scholarly journals The relation between sodium chloride concentration in drinking water and egg-shell damage

1987 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derick Balnave ◽  
Israel Yoselewitz
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Shell Damage ◽  
Water Shell ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Normal Water ◽  
Egg Shell

1.A significant linear increase in egg-shell defects from 60-week-old laying hens, and corresponding significant linear decreases in various egg-shell-quality measurements, were observed in response to increasing concentrations of sodium chloride in the drinking water, to the maximum concentration of 600 mg/l used in the present study.2. The incidence of damaged egg shells was increased 3-fold by including NaCl in the drinking water at a concentration of 600 mg/l.3. Shell defects declined when birds were placed on normal water for 5 weeks but were still 1.4- to 2.1-fold greater than control values.4. After an induced rest from lay on normal water, shell defects were still 1.3- to 3.2-fold greater in birds which had previously received the NaCl in the drinking water.5. The increased incidence of shell damage was not related to decreased food intake or increased egg weight or production.

scholarly journals Physiological changes associated with the production of defective egg-shells by hens receiving sodium chloride in the drinking water

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Balnave ◽  
I. Yoselewitz ◽  
R. J. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Shell Gland ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Egg Shell

1. Supplementing the drinking water of laying hens with 600 or 2000 mg sodium chloride/l induced large increases in egg-shell defects without corresponding changes in egg production, egg weight or food and water intakes. A supplement of 2000 mg NaCl/l resulted in a high incidence of shell-less eggs.2. The increased incidence of egg-shell damage in hens receiving the NaCl was associated with a decrease in egg-shell quality measured objectively. These responses persisted even after the NaCl was removed from the drinking water.3. The NaCl treatment had little effect on blood acid-base balance and electrolytes, but significant reductions were observed in the carbon dioxide tension, and bicarbonate and calcium concentrations in the fluid surrounding the egg in the shell gland.4. The poor shell quality appeared to be associated with a reduced supply of bicarbonate, rather than with an effect on Ca, in the lumen of the shell gland, although a reduced residence time of eggs in the shell gland may also have contributed to the problem.

Adverse responses in egg shell quality in late-lay resulting from short-term use of saline drinking water in early- or mid-lay

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Balnave ◽  
D. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Egg Shell

Three experiments were carried out to determine the long-term responses in egg shell quality when hens were given saline drinking water for only a few weeks either at the start of lay or in mid-lay. Shell quality of eggs from hens given town water containing an additional 2 g sodium chloride (NaCl)/L as drinking water for periods of 5 or 6 weeks prior to 30 weeks of age or between 48 and 53 weeks of age was significantly poorer at the end of lay than shell quality of eggs from hens given town water throughout lay. Apart from these short periods of saline water supply the NaCl-treated hens received town water throughout lay. Shell defects were increased significantly after 55 weeks of age even when no apparent detrimental effects of saline drinking water on shell quality were observed during the period of saline water intake or when the incidence of shell defects returned to normal after the replacement of saline water with town water. The results indicate that the adverse effects of saline drinking water on egg shell quality is of long-term significance, being especially noticeable towards the end of lay.

The influence of calcium and phosphorus in prelayer diets and their interaction with sodium chloride and potassium sulfate in layer diets on egg production and shell quality in crossbred layers

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (110) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
H Karunajeewa ◽  
M Fox
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Bodyweight Gain ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Tibia Ash

In a 43x2 factorial experiment, 576 White Leghorn x Australorp pullets attaining 50% egg production at about 180 days of age were given from 22 to 26 weeks of age pre-layer diets with 10.4 or 25.8 g kg-1 calcium and 6.2 or 10.9 g kg-1 phosphorus. From 26 to 74 weeks of age these pullets were given layer diets with three levels (0, 1.5 and 7.0 g kg-1) of added sodium chloride and two levels (0 and 6.0 g kg-1) of added potassium sulfate. The calcium content of the pre-layer diet had no significant effect on feed intake, bodyweight gain or tibia-ash content between 22 and 26 weeks of age, or on egg production, egg weight, feed conversion efficiency and mortality in the subsequent laying phase. The higher level (25.8 g kg-1) of calcium improved (P<0.05) the shell quality of the first eggs laid and prevented a decline in shell quality due to excess sodium chloride (7.0 g kg-1) in the layer diet. A phosphorus level of 10.9 g kg-1 of the pre-layer diet reduced (P<0.05) feed intake, and in the subsequent laying phase both hen-housed egg production and efficiency of feed conversion were reduced (P<0.05). The adverse effect on feed conversion efficiency was alleviated by adding potassium sulfate to the diet. The level of phosphorus in the pre-layer diet had no significant effect on tibia-ash content or egg shell quality. The dietary level of sodium chloride had no significant effect on egg weight, feed intake and bodyweight gain. The inclusion of sodium chloride at a level of 7.0 g kg-1 diet tended to depress rate of lay by 2.0% and during the first half of the laying cycle, increased mortality by 12.5% (P<0.05) and reduced egg shell weight and thickness (P<0.05) in birds given pre-layer diets with a low calcium content. A daily intake of 137 to 139 mg of sodium per bird was not adequate for maintenance of egg production and efficiency of feed conversion in crossbred layers. The sodium requirement of a crossbred layer given a diet containing meat and bone meal is about 160 mg/day. The adverse effects due to either a low intake of sodium or a high level of sodium chloride in the diet were alleviated by the inclusion of 6.0 g kg-1 potassium sulfate in the diet. The inclusion of potassium sulfate (6.0 g kg-1) in the layer diet increased rate of lay by 2.1% (P<0.05).

The effect on egg shell quality of supplementing saline drinking water with sodium or ammonium bicarbonate

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Yoselewitz ◽  
D Zhang ◽  
D Balnave
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Ammonium Bicarbonate ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
The Town ◽  
Reduced Water

Supplementing the town water supply of laying hens with 600 mg sodium chloride (NaCl)/L significantly decreased egg shell quality and significantly increased the incidence of egg shell defects without affecting egg production and egg weight or food and water intakes. A smaller, but still significant, increase in egg shell defects was also observed with sodium bicarbonate (NHCO3) supplementation of town water. Ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) supplementation of town water had no significant effect on egg shell defects and, when added to drinking water containing NaCl, significantly reduced the incidence of shell defects. A smaller beneficial effect was observed when NHCO3was added to saline water. Ammonium bicarbonate, when added to saline drinking water at concentrations of 250 and 450 mg/L, reduced water intake, an effect not observed when these same supplements were added to town water. This suggests that the presence of NaCl in the water may affect kidney function so that the use of NH4HCO3may have limited value, especially at higher water salinities. Shell gland fluid composition was influenced less by treatment than by whether or not hens were laying eggs with defective shells.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. I. The tolerance of sheep for sodium chloride in the drinking water

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 711 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Very High

Four groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on an adequate diet of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, whereas the others were offered similar water to which sufficient sodium chloride had been added to give concentrations of 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride. The intake of water increased with concentration of sodium chloride, the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment being 2.0, 3.0, 4.4, and 3.0 1. for the groups whose water contained 0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride, respectively. It also increased in all groups with temperature, being 50-70 per cent. higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months. The intake of sodium chloride by some sheep was very high; four of them consumed over 115 g (0.25 lb) daily for more than half the experiment, and 170-230 g daily for periods of 1-10 weeks. A concentration of 1.0 per cent. sodium chloride in the drinking water had no adverse effects on the sheep, but 1.5 per cent. TI-as detrimental to a small proportion and 2.0 per cent. was detrimental to all of the sheep. There was a decline in food consumption and body weight of the affected ammals, and several receiving 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride became very emaciated and weak and two were killed in extrentis. The only other obvious sign was an occasional diarrhoea which occurred in most of the sheep receiving 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride. Sodium chloride in the drinking water had no effect on the concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium in the blood plasma. It did, however, affect the chloride concentration; this was significantly higher, throughout the experiment, in the group which received water containing 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride.

scholarly journals Effects of Australian strains of infectious bronchitis virus on internal and external quality of hen eggs

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 162 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Chousalkar ◽  
J. R. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Internal Quality ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
External Quality ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Egg Shell

The effects of two Australian strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV-T and N1/88) on the internal and external quality of eggs were studied in unvaccinated Isa Brown hens in full lay. Overall, there was no decline in egg production in either of the infected groups. However, there were some long-lasting negative effects on the egg internal quality of T-infected hens. Negative effects on internal quality in the N1/88-infected group were relatively short term. Yolk colour score was lower only in T-infected hens. Egg shell quality was affected only in terms of loss of egg shell colour. IBV infection resulted in paler egg shells in both the infected groups. Paler egg shells may not be regarded well by consumers. The egg shape index was lower in both infected groups.

scholarly journals How Sodium Chloride Concentration in the Nutrient Solution Influences the Mineral Composition of Tomato Leaves and Fruits

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 707-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Giuffrida ◽  
Marianna Martorana ◽  
Cherubino Leonardi
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Linear Decline

Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Durinta) were grown in an open soilless system to evaluate the effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration in the nutrient solution on the ion compositions in plant tissues. The treatments were defined by a factorial combination of five NaCl concentrations and three leaves position/age and two fruits' position. Seedlings were transplanted in perlite and, 7 days after transplanting, five salinity treatments were imposed by adding 7, 21, 37, 49, or 64 mm of NaCl to the nutrient solutions; the final electrical conductivities were: 2.7, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, and 8.6 dS·m−1, respectively. Increased salinity in the nutrient solution resulted in a reduction in tomato dry matter (from 534 to 375 g per plant) and in a linear increase in sodium (from 0.37% to 1.39%) and chloride (from 1.75% to 5.73%) in the leaves as well as in the fruit tissues (from 0.08% to 0.26% for sodium and from 0.63% to 1.34% for chloride). Leaf under the first cluster showed higher levels of sodium (+54%) and chloride (+32%) than leaf under the fifth cluster and old leaf accumulated more sodium (+15%) and chloride (+25%) than younger ones. The exposure of the tomato plants to increasing salinity resulted in a linear decline in nitrate (from 1.21% to 0.50%), total nitrogen (from 3.31% to 3.03%), sulphate (from 3.71% to 3.12%), and potassium leaves (from 2.76% to 1.51%); the potassium reduction was more evident in younger leaves than in older ones. All macronutrients, except calcium, decreased in the fruit tissues with increasing NaCl concentration in the nutrient solution. However, for phosphate, the reduction of the ion concentration was evident only in the fruit from the fifth cluster (–35%). The position of the fruit on the plant significantly affected the concentration of ion, which was higher for all determined ions in the fruit of the first truss. The levels of Na+ and Cl– found in the plant tissue seem to confirm the hypothesis that the plant dry biomass reduction may also be traced to the toxicity of these ions as a consequence of this high concentration. On the other hand, although generally influenced by antagonism with sodium and chloride, the amount of main macronutrients did not reach deficiency levels that influenced the growth processes, except in the case of potassium.

Responses in egg shell quality from dietary ascorbic acid supplementation of hens receiving saline drinking water

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Balnave ◽  
D Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Supplementation

Three experiments were conducted to determine whether the poor shell quality of eggs from hens receiving saline drinking water could be improved by the simultaneous addition of ascorbic acid to the diet. In one experiment, the responses were compared with those of hens receiving ascorbic acid in the drinking water. In this experiment, providing the ascorbic acid in the drinking water on a daily basis was compared with dosing the water on alternate days. The results showed that saline water increased the incidence of egg shell defects without affecting food and water intakes, egg production or egg weight. Changes in a range of shell quality measures mirrored the changes in the incidence of egg shell defects. Supplementation of the diet or drinking water with ascorbic acid prevented the increase in shell defects and the decrease in shell quality. The degree of response to dietary ascorbic acid was dependent on the concentration used, a response similar to that observed previously when the ascorbic acid was added to the drinking water.

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