scholarly journals Resting heat production in Bos indicus and their F1 crosses with exotic breeds at a thermoneutral environment

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khub Singh ◽  
N. K. Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Brown Swiss ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Holstein Friesian

1. Resting heat production, 18 h post-feeding, was studied in Hariana cattle (Bos indicus; Zebu) and in their F1 crosses with Jersey, Brown Swiss and Holstein Friesian, at 18.5° ambient temperature in a psychrometric chamber at different ages.2. There was no significant change in the resting heat production on a per kg body-weight (W)0.75 per 24 h basis from 16–19 to 37–40 months of age in any of the genetic groups. The daily resting heat production, however, increased with increases in body-weight and age.3. The resting heat production in all three F1 crosses was higher than that in Hariana cattle. Among the crosses, the resting heat production was highest in the Holstein Friesian x Hariana and lowest in the Jersey x Hariana.4. Metabolizable energy (ME) intake per 24 h was significantly different between genetic groups and in different age groups. However, ME intake per kg W0.75 was not significantly different between genetic groups.

Thermosensitivity of Bos indicus cattle and their F1, crosses with three breeds of Bos taurus

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khub Singh ◽  
N. K. Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Brown Swiss ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Holstein Friesian

ABSTRACTResting heat production (H), respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (Tr) were measured at different controlled temperatures (Tt) in Hariana (Bos indicus) and its F, crosses with Jersey (JH), Brown Swiss (BH) and Holstein Friesian (FH) (Bos taurus) breeds and the values obtained were used to assess their relative thermosensitivity.The lowest Tt at which H significantly decreased from that at 17°c was 32°c for Hariana, JH and BH and 27°c for FH after exposure for 8 days. The corresponding values after exposure for 18 days were 37°c for Hariana and 32°c for all the three crossbred groups. Differences between the genetic groups were also significant. The lowest Tt at which metabolizable energy (ME) decreased significantly in comparison with those at 17CC was 32°c in all the genetic groups. The differences in ME intake between genetic groups were significant only at 32°c Tt. The lowest Tt at which RR significantly increased from those at 17°c were 32°c in Hariana, 27°c in JH, BH and FH for both 5 to 7 and 15 to 17 days of exposure. The corresponding Tt for increase in Tr was 37°c in Hariana, 32°c in JH and 27°c in BH and FH at both 5 to 7 and 15 to 17 days of exposure.The ambient temperature at which H would have significantly decreased and RR and Tr increased from the respective values at 17CC Tt were calculated curvilinearly for different genetic groups. There were differences in these values of calculated ambient temperatures between genetic groups and between exposure durations in respect of H, RR, and Tr, indicating differences in thermosensitivity.

Responses of young calves to low ambient temperatures at two levels of feeding

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Schrama ◽  
A. Arieli ◽  
M. J. W. Heetkamp ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

AbstractSeven groups of five or six Holstein-Friesian male calves were transported to an experimental farm at 2 to 3 days of age. At 6 days of age, heat production (HP) and metabolizable energy (ME) intake were measured for an 8-day period. During this period, calves were exposed to various ambient temperatures: 6, 9, 12 and 15°C. Ambient temperature was constant within days, but changed between days. Calves were fed below (four groups) or near (three groups) the maintenance requirements (290 or 460 kJ ME per kg M0·75 per day).From 6 to 14 days of age the lower critical temperature (Tc) was 12·5°C and HP increased by 8·4 kJ/kg M0·75 per day per °Cfall in ambient temperature below Tc. Both Tc and increase in HP below Tc were not affected by feeding level. Rectal temperature was lower at low ambient temperatures. The decrease in rectal temperature with ambient temperature was greatest at the low feeding level.During the experimental period, calves were not in a steady-state regarding energy metabolism. Heat production decreased with time. This decrease was affected by feeding level and ambient temperature. After arrival, the influence of both ambient temperature and feeding level on the energy metabolism of young calves increased with time.

Responses of young calves, on two levels of feeding, to transportation

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Schrama ◽  
M. J. W. Heetkamp ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen ◽  
W. G. P. Schouten ◽  
F. van der Veen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe effect of transportation on energy metabolism in young calves was assessed at two feeding levels by indirect calorimetry during a 5·5-day experimental period. Twenty-six Holstein-Friesian male calves were assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Calves were fed below or near the maintenance requirements (270 or 420 k) metabolizable energy per kg M0·75 per day). At 5 days of age, 13 calves were transported. The applied transportation procedure was aimed to mimic common transport of young calves. The other 13 calves were controls. Metabolizability of dietary energy was low (0·808), but similar for control and transported calves. Despite the similar salivary cortisol concentrations after transportation, heat production was higher by 23 kJ/kg M0·75 per day in transported than in control calves. Calves were not in a steady-state regarding their energy metabolism. Heat production decreased with time. Both transportation and feeding level influenced the decline in heat production with time. Only during the first 3 days after transportation was heat production enhanced, suggesting a relatively short-term effect of transportation in young calves. The impact of transportation on heat production and time related alterations in heat production were not related to the calfs activity.

scholarly journals 107 Influence of chronic melatonin supplementation on bovine testis physiology

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 42-42
Author(s):  
Brittni P Littlejohn ◽  
Kayla B Mercer ◽  
Karrigan J Bowers ◽  
Riley D Messman ◽  
Zully Contreras-Correa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Left And Right

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the influence of melatonin supplementation on bovine testis biometrics, thermoregulation, and blood flow in two age groups. Mature and peri-pubertal bulls received four subdermal 24 mg melatonin implants (MEL; n = 5 and n = 6, respectively) or no implants (CON; n = 5 and n = 6, respectively) every 30 ± 4 d for 120 ± 5 d. Body weight, scrotal circumference (SC), testes temperature (average temperature of left and right testes as quantified with thermal imaging), and total testicular artery blood flow (TBF; total blood flow to left and right testes as measured with Doppler ultrasonography) were evaluated on d 60, 90, and 120 ± 4. On d 120, peri-pubertal bulls were castrated and total testes weight (TTW) determined. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedures of SAS specific for repeated measures with treatment, time, and the interaction as fixed effects and sire (peri-pubertal only) as a random effect. On d 120, peri-pubertal bull data were analyzed using MIXED procedures of SAS with treatment as a fixed effect and sire as a random effect, and relationships of TBF, SC, TTW, testes temperature, and ambient temperature assessed using CORR procedures of SAS. Body weight, testes temperature, TBF, and TBF as a proportion of SC changed over time in peri-pubertal (P < 0.05) but not mature (P > 0.05) bulls. On d 120, TBF was increased (P = 0.05) and TBF as a proportion of TTW tended (P = 0.10) to be increased in MEL (95.48 ± 14.63 mL/min and 0.29 ± 0.03 mL/min*g, respectively) compared to CON (65.06 ± 15.10 mL/min and 0.21 ± 0.03 mL/min*g, respectively) peri-pubertal bulls. TBF was positively correlated with SC (r = 0.59; P = 0.04) and TTW (r = 0.66; P = 0.02). Ambient temperature was positively correlated with testes temperature (r = 0.78; P < 0.01). No other differences were identified (P > 0.05). Limited alterations in testis physiology were observed in melatonin-supplemented bulls.

scholarly journals The effect of ambient temperature and activity on the daily variation in heat production of growing pigs kept in groups.

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-184
Author(s):  
W. van der Hel ◽  
R. Duijghuisen ◽  
M.W.A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Lower Temperature

In two experiments, pigs with initial weights of 20 kg were kept in climate-controlled respiration chambers. After a 7-day adaptation period at 22-24 degrees C the temperature was reduced in 4 degrees C steps to 8 degrees C and then increased to 24 degrees C. Each temperature treatment lasted 3 days. Feed contained 12 kJ metabolizable energy per g and was given at 93 and 83 g/kg0.75 per day in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Lower temperature increased 24 h heat production, but not 24 h activity. The mean activity periods moved from before and after feeding to after feeding, especially in the afternoon. During the afternoon, activity decreased at the lower ambient temperature, whereas metabolic rate remained constant. It is concluded that the effect of ambient temperature on metabolic rate depends on the time of day. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Seasonal changes in the energy and nitrogen intake in reindeer and caribou

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 905-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. McEwan ◽  
P. E. Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
A Value ◽  
Cyclical Pattern ◽  
Summer Growth ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

The relation between energy intake and body weight of reindeer and caribou are summarized. The results indicate that caloric intake was 35–45% lower in winter than during the summer growth period. The relation between heat production and body weight also exhibited a cyclical pattern. Heat production per unit of metabolic weight decreased by 25% (mid-August to mid-November). From calorimetry studies, the relative proportions of protein and fat deposition from weaning to 12 months of age were estimated. The amount of digestible nitrogen required for N equilibrium amounted to 0.462 g N/W0.75 per day, a value comparable to those reported for cattle and sheep. The estimated metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance of a 70-kg reindeer in winter amounted to 5.5 Mcal/day, or about 200 kcal/W0.75perday.

Prediction of the energy requirements for growth in beef cattle 3. Body weight and heat production in Hereford × British Friesian bulls and steers

1977 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. F. Webster ◽  
J. S. Smith ◽  
G. S. Mollison
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Positive Energy Balance ◽  
Young Cattle ◽  
Barley Protein ◽  
Balance Trials

SUMMARY1. A total of 74 energy balance trials was made with five Hereford × British Friesian bulls and five steers raised intensively on a barley/protein diet to a slaughter weight of about 450 kg.2. Predicted basal metabolism (F′) was calculated for each trial by extrapolation to zero intake of measurements made on animals in positive energy balance. Logarithmic and linear equations are presented for F′ for bulls and steers throughout growth. Bulls had F′ values about 20% higher than steers.3. Values for fasting metabolism (F) in young cattle are reviewed and compared with values for F′ It is concluded that observed differences within and between different estimates of F and F′ can be attributed to the impetus for growth in young animals. Thus, at a stated body weight and intake of metabolizable energy, heat production is influenced by class and breed, bulls being higher than steers and large breeds higher than small breeds.

scholarly journals Effects of high altitude and season on fasting heat production in the yak Bos grunniens or Poephagus grunniens

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing-Tai Han ◽  
Ao-Yun Xie ◽  
Xi-Chao Bi ◽  
Shu-Jie Liu ◽  
Ling-Hao Hu
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Starvation Period ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Bos Grunniens ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

Thirty growing yaks Bos grunniens or Poephagus grunniens, 1·0–3·5 years and 50–230kg, from their native altitudes (3000–4000m), were used to study the basal metabolism in this species and to evaluate the effects of high altitude and season on the energy metabolism. Fasting heat production (FHP) was measured at altitudes of 2260, 3250 and 4270m on the Tibetan plateau in both the summer and the winter, after a 90d adaptation period at each experimental site. Gas exchanges of the whole animals were determined continuously for 3d (4–5 times per d, 10–12 min each time) after a 96 h starvation period, using closed-circuit respiratory masks. Increasing altitude at similar ambient temperature (Ta) did not affect (P>0·10) FHP in the summer, but decreased (P<0·05) it at different Ta in the winter. However, the decrease of FHP in the winter was mainly due to the decrease of Ta instead of the increase of altitude. In the summer, the respiratory rate, heart rate and body temperature were unaffected by altitude, except for a decrease (P<0·05) in body temperature at 4270m; in the winter, they were decreased (P<0·05) by increasing altitude. In both seasons, the RER was decreased (P<0·05) by increasing altitude. At all altitudes for all groups, the daily FHP was higher (P<0·05) in the summer (Ta 6–24°C) than in the winter (Ta 0 to -30°C), and the Ta-corrected FHP averaged on 920 kJ/kg body weight0·52 at Ta 8–14°C and on 704 kJ/kg body weight0·52 at Ta -15°C respectively. We conclude that in the yak high altitude has no effect on the energy metabolism, whereas the cold ambient temperature has a significant depressing effect. The results confirm that the yak has an excellent adaptation to both high altitude and extremely cold environments.

Energetic efficiency of fattening sheep. II. Effects of under-nutrition

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
N McCGraham
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
High Level

Balances of energy, carbon, and nitrogen were determined with five castrate sheep at several levels of feeding and at fasting, when the sheep were in lean condition and when they were very thin; measurements had been made previously when they were fat. While the animals were on a constant low ration to cause loss of condition, the observations were continued under both thermoneutral and cold conditions, and glucose and ketone levels in the blood were also measured. The digestibility and metabolizability of the gross energy of the food were not affected by body condition. However, as the sheep lost weight, the net availability of metabolizable energy at each level of food intake declined. The change of efficiency was not apparent when comparisons were made at equivalent levels of energy storage. In the weight range 21–59 kg, the fasting heat production varied directly with body weight at a rate of 10 kcall24 hr/kg. Prediction of fasting metabolism from body weight is discussed. Changes of energy utilization were largely accounted for by changes of fat metabolism. When the sheep were emaciated, oxidation of protein during fasting was somewhat greater than when they were fat, but nitrogen supplied by the food was used more efficiently. Under cold stress, the heat production of the sheep increased to a high level, which did not vary with body weight until homeostasis failed when the animals were extremely emaciated. The apparent digestibility of the food (at the lowest intake) decreased by 0.47 unit/°C fall of ambient temperature. While the sheep were on the submaintenance ration, the levels of blood glucose and ketones remained at the higher end of the "normal" range under thermoneutral conditions and were somewhat elevated under cold conditions. Hypoglycaemia occurred only when homeostasis failed.

scholarly journals Effects of environmental temperature on heat production, energy retention, protein and fat gain in early weaned piglets

1980 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Le Dividich ◽  
M. Vermorel ◽  
J. Noblet ◽  
J. C. Bouvier ◽  
A. Aumaitre
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

1. Six experiments each involving two groups of six piglets, were designed to study the influence of environmental temperature on heat production, energy retention and protein and fat gain in early weaned piglets. Immediately after weaning, at a mean age of 25 d, the animals were raised in two open circuit respiratory chambers. Each chamber was equipped with a totally wired cage. The piglets were paired-fed and maintained at environmental temperatures of 20, 24 or 28°. Four replicates were used for each temperature. Metabolizable energy, heat production and nitrogen balance were measured during two consecutive periods (A and B), each of 6 d duration.2. Heat production was higher at 20° than at 24 and 28° during periods A and B. Energy retention was negative during period A, it was positive during period B and increased with temperature.3. Protein deposition was always positive and independent of environmental temperature. The net efficiency of protein utilization was 0.77.4. Body fat was mobilized during period A at a higher rate at 20° than 28°. During period B, fat gain increased with increase in temperature.5. The calculated ME requirement for maintenance amounted to 411 kJ/kg body-weight0.75 per d at 28°.6. The critical temperature of early weaned piglets raised in intensive modern housing and fed at about 90% of the ad lib. intake is close to 28° during the first 12 d after weaning.

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