scholarly journals How Sodium Chloride Concentration in the Nutrient Solution Influences the Mineral Composition of Tomato Leaves and Fruits

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 707-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Giuffrida ◽  
Marianna Martorana ◽  
Cherubino Leonardi
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Linear Decline

Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Durinta) were grown in an open soilless system to evaluate the effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration in the nutrient solution on the ion compositions in plant tissues. The treatments were defined by a factorial combination of five NaCl concentrations and three leaves position/age and two fruits' position. Seedlings were transplanted in perlite and, 7 days after transplanting, five salinity treatments were imposed by adding 7, 21, 37, 49, or 64 mm of NaCl to the nutrient solutions; the final electrical conductivities were: 2.7, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, and 8.6 dS·m−1, respectively. Increased salinity in the nutrient solution resulted in a reduction in tomato dry matter (from 534 to 375 g per plant) and in a linear increase in sodium (from 0.37% to 1.39%) and chloride (from 1.75% to 5.73%) in the leaves as well as in the fruit tissues (from 0.08% to 0.26% for sodium and from 0.63% to 1.34% for chloride). Leaf under the first cluster showed higher levels of sodium (+54%) and chloride (+32%) than leaf under the fifth cluster and old leaf accumulated more sodium (+15%) and chloride (+25%) than younger ones. The exposure of the tomato plants to increasing salinity resulted in a linear decline in nitrate (from 1.21% to 0.50%), total nitrogen (from 3.31% to 3.03%), sulphate (from 3.71% to 3.12%), and potassium leaves (from 2.76% to 1.51%); the potassium reduction was more evident in younger leaves than in older ones. All macronutrients, except calcium, decreased in the fruit tissues with increasing NaCl concentration in the nutrient solution. However, for phosphate, the reduction of the ion concentration was evident only in the fruit from the fifth cluster (–35%). The position of the fruit on the plant significantly affected the concentration of ion, which was higher for all determined ions in the fruit of the first truss. The levels of Na+ and Cl– found in the plant tissue seem to confirm the hypothesis that the plant dry biomass reduction may also be traced to the toxicity of these ions as a consequence of this high concentration. On the other hand, although generally influenced by antagonism with sodium and chloride, the amount of main macronutrients did not reach deficiency levels that influenced the growth processes, except in the case of potassium.

scholarly journals Characterization of Virus Adsorption by Using DEAE-Sepharose and Octyl-Sepharose

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 3965-3968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia A. Shields ◽  
Samuel R. Farrah
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Electrostatic Interactions ◽  
Hydrophobic Interactions ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sodium Chloride Concentration ◽  
Virus Adsorption ◽  
Nacl Concentration

ABSTRACT Viruses were characterized by their adsorption to DEAE-Sepharose or by their elution from octyl-Sepharose by using buffered solutions of sodium chloride with different ionic strengths. Viruses whose adsorption to DEAE-Sepharose was reduced most rapidly by an increase in the sodium chloride concentration were considered to have the weakest electrostatic interactions with the solids; these viruses included MS2, E1, and φX174. Viruses whose adsorption to DEAE-Sepharose was reduced least rapidly were considered to have the strongest electrostatic interactions with the column; these viruses included P1, T4, T2, and E5. All of the viruses studied adsorbed to octyl-Sepharose in the presence of 4 M NaCl. Viruses that were eluted most rapidly following a decrease in the concentration of NaCl were considered to have the weakest hydrophobic interactions with the column; these viruses included φX174, CB4, and E1. Viruses that were eluted least rapidly from the columns after the NaCl concentration was decreased were considered to have the strongest hydrophobic interactions with the column; these viruses included f2, MS2, and E5.

scholarly journals A Study into the Localized Corrosion of Magnesium Alloy Magnox Al-80

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/3574 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Clark ◽  
James Humpage ◽  
Robert Burrows ◽  
Hugh Godfrey ◽  
Mustufa Sagir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Passive Film ◽  
Ph Dependence ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Transfer Resistance ◽  
High Ph ◽  
Intact Surface ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Magnesium (Mg) non-oxidizing alloy, known as Magnox, was historically used as a fuel cladding material for the first-generation of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) gas-cooled nuclear reactors in the UK. Waste Magnox is currently stored in cooling ponds, pending final disposal. The corrosion resistance of Mg and its alloys is relatively poor, compared to modern cladding materials such as zirconium (Zr) alloys, so it is important to have a knowledge of the chloride concentration/pH dependence on breakdown and localized corrosion characteristics prior to waste retrievals taking place. Our results show that Magnox exhibits passivity in high pH solutions, with charge transfer resistance and passive film thicknesses showing an increase with immersion time. When chloride is added to the system the higher pH maintains Magnox passivity, as shown through a combination of potentiodynamic and time-lapse/post corrosion imaging experiments. Potentiodynamic polarization of Magnox reveals a -229 mV<sup>-decade</sup> linear dependence of breakdown potential with chloride ion concentration. The use of the scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) enabled the localized corrosion characteristics to be followed. At high pH where Magnox is passive, at low chloride concentrations, the anodes which form predominantly couple to the visually intact surface in the vicinity of the anode. The high pH however means that visually intact Magnox in the vicinity of the anode is less prone to breakdown, restricting anode propagation such that they remain largely static. In high chloride concentrations the higher conductivity means that the anode and cathode can couple over greater distances and so propagation along the surface can occur at a much faster rate, with the visually intact surface acting as a distributed cathode. In addition, the chloride anion itself, when present at high concentration will play a role in rapid passive film dissolution, enabling rapid anode propagation.

Study of the Susceptibility of Oxygen-Free Phosphorous Doped Copper to Corrosion in Simulated Groundwater in the Presence of Chloride and Sulfide

2006 ◽  
Vol 985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Escobar ◽  
Claudia Lamas ◽  
Lars Werme ◽  
Virginia Oversby
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Copper Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Copper Surface ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Spent Fuel ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Chloride Complexes

AbstractCopper of the quality oxygen free and high conductivity, doped with phosphorus (Cu OFP) has been chosen as the material for the fabrication of high level nuclear waste containers in Sweden. This material will be the corrosion barrier for spent fuel in the environment of a deep geological repository. It is planned that the service life of this container will be 100,000 years. During this time water with high concentration of chloride ions might come in contact with the copper surface. If pH conditions are appropriate, this might cause pitting corrosion. This work reports a study of the susceptibility of Cu OFP to corrosion when chloride ions are present, both deionized water (DW) and in standard synthetic underground water (SUW). The techniques used were electrochemical methods such as corrosion potential evolution and Tafel curves. In addition, this system was studied with Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). We also used characterization techniques such as Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), Energy Disperse Spectroscopy (EDS) . The main conclusions are that copper is more susceptible to corrosion at high chloride ion concentration. Additionally, when the chloride concentration is low, it is possible to form copper chloride crystals, but at the highest concentration, copper chloride complexes are formed, leaving the copper surface without deposits. When the chloride concentration is low (<0.1 M) the corrosion process is mainly controlled by diffusion, while at higher concentrations (0.1M to 1M) corrosion is controlled by transport processes. At low concentration of sulfide ( <3*10-5M), copper corrosion in the presence of chloride is controlled by diffusional processes.

scholarly journals Stability of Bendamustine Solutions: Influence of Sodium Chloride Concentration, Temperature and Container

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Jean Vigneron ◽  
Elise D’Huart ◽  
Béatrice Demoré
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
The Stability

Abstract Background Bendamustine is used for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and myeloma. The stability of bendamustine is highly dependent on temperature and chloride-ion concentration. Limited stability data are available. The objective of this work was to study the stability of the bendamustine reconstituted solution at 2.5 mg/mL and the diluted solution in normal saline and 1.5 % sodium chloride to evaluate a potential increase in stability. Methods A stability indicating High Performance Liquid Chromatography method with Diode Array Detection was used. A first study was carried out in glass vials and then in polyolefin containers at 0.25 and 0.60 mg/mL. Solutions were stored at room temperature and at 2–8 °C for 7 days. Results Stability was defined as a concentration above 95 % of the initial concentration [10]. The reconstituted solution at 2.5 mg/mL was stable for only 2 hours at room temperature and 8 hours at 2–8 °C. The stability of diluted solutions was in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations of 3.5 hours at room temperature and 48 hours at 2–8 °C. The addition of sodium chloride doesn’t increase the stability for preparation in infusion in daily practice. Conclusions The information brought by this study is an 8-hour stability of the reconstituted solution at 2–8 °C.

scholarly journals Contractility and 45Ca fluxes in heart muscle of flounder at a lowered extracellular NaCl concentration

1984 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-207
Author(s):  
H. Gesser ◽  
A. Mangor-Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Positive Inotropic Effect ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Free Solution ◽  
Observable Effect ◽  
Resting Tension ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Extracellular Sodium ◽  
45Ca Efflux

The twitch force of isolated electrically paced ventricular strips of flounder, Platichthys flesus L., increased after lowering the extracellular sodium chloride concentration by 50 mmol l-1. This response was markedly reduced by replacing the sodium chloride with either Tris-HCl or sucrose, so that osmolarity was unchanged. The 45Ca efflux decreased and the 45Ca influx increased when the extracellular sodium concentration Nao+ was lowered. In contrast, changing only the osmolarity had no observable effect on these fluxes. An increased resting tension appeared in strips exposed to a Na+-, Ca2+-free solution. This was transient at an unchanged osmolarity but became permanent at an osmolarity lowered by 100 mosmol l-1. These results suggest that both a lowered Nao and a lowered osmolarity have a positive inotropic effect, due respectively to an increased cellular uptake of Ca2+ and a redistribution of cellular Ca2+.

scholarly journals Effects of Several Osmotic Substrates on the Water Relationships of Tomato

1961 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 519 ◽  
Author(s):  
RO Slatyer
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Standard Culture ◽  
Solute Absorption

Osmotic substrates, comprising 5� and lO�atm concentrations of potassium nitrate, sodium chloride, mannitol, and sucrose were addEld to standard culture solutions in order to determine the effect on relative turgidity, DPD, osmotic poten. tial, transpiration, and growth of tomato plants. 14C-labelled mannitol and 38CI-labelled sodium chloride were incorporated into the high-concentration treatments to provide additional information on solute absorption.

Effect of passivation on chloride concentration threshold of steel reinforcement corrosion

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 588-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Bouzeghaia ◽  
Abdelkader Mihi ◽  
Abdelkarim Aït-Mokhtar ◽  
Mahieddine Naoun
Keyword(s):  
Steel Surface ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Passive Layer ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Corrosion Initiation ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Passivation Time ◽  
Concentration Threshold

Purpose When concrete is manufactured, it can be instantaneously contaminated by chloride (Cl−) ions or later by their intrusion from the environment. This work aims to study the electrochemical behavior of the passive layer formed on the reinforcing steel surface in the presence of the same Cl− ion concentration, with and without passivation time. This will, undoubtedly, affect the corrosion threshold values thereafter. Design/methodology/approach Electrochemical polarizations were carried out in two concrete pore solutions. The surfaces of samples immersed for 255 days in saturated Ca(OH)2 solution were examined with optical and scanning electron microscopy and Raman microspectroscopy. Findings Cl− ion origins in reinforced concrete lead to different values of corrosion thresholds. The passive layer behaves like a physicochemical barrier, and corrosion occurs at higher NaCl concentration thresholds. The formed passive film on the steel surface shows differences in the chemical composition and the morphology. The results show a rich presence of hematite. Maghemite, lepidocrocite, akaganeite and goethite are also present in much lower concentrations. The Cl− ion presence in fresh concrete at the beginning of the manufacture harms the good formation and the good stability of these oxides, leading to corrosion initiation. Originality/value This study contributes to a better understanding of the passive layer role, not only in reducing the corrosion rate value but also in reconsidering new Cl− ion corrosion threshold values.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Cholera Agent Persistence under Varying Osmolarity Conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-233
Author(s):  
Svetlana P. Zadnova ◽  
N. A Plekhanov ◽  
N. I Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Transcription Regulators ◽  
Mechanisms Of Adaptation ◽  
The Impact

During the lifecycle cholera agent, being human pathogen and natural reservoir inhabitant, is constantly exposed to varying osmolarity environments, induced by different sodium chloride content. However, Vibrio cholerae has created the mechanisms providingfor adaptation to changes of living surroundings. The review covers the data on the impact of NaCl on the survivability of toxigenic V. cholerae strains, and information on mechanisms of adaptation to varying osmolarity. It is demonstrated that at low NaCl contents expression of genes, necessary for cell wall formation and cell growth is elevated; under high NaCl concentration conditions for transcription of genes, encoding transport systems, removing sodium ions, and also responsible for biosynthesis of osmoprotectors, are increased. There is discussed the role of two transcription regulators, CosR and OscR, cooperatively altering gene expression in accordance with particular environmental osmolarity. Further studies into the mechanisms of V. cholerae adaptation to changes of sodium chloride concentration will extend the knowledge about biology and ecology of the pathogen.

scholarly journals Role of Gibberellic acid in mitigating the adverse effect of sodium chloride on some grow parameters of fenugreek plant Trigonellafoenum-graecum L. by using Hydroponic Technique

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Abbas, J.H. El-Saedi ◽  
SuadAbd Said Al-Jalaly ◽  
Amel Ghanim M. Al-Kazzaz ◽  
Raghad Hamed Nasser
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
College Of Education ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Giberellic Acid

An experiment was conducted by using the nutrient solution unit in the green house of the Biology Department, College of Education Ibn Al- Haitham/ Baghdad University during the growing season of 2008-2009 by using fenugreek plant under effect of three concentrations 0,50,100 mM. Lˉ¹ of sodium chloride and four concentrations 0,25,50,100ppm of giberellic acid of studied some growth parameters of plant diameter of root, leaf chlorophyll content, number of flower and pud's,sodium and chloride concentrations in shoot The experiment was accomplished as a completely randomized design(CRD) by using three replicates including 36 plastic pots in nutrient solution unit, the results showed the increase in sodium chloride concentration from 0_100Mm.L ̄1 in nutrient solution negative effects in mentioned parameters growth above. Results also that giberellic acid showed role in decreasing the harmful effects of sodium chloride in studied parameters.

scholarly journals The relation between sodium chloride concentration in drinking water and egg-shell damage

1987 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derick Balnave ◽  
Israel Yoselewitz
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Shell Damage ◽  
Water Shell ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Normal Water ◽  
Egg Shell

1.A significant linear increase in egg-shell defects from 60-week-old laying hens, and corresponding significant linear decreases in various egg-shell-quality measurements, were observed in response to increasing concentrations of sodium chloride in the drinking water, to the maximum concentration of 600 mg/l used in the present study.2. The incidence of damaged egg shells was increased 3-fold by including NaCl in the drinking water at a concentration of 600 mg/l.3. Shell defects declined when birds were placed on normal water for 5 weeks but were still 1.4- to 2.1-fold greater than control values.4. After an induced rest from lay on normal water, shell defects were still 1.3- to 3.2-fold greater in birds which had previously received the NaCl in the drinking water.5. The increased incidence of shell damage was not related to decreased food intake or increased egg weight or production.

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