Responses of young calves to low ambient temperatures at two levels of feeding

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Schrama ◽  
A. Arieli ◽  
M. J. W. Heetkamp ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

AbstractSeven groups of five or six Holstein-Friesian male calves were transported to an experimental farm at 2 to 3 days of age. At 6 days of age, heat production (HP) and metabolizable energy (ME) intake were measured for an 8-day period. During this period, calves were exposed to various ambient temperatures: 6, 9, 12 and 15°C. Ambient temperature was constant within days, but changed between days. Calves were fed below (four groups) or near (three groups) the maintenance requirements (290 or 460 kJ ME per kg M0·75 per day).From 6 to 14 days of age the lower critical temperature (Tc) was 12·5°C and HP increased by 8·4 kJ/kg M0·75 per day per °Cfall in ambient temperature below Tc. Both Tc and increase in HP below Tc were not affected by feeding level. Rectal temperature was lower at low ambient temperatures. The decrease in rectal temperature with ambient temperature was greatest at the low feeding level.During the experimental period, calves were not in a steady-state regarding energy metabolism. Heat production decreased with time. This decrease was affected by feeding level and ambient temperature. After arrival, the influence of both ambient temperature and feeding level on the energy metabolism of young calves increased with time.

Responses of young calves, on two levels of feeding, to transportation

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Schrama ◽  
M. J. W. Heetkamp ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen ◽  
W. G. P. Schouten ◽  
F. van der Veen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe effect of transportation on energy metabolism in young calves was assessed at two feeding levels by indirect calorimetry during a 5·5-day experimental period. Twenty-six Holstein-Friesian male calves were assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Calves were fed below or near the maintenance requirements (270 or 420 k) metabolizable energy per kg M0·75 per day). At 5 days of age, 13 calves were transported. The applied transportation procedure was aimed to mimic common transport of young calves. The other 13 calves were controls. Metabolizability of dietary energy was low (0·808), but similar for control and transported calves. Despite the similar salivary cortisol concentrations after transportation, heat production was higher by 23 kJ/kg M0·75 per day in transported than in control calves. Calves were not in a steady-state regarding their energy metabolism. Heat production decreased with time. Both transportation and feeding level influenced the decline in heat production with time. Only during the first 3 days after transportation was heat production enhanced, suggesting a relatively short-term effect of transportation in young calves. The impact of transportation on heat production and time related alterations in heat production were not related to the calfs activity.

Thermosensitivity of Bos indicus cattle and their F1, crosses with three breeds of Bos taurus

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khub Singh ◽  
N. K. Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Brown Swiss ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Holstein Friesian

ABSTRACTResting heat production (H), respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (Tr) were measured at different controlled temperatures (Tt) in Hariana (Bos indicus) and its F, crosses with Jersey (JH), Brown Swiss (BH) and Holstein Friesian (FH) (Bos taurus) breeds and the values obtained were used to assess their relative thermosensitivity.The lowest Tt at which H significantly decreased from that at 17°c was 32°c for Hariana, JH and BH and 27°c for FH after exposure for 8 days. The corresponding values after exposure for 18 days were 37°c for Hariana and 32°c for all the three crossbred groups. Differences between the genetic groups were also significant. The lowest Tt at which metabolizable energy (ME) decreased significantly in comparison with those at 17CC was 32°c in all the genetic groups. The differences in ME intake between genetic groups were significant only at 32°c Tt. The lowest Tt at which RR significantly increased from those at 17°c were 32°c in Hariana, 27°c in JH, BH and FH for both 5 to 7 and 15 to 17 days of exposure. The corresponding Tt for increase in Tr was 37°c in Hariana, 32°c in JH and 27°c in BH and FH at both 5 to 7 and 15 to 17 days of exposure.The ambient temperature at which H would have significantly decreased and RR and Tr increased from the respective values at 17CC Tt were calculated curvilinearly for different genetic groups. There were differences in these values of calculated ambient temperatures between genetic groups and between exposure durations in respect of H, RR, and Tr, indicating differences in thermosensitivity.

scholarly journals Resting heat production in Bos indicus and their F1 crosses with exotic breeds at a thermoneutral environment

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khub Singh ◽  
N. K. Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Brown Swiss ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Holstein Friesian

1. Resting heat production, 18 h post-feeding, was studied in Hariana cattle (Bos indicus; Zebu) and in their F1 crosses with Jersey, Brown Swiss and Holstein Friesian, at 18.5° ambient temperature in a psychrometric chamber at different ages.2. There was no significant change in the resting heat production on a per kg body-weight (W)0.75 per 24 h basis from 16–19 to 37–40 months of age in any of the genetic groups. The daily resting heat production, however, increased with increases in body-weight and age.3. The resting heat production in all three F1 crosses was higher than that in Hariana cattle. Among the crosses, the resting heat production was highest in the Holstein Friesian x Hariana and lowest in the Jersey x Hariana.4. Metabolizable energy (ME) intake per 24 h was significantly different between genetic groups and in different age groups. However, ME intake per kg W0.75 was not significantly different between genetic groups.

Energy utilization in the laying hen in relation to ambient temperature

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Davis ◽  
O. E. M. Hassan ◽  
A. H. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Thermoneutral Zone ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Energy Balances

SummaryEnergy balances have been determined, using the comparative slaughter procedure, over 3-week periods on groups of laying hens kept at ambient temperatures of 7·2, 15·6, 23·9, 29·4 and 35 °C.Energy intake declined as the environment became warmer (kcal ME/kg¾/day = 203· 1·13°C); heat production, as measured by the difference between energy intake and energy retention, also declined with increasing ambient temperature (kcal/kg¾/day = 151 – 1·11°C). There was a linear relationship between heat production and ambient temperature with no thermoneutral zone or critical temperature.The energy available for egg production remained almost constant at 50 kcal/kg¾/day equivalent to a rate of egg production of 82% at each ambient temperature.

Energy metabolism of oiled muskrats

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 1057-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. McEwan ◽  
N. Aitchison ◽  
P. E. Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Thermal Conduction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Feeding Activities

The heat production of muskrats (Ondatra zibethica), oiled with varying quantities of crude oil, was measured at three ambient temperatures, −5, 5, and 10C on days 0, 1, and 3 after oiling. On day 0, the heat production of muskrats oiled with 1.9 to 42.3 g of oil was from 14 to 119% higher, respectively, than the non-oiled muskrats. Three days after oiling, the metabolic rate of oiled muskrats was about the same as the control values. A similar trend was determined for ambient temperatures of 5 and 10C. Heavy oiling increased the thermal conduction of muskrats by as much as 122%. To compensate for the loss of insulation and increased thermal conductivity of the fur, there was a 2.5-fold increase in dry-matter intake. In view of their dependence on water, both for feeding activities and a place for refuge, it is doubtful if muskrats exposed to moderate quantities of oil could survive under natural conditions.

Carcass composition of veal calves dependent on genotype and feeding level

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Korver ◽  
H. Vos ◽  
P. L. Bergström ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen ◽  
G. Kleinhout
Keyword(s):  
Reference Method ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Complete Separation ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Veal Calves ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACTDutch Friesian purebred and Holstein Friesian-Dutch Friesian crossbred veal calves were used to study effects of genotype and feeding level on carcass composition. Carcass analyses were carried out on a total of 56 calves of two genotypes. Calves were reared for 22 weeks and given food dependent on age. From 1 to 16 weeks calves were given the same amount of milk replacer. At week 16, calves were assigned to either a high or low feeding level. Total energy intakes for the two groups were 5062 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) and 5408 MJ ME, respectively. Carcass weight and carcass composition traits showed no significant interaction between genotype and feeding level. Dutch Friesians had higher lean: bone ratios than Holstein Friesian crossbreds (3·85 v. 3·67). Differences between the two genotypes for fat and lean proportions in the carcass were not significant. Average proportions for lean and fat were 653 and 134 g/kg.Differences between the two feeding levels for carcass composition were significant. Calves on the low feeding level had 655 g lean and 131 g fat per kg, while calves on the high level had 645 g lean and 143 g fat per kg.The influence of the dissection technique on the differences in lean and muscle proportion between groups was studied on 18 carcasses using a standardized butcher's method (the Institute of Animal Husbandry (IVO) standard method) and the European Economic Community (EEC) reference method for beef. Average proportion of lean was 640 g/kg by the IVO method and of muscle was 557 g/kg by the EEC method. The difference between the two genotypes for lean proportion was smaller by the' EEC method due to the more complete separation between muscle and fatty tissue. Dutch Friesians had more intermuscular fat than Holstein Friesian crossbreds. Results of the EEC reference method indicate differences between the two feeding levels for fat as well as for protein deposition.

ENERGY METABOLISM AND THERMOREGULATION IN THE NEWBORN CALF; EFFECT OF CALVING CONDITIONS

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. VERMOREL ◽  
J. VERNET ◽  
SAIDO ◽  
C. DARDILLAT ◽  
C. DEMIGNE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Plasma Nefa ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
The Difference

Rectal temperature (RT) and heat production (HP) were measured continuously during the first day of life, using indirect calorimetry, in 16 eutocial and 13 dystocial Holstein-Friesian (HF) calves held at 10 °C. Blood parameters were determined 0, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 h after birth. Twin eutocial calves, as well as calves born after early surgical removal showed variations in RT, HP, and blood parameters similar to those of single eutocial calves. However, dystocial calves, especially those born after a very difficult and delayed parturition, had severe and prolonged acidosis, with high lactataemia and alaninemia, and lower plasma NEFA, T3, and T4 levels during the first hours of life than did eutocial calves. They were also less physically active and frequently did not shiver. Their HP was, on average, 22% lower than that of eutocial calves 2 h after birth and 14% lower from 13 h of life onwards. The difference was 26–36% in a dystocial calf born after a delayed surgical removal. RT of dystocial calves decreased by 2.9 ± 0.7 °C, on average, and increased slowly. Their appetite was low or nil and immunoglobulin absorption was delayed and reduced, which can explain the high mortality and morbidity rates of dystocial calves during the first week of life. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of hypoxia and acidosis on metabolism. Key words: Calf, newborn, energy metabolism, thermoregulation, calving conditions, dystocia

Effects of phentolamine on thermoregulatory functions of rats to different ambient temperatures

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1401-1406 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Lin ◽  
Andi Chandra ◽  
T. C. Fung
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Heat Production ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Evaporative Heat Loss ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Metabolic Heat

The effects of both systemic and central administration of phentolamine on the thermoregulatory functions of conscious rats to various ambient temperatures were assessed. Injection of phentolamine intraperitoneally or into a lateral cerebral ventricle both produced a dose-dependent fall in rectal temperature at room temperature and below it. At a cold environmental temperature (8 °C) the hypothermia in response to phentolamine was due to a decrease in metabolic heat production, but at room temperature (22 °C) the hypothermia was due to cutaneous vasodilatation (as indicated by an increase in foot and tail skin temperatures) and decreased metabolic heat production. There were no changes in respiratory evaporative heat loss. However, in the hot environment (30 °C), phentolamine administration produced no changes in rectal temperature or other thermoregulatory responses. A central component of action is indicated by the fact that a much smaller intraventricular dose of phentolamine was required to exert the same effect as intraperitoneal injection. The data indicate that phentolamine decreases heat production and (or) increases heat loss which leads to hypothermia, probably via central nervous system actions.

Contribution of shivering in leg muscles to heat production in Japanese quail

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 889-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Don Stevens ◽  
J. Ferguson ◽  
V. G. Thomas ◽  
E. Hohtola
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Linear Rate ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Flight Muscles

We estimated heat production in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) by measuring oxygen uptake using open-circuit respirometry as ambient temperature was decreased gradually from 26 to 3.5 °C. At the same time, the intensity of shivering was estimated in both the leg muscles and the flight muscles by measuring electromyograms. Metabolic heat production increased in a linear fashion as ambient temperature decreased. Shivering intensity increased at the same linear rate in the leg muscles as in the flight muscles as ambient temperature decreased. The leg muscles produce a substantial fraction (about 1/4) of the total shivering heat production at low ambient temperatures. Shivering occurred in bursts; the onset of a burst in the leg muscles was precisely synchronized with the onset of a burst in the flight muscles.

Temperature regulation and cold acclimation in the golden hamster

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermann Pohl
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Golden Hamster ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ambient Temperatures

Characteristics of cold acclimation in the golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus, were 1) higher metabolic rate at -30 C, 2) less shivering when related to ambient temperature or oxygen consumption, and 3) higher differences in body temperature between cardiac area and thoracic subcutaneous tissues at all ambient temperatures tested, indicating changes in tissue insulation. Cold-acclimated hamsters also showed a rise in temperature of the cardiac area when ambient temperature was below 15 C. Changes in heat distribution in cold-acclimated hamsters suggest higher blood flow and heat production in the thoracic part of the body in the cold. The thermal conductance through the thoracic and lumbar muscle areas, however, did not change notably with lowering ambient temperature. Marked differences in thermoregulatory response to cold after cold acclimation were found between two species, the golden hamster and the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, showing greater ability to regulate body temperature in the cold in hamsters. hibernator; oxygen consumption— heat production; body temperature — heat conductance; muscular activity — shivering; thermoregulation Submitted on July 6, 1964

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