weaning. Accordingly, daily gain was lower by a factor of 0·035 over the whole finishing period (P 0×01). There was no effect of treatment on food intake during the 14 days after weaning, but SH inclusion tended to increase it from this time onwards ( +0·026; P = 0 ×06) and over the whole finishing period ( + 0·018; P = 0 ×09). This effect was parallel to a 0·09 proportional decrease in the weight of caecal contents (P 0 ×01) observed in animals of 2 kg live weight. Food efficiency was lower by a factor of 0·05 (P 0×001) in all the periods considered when SH was included in the diet. Mortality rate (6%) was not affected by treatment nor was caecal pH or caecal concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen either at 5 days (5×75, 72×7 mmol/l and 16×6 mmol/l, respectively) or at 35 days after weaning (5×70, 74×3 mmol/l and 9 ×7 5 mmol/l, respectively). Inclusion of SH increased sucrase specific activity at the ileum by a factor of 0·47 (P 0×01) but had no effect on maltase specific activity at the jejunum or ileum or on sucrase specific activity at the jejunum. In conclusion, SH included at moderate levels (150 g/kg) in the diet reduced accumulation of digesta in the caecum, which increased voluntary food intake but impaired growth rate and food efficiency. Inclusion of SH did not affect caecal fermentation or mortality.

Effect of supplementary Aspergillus niger phytase in diets for piglets on their performance and apparent digestibility of phosphorus

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Beers ◽  
A. W. Jongbloed
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Microbial Phytase ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Aspergillus Niger Phytase

AbstractA total of 384 piglets from a three-way cross Yorkshire ♂ × (Finnish Landrace ♂ × Dutch Landrace♀) ♀ in the live-weight range of 11 to 25 kg were used in a feeding trial. The effect of supplementary microbial phytase from Aspergillus niger var. Van Tieghem on performance (average daily gain (ADG), average daily food intake (ADFI) and food conversion ratio (FCR)) and apparent digestibility of total phosphorus (P), in comparison with a non-supplemented basal diet or a diet supplemented with one or two levels of monocalcium phosphate (MCP), were studied.The piglets were allotted to 12 blocks. Within each block, four experimental diets were offered ad libitum for a period of 4 weeks i.e. (1) basal diet; (2) basal diet + 1·0 g P, from MCP per kg diet; (3) basal diet + 1·9 g P, from MCP per kg diet; and (4) basal diet + 1450 phytase units (PTU) per kg diet. The diets, with added chromium III oxide as a marker, were cold pelleted without steam at a temperature not above 60°C to avoid a possible inactivation of the phytase. In all diets the ratio calcium: digestible P was intended to be constant.Adding 1450 PTU of Aspergillus niger phytase enhanced the apparent digestibility of P by proportionately 0·216 when compared with diet 1 and by proportionately 0·100 compared with diet 3. In addition, significantly higher ADG and ADFI and better FCR were noted in pigs receiving supplementary microbial phytase than in pigs on any other treatment. The content of digestible P of the diet with added phytase, however, zvas between the two levels of the diets with added MCP.

Stability of maternal serum free β-hCG following whole blood sample transit: First trimester Down’s syndrome screening in Scotland

2021 ◽  
pp. 000456322110452
Author(s):  
Angela Ballantyne ◽  
Lorna Rashid ◽  
Rebecca Pattenden
Keyword(s):  
Transit Time ◽  
Down's Syndrome ◽  
Down’S Syndrome ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Serum Free ◽  
Β Hcg ◽  
In Transit ◽  
The Impact

Background Maternal serum free beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (free β-hCG) is used as a biomarker in first trimester screening for fetal Down’s syndrome. Production of free β-hCG can occur in vitro in a time- and temperature-dependent manner; thus, the current Scottish screening protocol states samples must be received by the laboratory within 72 h. To assess the validity of the protocol, an audit was conducted to determine the impact of transit time on maternal serum free β-hCG multiple of median (MoM) values in the Scottish screened population. Methods Corrected MoM values from antenatal screening carried out over one year (April 2017 to March 2018) were stratified according to sample transit time and compared. To investigate possible environmental temperature effects, the data were split according to season and maternal serum free β-hCG concentrations from summer and winter compared. Results Of the 28,368 samples included in the study, 24,368 were received on the day of phlebotomy or after one day in transit. Only 1.5% of samples were received after 3 days in transit. The difference in maternal serum free β-hCG MoM values due to transit time was not significant. No statistical difference was found between maternal serum free β-hCG concentrations from samples collected in summer and winter months. Conclusion The current sample receipt protocol in use by the Scottish Down’s syndrome screening programme is fit for purpose.

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