Septoria passerinii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Linear Lesions ◽  
Hordeum Jubatum ◽  
Combine Harvester ◽  
Sitanion Hystrix ◽  
Hystrix Patula

Abstract A description is provided for Septoria passerinii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Hordeum brachyantherum, Hordeum distichon, Hordeum jubatum, Hordeum secalinum, Hordeum vulgare, Hystrix patula, Lolium multiflorum, L. perenne, L. temulentum, Poa pratensis and Sitanion hystrix. DISEASE: Speckled leaf blotch of barley. Forming linear lesions with indefinite margins on leaves with very small, dark brown pycnidia embedded in tissues developing on straw-coloured blotches and causing defoliation, low yields and formation of light kernels. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Libya); Australasia & Oceania (Australia); Europe (Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Rumania, Spain, U.K.); North America (Canada, U.S.A.). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen overwinters as mycelium or as pycnidia in crop residues, producing macrospores and microspores the following summer. High humidity (>93% R.H.) is required for the release of spores which are formed abundantly on infected material after rain. Spores may be spread by insects or splashing raindrops (44, 1528; 46, 106; 40: 530). Dissemination of the pathogen on barley straw residues has also been attributed to the use of combine harvester-threshers in Western Canada (35: 418) and to high winds in Minnesota, U.S.A. (40: 530).

Ascochyta desmazieresii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Irish Republic

Abstract A description is provided for Ascochyta desmazieresii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Lolium multiflorum and L. perenne. DISEASE: Glume and leaf spot of Italian and perennial ryegrasses. At first leaf lesions start as small purplish or chocolate-brown spots with a distinct red-purple margin. With time these enlarge, become irregular or elliptical, up to 5 mm long and distinctly visible on both sides of the leaves. Finally the centres of older lesions fade to fawn to straw yellow with numerous pycnidia immersed within the leaf tissue on both sides of the leaves but usually abundant pycnidia occur on the lower side. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan); Europe (Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Irish Republic, UK); N. America (USA, California, Oregon, Washington); S. America (Chile, Brazil). TRANSMISSION: No specific studies reported; infection is presumably spread by air-borne conidia in wet weather or heavy dews. The fungus is also probably carried over on crop residues and debris in soil.

Pseudomonas alboprecipitans. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Brown Stripe ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Spray Inoculation ◽  
Leaf Surfaces

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudomonas alboprecipitans. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Setaria lutescens, S. italica and Zea mays. Goto & Starr (1971) and Tominaga (1971) report natural infection of Euchlaena mexicana in Japan, while the latter author also reports natural infection of Agropyron pubescens, Bromus catharticus, B. inermis and B. marginatus in Japan, and Hordeum vulgare and Oryza sativa in the Philippines. The following are recorded as susceptible to spray inoculation: Agropyron intermedian ?, Alopecurus pratensis, Arrhenatherum elatius, Avena sativa, Echinochloa frumentacea, Festuca elatior, Holcus lanatus, Lolium multiflorum, Poa pratensis, Phalaris arundinacea, Secale cereale, Setaria geniculata, Sorghum vulgare, S. vulgare var. sudanense, Triticum aestivum. Goto & Starr (1971) also report slight infection of Phaseolus vulgaris with wounding. DISEASE: Bacterial leaf blight and stalk rot of maize and teosinte; bacterial brown stripe of foxtail and various other grasses. On leaves and sheaths spots and streaks are produced. They vary in size and in colour from yellowish or pale brown to dark brown, depending on the host and conditions. On maize, if the stalk rot occurs it is on the upper part of the stem, often at the level where the ears are produced. The top of the plant dies and bleaches. The ears are usually sterile and sometimes become rotted. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Texas, Virginia), Brazil, Japan, Philippines. TRANSMISSION: Presumably transmitted mainly by wind and rain. Entry into the plant is through stomata and hydathodes and, although bacterial exudate is not seen, large numbers of bacteria can emerge on to wet leaf surfaces, especially on damaged leaves.

To syntaxonomy and ecology of communities with participation of alien species Hordeum jubatum L. in the South Urals

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Ya. M. Golovanov ◽  
L. M. Abramova
Keyword(s):  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Belt ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
South Urals ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
The South ◽  
Juncus Gerardii ◽  
Hordeum Jubatum ◽  
The Republic

The synthaxonomy and ecology of communities with predominance of Hordeum jubatum L., included in the «black list» of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Abramova, Golovanov, 2016a), the preliminary «black list» of the Orenburg Region (Abramova et al., 2017) and the «Black book of flora of Middle Russia» (Vinogradova et al., 2010), are discussed in the article, which continues a series of publications on the classification of communities with alien species in the South Urals (Abramova, 2011, 2016; Abramova, Golovanov, 2016b). H. jubatum was first found in the South Urals in 1984 as an adventive plant occurring along streets in the town of Beloretsk, as well as in gardens where it was grown as an ornamental plant. During the 1980s, it was met also at some railway stations and in several rural localities. Its active distribution throughout the South Urals started in XXI century (Muldashev et al., 2017). Currently, H. jubatum, most naturalized in the native salted habitats of the steppe zone, is often found in disturbed habitats in all natural zones within the region. The short vegetating period and resistance to drought allowed it to be naturalized also in dry steppes, where it increasingly acts as the main weed on broken pastures. The aim of the work, conducted during 2011–2017, was further finding the centers of H. jubatum invasion in 3 regions adjacent to the South Urals — the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg Regions (Fig. 1). In the main sites of H. jubatum invasion 71 relevès were performed on 10–100 m² sample plots with the information of location, date, the plot size, the total cover, average and maximum height of herb layer. Classification was carried out following the Braun-Blanquet method (Braun-Blanquet, 1964) with using the Kopecký–Hejný approach (Kopecký, Hejný, 1974). The community ecology was assessed by weighted average values according to the optimal ecological scales by E. Landolt with usfge of the software of IBIS (Zverev, 2007). PCA-ordination method with usage CANOCO 4.5 software package was applied to identify patterns of environmental differentiation of invasive communities. The current wide distribution area of H. jubatum and its naturalization in synanthropic, meadow and saline communities in the South Urals, as well as its occurrence within mountain-forest belt, forest-steppe and steppe zones both in the Cis- and Trans-Urals, indicates species wide ecological amplitude, high adaptive capability and invasive potential. Its vast thickets are known in the steppe zone, both in disturbed steppes around settlements and along the banks of water bodies. The invasion sites are smaller in the northern regions and mountain forest belt, where these are located in settlements or along communication lines. Therefore, the steppe zone is more favorable for invasive populations, and their distribution will continue from the south to the north. Communities with predominance of H. jubatum, described earlier (Abramova, Golovanov, 2016b) in the Cis-Urals as two derivative communities (associations Hordeum jubatum [Scorzonero–Juncetea gerardii], Hordeum jubatum [Artemisietea]) and Polygono avicularis–Hordeetum jubati, were met in other regions of the South Urals. Also a new derivative community Hordeum jubatum–Poa pratensis [Cynosurion cristati], occuring in the northern part of the Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals, was established. In new habitats this species forms three types of communities: ass. Polygono avicularis–Hordeetum jubati (Fig. 2) the most widespread in anthropogenic habitats throughout the South Urals; derivative community Hordeum jubatum–Juncus gerardii [Scorzonero–Juncetalia gerardii] (Fig. 5) which replaces saline meadows mainly in the steppe zone of the region; derivative community Hordeum jubatum–Poa pratensis [Cynosurion cristati] (Fig. 4) which y replaces low-herb meadows in the forest-steppe zone and mountain-forest belt. PCA ordination (Fig. 6) shows that moisture (H) and soil richness-salinization (S) factors are in priority in differentiation of communities with predominance H. jubatum. The first axis is mainly related to the salinization and soil richness. The community pattern along the second axis is associated with wetting factor. The cenoses of the derivative community Hordeum jubatum–Poa pratensis [Cynosurion cristati] (less salted substrates in drier conditions in the northern part of the forest-steppe zone and the mountain forest belt) are grouped in the upper part of the ordination diagram, while communities of ass. Polygono avicularis–Hordeetum jubati (drier conditions in settlements, the steppe zone) in its low left part. Thus, axis 1 also reflects the intensity of trampling. Another group is formed by cenoses of the derivate community Hordeum jubatum–Juncus gerardii [Scorzonero–Juncetalia gerardii], (salt substrates with a high level of moisturization, on not very damaged water body banks). All communities with H. jubatum are well differentiated in the space of the main ordination axes that indirectly confirms the correctness of our syntaxonomic decision. Undoubted is further expansion of H. jubatum with its entering both anthropogenic and natural plant communities within the South Urals that suggests a constant monitoring in centers of species invasion.

scholarly journals Study Sowing Grasslands Based on Red Clover with Perennial Grasses

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denes DEAK ◽  
Ioan ROTAR ◽  
Florin PACURAR ◽  
Anca BOGDAN
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Stable Manure

Seeded lawns is one of the most important links in the process of improving the forage base, ensure feed quality with high productivity. Mixtures of red clover crops (Trifolium pratense) with perennial grasses (Lolium multiflorum, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis) has high productivity due to better utilization of ecological niches of the biotope (ROTAR I.et al.). These crops has advantages like high content of protein because of the red clover, economy-based fertilizer nitrogen from atmospheric nitrogen fixation by bacteria Rhizobium spp. located in the root of legumes. These seeded pastures get a balanced feed nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids), have a high palatability. The species Trifolium pratense has a greater capacity to restore the soil structure and also the enrichment of the macro-elements, like phosphorus and potassium (CARLIER L., et. al). Our experience took place in the village Simonesti, Cobătesti village of the Harghita county. The experimental field was located respecting the experimental technique rules in randomized blocks with a technique that includes three variants based on red clover plus a perennial grass (Lolium multiflorum, Poa pratensis and Phleum pratense). Every version was fertilized with two types of fertilizer: one liquid (gull) and one solid (stable manure) in four different doses in all three variants. The doses were: V1 = 0 gull; V2 = 5 t / ha gull; V3 = 10 t / ha gull; V4 = 20 t / ha gulle and V1 = 0 stable manure; V2 = 10 t / ha stable manure; V3 = 30 t / ha stable manure and V4 = 50 t / ha stable manure. In our studies we present the influence of fertilization with gull and stable manure on yield of green mass of all three variants. In general, both gull fertilization with manure favors grasses at the expense of installing legumes. The higher doses of fertilizer increase, the share of participant of grasses increases.

Competition and the response of three plant species to a salinity gradient

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 2497-2502 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Kenkel ◽  
A. L. McIlraith ◽  
C. A. Burchill ◽  
G. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
Peak Performance ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Salinity Response ◽  
Hordeum Jubatum ◽  
Puccinellia Nuttalliana

Three grasses (Poa pratensis, Hordeum jubatum, and Puccinellia nuttalliana) were grown in monoculture and three-species mixture at each of eight salinity levels in a controlled environment chamber. In monoculture, all species grew best when no salts were added to the nutrient medium. When salts were added the species showed differing degrees of salt tolerance. Percent decreases in total biomass with increasing salinity and shifts in aboveground to belowground biomass ratios suggested increased salt tolerance in the order P. pratensis < H. jubatum < P. nuttalliana. In mixture, all species showed a significant change in salinity response when compared with their responses in monoculture. Interspecific competition resulted in P. pratensis being suppressed at all but the lowest salinities. Hordeum jubatum showed the least suppression at intermediate salinities, while P. nuttalliana was least suppressed at the highest salinities. These results indicate that interspecific competition results in a shift in the peak performance of more salt-tolerant species toward the high end of the salinity gradient. The species distributions in our experimental mixtures reflected those observed in the field, suggesting that competition plays an important role in structuring inland saline plant communities. Key words: halophyte, glycophyte, community, Hordeum jubatum, Puccinellia nuttalliana, Poa pratensis.

Septoria cannabis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
New Records ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
White Leaf ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Septoria cannabis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Cannabis sativa (hemp). DISEASE: White leaf spot or leaf blight of hemp. Symptoms usually appear on basal leaves as round or ellipsoidal to polygonal, whitish or ochraceous yellow lesions with a conspicuous dark brown border. Affected leaves become curled and withered up towards the edges and fall prematurely leaving much of the lower part of the stem defoliated (15, 97, 805). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia, Europe and North America (CMI Map No. 477, ed. 1, 1971). New records not mapped are: Asia (Kashmir, Pakistan). TRANSMISSION: Detailed studies have not been reported but conidia are presumed to be disseminated by rain-splash and wind blown water. The fungus could also be carried over in crop residues.

Leptosphaeria nodorum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Leptosphaeria Nodorum ◽  
Dry Storage ◽  
Abnormal Structure ◽  
Glume Blotch ◽  
Subsequent Loss ◽  
Wheat Stubble

Abstract A description is provided for Leptosphaeria nodorum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Triticum spp. Also on many other genera in the Gramineae including Agropyron, Cinna, Dactylis, Deschampsia, Elymus, Festuca, Glyceria, Hordeum, Hystrix, Lepturus, Melica, Poa, Psamma, Secale, Stipa (Sprague, 1950). DISEASE: Glume blotch of wheat. Causes discoloured to brown lesions on glumes, culms and leaves. Leaf lesions are 1 cm long, elongated, elliptical, golden brown, surrounded by a diffuse, lighter margin becoming darker and bearing pycnidia. Similar brown lesions occur on glumes where they spread from the apices downwards, and bear pycnidia and perithecia. Perithecia are also formed on dead glumes and culms. The heads of wheat may become blackened, producing shrivelled kernels of abnormal structure. Germinating seedlings may also be attacked with subsequent loss of vigour. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Morocco, Rhodesia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia); Asia (China, Formosa (Taiwan), India, Japan, U.S.S.R.); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay). (CMI Map 283, ed. 2, 1954; Herb IMI.) TRANSMISSION: Frequently seed-borne (Noble et al., 1958; Hewett, 1965), persisting in a viable condition in seed up to 7 yr. in Canada (31: 596). Also surviving in wheat stubble and crop residues and after 1 yr. in straw kept in dry storage (43, 4g, 2589). Conidia have remained viable in pycnidia after 18 months in the open (Weber, 1922).

Intake and Digestibility of Barley Straw by Goats : Effect of Ammonia Treatment of Straw and Straw-Previously-Refused by Goats

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 67-67
Author(s):  
R.A. Wahed ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
By Products ◽  
Feeding Systems

Wahed and Owen (1986) reported a 0.33 increase in barley straw dry matter (DM) intake when stall-fed goats were allowed to refuse 0.5 of the amount offered rather than the 0.2, or less, allowed in conventional ad lib feeding. This approach offers a possible strategy for maximising intake and improving utilization of straw in Third World countries developing stall feeding systems for goats based on crop residues and other by-products. Generous feeding of straw (say allowing refusal-rates of 0.5 of amounts offered) could be followed by the refeeding of refusals after treating them with ammonia.The experiment was undertaken to investigate refeeding straw previously refused by goats and to measure the effect of ammonia-treating such refusals on Intake and digestibility. Barley straw and refusals (0.5 of amount offered) of the same straw were chopped and half of each material treated with ammonia (0.11 of 330 g NH3/kg solution per kg straw in sealed plastic bags for 30 days).

scholarly journals Characterization of Sugar Industry Waste (Filter Cake) and Agro-waste Crop Residue as Potential Source of Livestock Feed Raw Materials

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adugna Ayu Abera ◽  
Ramesh D Duraisamy ◽  
Tolera Badessa Seda
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Livestock Feed

Abstract The potential searching on sources of livestock feed material is the major constrain in the sustainability of livestock sector for the future. The utilization of cereal crop residues (CCRs) is limited because they contain a large proportion of lignocellulosic compounds and little nitrogen. The filter cake is a poorly studied potential as forage for ruminants. In addition, they show higher fiber content. The analysis on characterization of filter cake, Teff straw, barley straw and corn cob were carried out through proximate analysis such as moisture content (MC), dry mater (DM), organic dry matter (ODM), ash content (AC), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), Elemental analyzer, UV-Visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used for analyzing the elemental profiles and functional feed constitutions. The proximate analysis of raw material feed stocks (in %) contains in the range of DM (96. 54 ± 0.7-89.5±0.5), ODM (98.33±0.3-79.4±0.4), MC (3.45±0.7-10.5±0.5), CP (2.32±0.58-12.92±0.36), CF (15.5±0.50-85±0.5), AC (1.69±0.03-20.6±0), FT (1.44±0.1-10.5±0.82), Carbohydrates (45.27- 90.42), energy value (327.26- 386.56 kcal.) and Sucrose of (3.85±0.83). And its elemental compositions can be addressed by their mineral matter contain up 1.69±0.03-20.6±0 %.The moisture content and dry matter contents may vary depends on factors such as cultivator of crops and cane, location, climate, dry length, soil pest diseases, cultivation practices, the harvesting practice and the processing of cans and crops. Large quantities of fibrous crop residues are already used as animal feed in many areas across these countries. There are too many areas in developing countries where ruminant livestock starves due to lack of feed. So this study shows that the direction of searching and compensating the availability of such important croup residues and the sugar industry by product (filter cake) as the raw sources of livestock feeds.

scholarly journals Pyrolysis of wheat and barley straw

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
Anežka Sedmihradská ◽  
Michael Pohořelý ◽  
Petr Jevič ◽  
Siarhei Skoblia ◽  
Zdeněk Beňo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Atomic Ratio ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Biomass Pyrolysis ◽  
Solid Product ◽  
Practical Temperature

Pyrolysing agricultural crop residues and other biomass constitutes a newer method of transforming often difficult, waste materials into a novel type of soil amendment/additive. Simultaneously, this process also makes it possible to exploit part of the energy released in the agricultural production. Biochar, viewed as the solid product of biomass pyrolysis, is a remarkable, porous material, rich in carbon. Two agricultural crop residues, such as wheat and barley straw, were selected for the experimental studies. The results indicate that the practical temperature for the production of biochar from the two explored materials occurs in the vicinity of 600 °C. Starting at this temperature, the biochar produced complies safely with the principal European Biochar Certificate standards (EBC 2012). Thus, for the wheat straw and barley straw – originated char, the content of the carbon amounts to 67.2 and 67.0 mass %, the atomic ratio H : C is as large as 0.032 and 0.026, and the specific surface area amounts to 217 and 201 m<sup>2</sup>·g<sup>–1</sup>, respectively.

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