Saffron Daughter Corms Formation, Nitrogen and Phosphorous Uptake in Response to Low Planting Density, Sampling Rounds, Vermicompost and Mineral Fertilizers
Опыты проводили в 2018–2020 годах на экспериментальной базе «Коренево» (Московская область) в условиях дерново-подзолистой супесчаной почвы Центрального региона Нечерноземной зоны России. Цель исследований – изучить реакцию нового среднеспелого сорта картофеля Сигнал селекции ФГБНУ «ФИЦ картофеля имени А.Г. Лорха» на сроки, густоту посадки и приемы внесения минеральных удобрений по комплексу хозяйственно ценных признаков (морфологические и биологические особенности, потребительские и столовые качества клубней, урожайность, показатели качества клубней, устойчивость к болезням, лежкость при хранении). Выбор исследуемых агроприемов обусловлен необходимостью ускорения появления всходов, последующего развития растений и формирования достаточно значимого уровня урожая клубней до наступления неблагоприятных метеорологических условий (жара, засуха), а также обеспечения бесперебойного питания растений в течение всей вегетации, так как на супесчаных почвах во время выпадения осадков происходит вымывание питательных веществ в недоступные для корневой системы растений слои. Клубни высаживали в два срока: ранний (третья декада апреля при температуре почвы не ниже 5–7 °C) и базовый (контроль) – через 7–10 дней после первого срока. Посадку проводили на фоне удобрений, внесенных локально тремя приемами при нарезке гребней и последующих междурядных обработках двумя лентами: 1. Основное N90P90K135(контроль); 2. Дробное №1 (стартовое N60P60K90+ подкормка N30P30K45 через 7–10 дней после всходов); 3. Дробное №2 (стартовое N30P30K45 + подкормка N30P30K45 через 7–10 дней после всходов + подкормка N30P30K45 в фазе бутонизации). Густота посадки: 44, 50 и 56 тыс. клубней/га по схеме 75×30; 75×27 и 75×24 см. Определен наиболее эффективный комплекс агроприемов, включающий раннюю посадку (третья декада апреля при температуре почвы не ниже 5 °C) с густотой 44 тыс. клубней/га на фоне дробно-локального внесения удобрений (№1). В условиях дерново-подзолистой супесчаной почвы Центрального региона Нечерноземной зоны сорт дает прибавку урожая в размере 3,9 т/га, или 10,3%. При этом условный доход составляет 43,0 тыс. р/га. Ключевые слова: агротехнологический паспорт, урожайность, срок, густота посадки, прием внесения, потребительские и столовые качества, условный доход. The experiments were carried out in 2018–2020 at the experimental base Korenevo (Moscow region) in the conditions of sod-podzolic sandy loam soil of the Central region of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia. The aim of the research is to study the reaction of a new medium-ripe potato variety from the selection of Russian Potato Research Centre on the timing, planting density and methods of applying mineral fertilizers according to a complex of economically valuable characteristics (morphological and biological features, consumer and table qualities of tubers, yield, quality indicators of tubers, disease resistance, shelf life). The choice of the studied agricultural practices is due to the need to accelerate the emergence of seedlings, the subsequent development of plants and the formation of a sufficiently significant level of tuber yield before the onset of adverse meteorological conditions (heat, drought), as well as to ensure uninterrupted nutrition of plants throughout the growing season, since on sandy loam soils during precipitation, nutrients are leached into layers inaccessible to the root system of plants. Tubers were planted in two terms: early (3rd decade of April at a soil temperature not lower than 5–7 °C) and basic (control) – 7–10 days after the first term. The planting was carried out against the background of fertilizers applied locally in three methods when cutting the ridges and subsequent row-to-row treatments with two tapes: 1. Basic N90P90K135 (control); 2. Fractional No1 (starting N60P60K90 + top dressing N30P30K45 7–10 days after germination); 3. Fractional No2 (starting N30P30K45+ top dressing N30P30K45 7–10 days after germination + top dressing N30P30K45 in the budding phase). Planting density: 44, 50 and 56 thousand tubers/ha according to the scheme 75×30; 75×27 and 75×24 cm. The most effective agro-complex of techniques was determined, including early planting (3rd decade of April at soil t not lower than 5 °C) with a density of 44 thousand tubers/ha against the background of fractional local fertilization (№1). In the conditions of sod-podzolic sandy loam soil of the Central region of the Non-Chernozem zone, the variety gives an increase in yield of 3.9 t/ha, or 10.3%. At the same time, the conditional income is 43.0 thousand rub/ha.
Growth and productivity of Brazilian Hevea on rubber plantations in Vietnam
Изучение роста и продуктивности гевеи бразильской проводилось на про- мышленных плантациях в районе Тхонг Нхат (провинция Донг Най, Вьетнам). Плантации закладывались привитыми саженцами пяти клонов – GT1, PB260, PB235, RRIC121, VM515 на площадях, имеющих уклон менее 3. В качестве подвоя использовали сеянцы гевеи бразильской, выращенные в полиэтиленовых тубах. Посадка проводилась в ямки, подготовленные вручную. Перед посадкой в ямку вносился комплекс органических и минеральных удобрений. Перед посад- кой снималась пленка с корнезакрывающего кома, растения помещались в ямку и заделывались почвой, смешанной с органическими и минеральными удобре- ниями. Первоначальная густота посадки на всех вариантах исследования состав- ляла 560 шт./га. Уход за посадками заключался в многократном удалении травя- нистых растений вокруг посаженного растения. Диаметр обрабатываемой площади увеличивался до размера проекции кроны. После достижения расте- ниями высоты 3 м начинали постепенную обрезку нижних ветвей, доводя высо- ту ствола без нижних ветвей до 2,5–3,3 м. Для определения хода роста заклады- вались постоянные пробные площади на плантациях гевеи бразильской в возрасте 1, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 лет размером 25 25 м, на которых проводился учет биометрических показателей всех деревьев. Определение продуктивности латекса проводили на трех деревьях на тех же постоянных пробных площадях в течение 30 дней по каждому клону в возрасте 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 лет. Сбор ла- текса производился ежедневно. Массу латекса определяли взвешиванием каждой пробы по отдельному дереву в г/дер./сут. На плантациях все клоны имеют высо- кую приживаемость и сохранность, стабильно высокий прирост по высоте и диаметру ствола и высокую продуктивность млечного сока. Клон RRIC121 пока- зывает более высокие темпы роста уже с пятилетнего возраста и это преимуще- ство сохраняется до конца эксплуатации плантаций в 30-летнем возрасте как по биометрическим показателям, так и по продуктивности млечного сока. Биомет- рические параметры и динамика запаса древесины у клонов GT1, PB235 и VM515 не имеют достоверных отличий друг от друга, но несколько ниже, чем у клона RRIC121. Запас древесины у клона PB260 уже в 10-летнем возрасте ниже, чем у остальных клонов, и остается таковым на протяжении всего срока наблю- дений. Хотя промышленная заготовка млечного сока на плантация гевеи бра- зильской во Вьетнаме проводится с 7 и до 30-летнего возраста, наибольшая про- дуктивность у всех изучаемых клонов наступает с 10 и до 25-летнего возраста, а максимальная продуктивность – в 15–20-летнем возрасте. Лидирующие позиции по продуктивности млечного сока в период максимальной продуктивности име- ет клон RRIC121, несколько ниже продуктивность у клонов PB235 и VM515. Самая низкая продуктивность отмечена у клонов GT1 и PB235. Наиболее высо- кая корреляция между продуктивностью млечного сока и биометрическими по- казателями гевеи бразильской отмечена для диаметра у корневой шейки, протя- женности кроны и объема ствола отдельных деревьев. На увеличение этих показателей отдельных деревьев должны быть направлены агротехнические ме- роприятия при создании и эксплуатации плантаций гевеи бразильской. The growth and productivity of Brazilian Hevea (Hevea brasiliensis) on commer- cial plantations in the Thong Nhat district, Dong Nai province, Vietnam, are studied and analyzed. The plantations were established with the grafted seedlings of five clones: GT1, PB260, PB235, RRIC121, and VM515, in the areas with a ground surface slope of less than 30°. The Brazilian Hevea seedlings grown in polyethylene tubes were used as rootstock. The seedlings were planted into pits prepared manually. Be- fore planting, a complex of organic and mineral fertilizers was introduced into the pits. The polyfilm was removed from the rootballs, and then the plants were placed into pits and embedded with soil mixed with organic and mineral fertilizers. The initial planting density was 560 plants per ha for all variants in this research. Tending consisted in re- peated weeding of herbaceous plants in the vicinity of the seedlings. The diameter of the cultivated area was increased to the size of the crown projection. After the trees reached 3 meters in height, lower branches were successively pruned so that the trees could not have any branches up to 2.5–3.3 m in height. To determine the growth rate, permanent trial plots were established on the Brazilian Hevea plantations at the age of 1, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30, each 25 x 25 m, on which the biometric parameters of all trees were measured. Latex productivity was determined for 3 trees on the same permanent trial plots during 30 days for each clone at the age of 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30. Latex was collected every day. The latex mass was determined by weighing each sample from a separate tree in grams every day. On the plantations, all clones show high survival and safety, stable high growth in height and diameter, and a high produc- tivity of latex. Clone RRIC121 has been showing a higher growth rate since the age of five and this advantage shows itself until the end of the plantation exploitation at the age of 30 both in biometric parameters and latex productivity. Biometric parameters and dynamics of wood stock in clones GT1, PB235 and VM515 have no significant differences from each other, but they are somewhat lower than those of clone RRIC121. Already at the age of 10, the wood stock of clone PB260 was smaller as compared with that of the other clones and it has not changed over the entire observa- tion period. Although on the Brazilian Hevea plantations in Vietnam, latex is collected in production quantities from the trees aged from 7 to 30, the highest productivity of all the clones under study is shown by the trees within the age period from 10 to 25, and the maximum productivity, at the age from 15 to 20. Clone RRIC121 has the lead- ing positions in latex productivity in the maximum productivity period; somewhat lower productivity is shown by clones PB235 and VM515. Clones GT1 and PB235 have the lowest productivity. The highest relationship between the lateх productivity and the biometric indicators of Brazilian Hevea is recorded for the root neck diameter, the crown length, and the trunk volume of individual trees. Special agrotechnical measures should be developed and applied during the establishment and management of Brazilian Hevea plantations in order to improve these parameters.
Potatoes are one of the most responsive crops for grooming techniques since in the period from seedlings before closing rows are easily suppressed by weeds that take away nutrients, water, light from it. The factor that causes high harm to potatoes is weed. By absorbing a large number of nutrients and moisture from the soil, weeds inhibit the growth and development of plants, reducing their potential productivity. The purpose of the study was to establish the effect of the timing of the introduction of bedding manure in conjunction with mineral fertilizers and planting density on the weediness of potato plantings. Studies were provided to identify the impact of the timing of bedding manure together with mineral fertilizers and planting density for weed planting potatoes. Experiments were laid by the systematic method with a tiered arrangement of variants in the experiment with a 3-fold repetition. We used cattle manure on straw bedding for autumn-winter harvesting. The following types of fertilizers were used: ammonium nitrate, double superphosphate, potassium chloride. Determination of the amount and biomass of weeds in potato plantings was carried out in the flowering phase and before harvesting. The application of manure was accompanied by an increase in the number and weight of weeds. Annual weeds predominated in potato plantings: Amaranthus retroflexus L., 1753 and Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson, 1877, Chenopodium album L. Chenopodium album L., 1753, Setaria P. Beauv, 1812 and Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv, 1812, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) BEAUV., 1812 and others, perennials included Cirsium arvense (L.) SCOP. 1772 and Sonchus arvensis L., 1753, (Elytrigia repens (L.) DESV. ex NEVSKI, 1933 and others. Planting density also has a definite effect on the development of weeds. When manure was applied in autumn under the plow, the number of weeds increased in comparison with other options, where only mineral fertilizers were applied. The application of manure over frozen plow and in winter over snow leads to a slight decrease (2.3-2.5 pcs/m2) of weeds. The greatest number of weeds is observed during the spring application of manure for plowing the fall plow. Nevertheless, studies aimed at clarifying the composition and structure of weediness, the number and weight of weeds in potato plantings are of great practical importance for local agricultural producers. These data should contribute to the development of an effective weed control system and high yields of potatoes in the region
The article studies the reaction of new Bellarosa potato variety on the introduction of calculated doses of mineral fertilizers and the density of planting in the forest-steppe soil of the Middle Volga region. The research shows that increased nutrition appropriately raises the yield of Bellarosa potato variety. The introduction of calculated fertilizer doses aimed at obtaining 30 tons of potato per hectare has increased the yield by 8.17–10.96 t/hectare depending on the planting density. Over 4 years of research the highest yield of 31.18 t/hectare was obtained when the planting density was 66.6 thousand tubers per hectare. It’s worth noting that higher planting density increased the effectiveness of the fertilizer introduced in calculated doses for this level of yield. The increase in potato harvest, in this case, was 4.22 and 5.81 t/hectare. The following increase in planting density with further enhancement of nutrition didn’t show such high effectiveness. For example, in the case of fertilizer dose calculated for the yield of 35 t/hectare the increase of density to 60.6 and 66.6 thousand tubers per hectare (in comparison with 55.5 thousand) gave the rise of 1.62 and 2.62 t/hectare in yield. Over 4 years of research the introduction of the fertilizer dose calculated for the yield of 40 t/hectare gave an additional 1.60 and 2.90 tons of potato per hectare.
Эксперименты проводили в 2018-2020 годах на новом раннем сорте картофеля Гулливер селекции ФГБНУ «ФИЦ картофеля имени А.Г. Лорха». В опыте изучали срок, густоту посадки и приемы внесения минеральных удобрений. Клубни высаживали в два срока: ранний (третьяя декада апреля при температуре почвы не ниже 5 °С) и базовый (контроль) – через 7-10 дней после первого срока. Посадку проводили на фоне удобрений, внесенных локально в три приема при нарезке гребней и последующих междурядных обработках двумя лентами: основное N90P90K135(контроль); дробное (стартовое N60P60K90 + подкормка N30P30K45 через 7-10 дней после всходов); стартовое N30P30K45 + подкормка N30P30K45через 7-10 дней после всходов + подкормка N30P30K45в фазу бутонизации. Густота посадки: 44; 50 и 56 тыс. клубней/га по схеме 75×30; 75×27 и 75×24 см. Ранняя посадка ускоряла появление всходов на 5-6, а фазы бутонизации и цветения растений на 3-7 дней. Увеличивались масса ботвы, площадь ассимиляционной поверхности листьев на 2,0 т/га и 3,6 тыс. м2/га. Период вегетации растений и накопления урожая клубней удлинялся на 8-10 дней в сравнении с контролем. Прибавка урожая от ранней посадки достигала в среднем за 3 года до 1,7 т/га или 4,0%, а от дробного внесения удобрений до 2,1 т/га или 5,0% в сравнении с соответствующими контролями. Совокупное применение агроприемов в опыте позволило получить прибавку урожая в размере 3,6 т/га или 8,5%. Условный доход составил 46 тыс. р/га, а себестоимость – 3,4 р/кг, что на 0,2 р/кг меньше, чем в контроле. Показатели качества при этом были практически одинаковыми. Загущение посадок до 50 и 56 тыс. клубней/га способствовало увеличению урожайности клубней в среднем на 2,9-3,1 т/га или до 7,3%, в сравнении с контролем. Условный доход возрастал на этих вариантах в среднем до 9 тыс. р/га. Experiments were carried out in 2018-2020 on a new early potato variety Gulliver in Russian Potato Research Centre. In the experiment, we studied different agrotechnical techniques, including the time, density of planting and methods of applying mineral fertilizers. Tubers were planted in 2 terms: early (3rd decade of April at a soil temperature of not less than 5 °C) and basic (control) - 7-10 days after the first term. Planting was carried out on background of fertilizers applied locally in three ways while preparing of ridges and subsequent inter-row treatments with two strings: the main N90P90K135(control); fractional (starting N60P60K90 + top dressing N30P30K45 7-10 days after germination); starting N30P30K45 + top dressing N30P30K45 7-10 days after germination + top dressing N30P30K45 in the budding phase. Planting density: 44; 50 and 56 thousand tubers/ha according to the scheme 75×30; 75×27 and 75×24 cm. Early planting accelerated the emergence of seedlings by 5-6, and the phases of budding and flowering of plants by 3-7 days. The weight of the tops, the area of leaves assimilation surface increased by 2.0 t/ha and 3.6 thousand m2/ha. The period of plants vegetation and tubers accumulation was extended by 8-10 days in comparison with control. The yield increase from early planting reached an average of 1.7 t/ha or 4.0% in 3 years, and from fractional appliance of fertilizers to 2.1 t/ha or 5.0% in comparison with corresponding controls. The combined use of agricultural methods in experiment allowed to obtain a yield increase of 3.6 t/ha or 8.5%. Conditional income amounted to 46 thousand rubles / ha, and the cost price – 3.4 rubles/kg, which is 0.2 rubles/kg less than in the control. The quality indicators were almost the same. Thickening of plantings to 50 and 56 thousand tubers/ha contributed to an increase of yield by an average of 2.9-3.1 t/ha or up to 7.3%, compared with the control. Conditional income increased on these options on average to 9 thousand rubles/ha.
The increase in productivity, quality of sunflower seeds is largely dependent on the optimal doses of fertilizers and plant density in relation to a particular variety and agroclimatic conditions of the region. The aim of our research was to study the effect of the seeding rate and the background of mineral nutrition on the productivity and quality of seeds of Orenbar sunflower hybrid. The application of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N90P60K90 on average for four years ensured the formation of a crop with a planting density of 47 thousand pcs per hectare – 1.536 tons per hectare. As the seeding rate increased to 74 thousand pcs per hectare - the productivity increased by 0.376 tons per hectare and amounted to - 2.839 tons per hectare against the background of mineral fertilizers in the dose of N90P60K90. This variant had the highest oil yield – 1.463.9 kg per hectare.
The results of studies on the effect of density, fertilizer and soil type on miscanthus productivity in Western Polesie are presented. It was found that the average yield of dry biomass of 15.5 t/ha was obtained on a dark gray loamy soil for a planting density of 20 pc/ha., and fertilizer application at the rate of N60Р200К200. The application of mineral fertilizers (N60Р200К200) on dark gray light-loamy and sod-podzolic sandy-sandy soil provided the highest increase in dry mass yield (up to control) of 2.9–3.4 t/ha. As the results of research have shown, the dry matter yield varies significantly under the influence of certain factors. Thus, in four years on average the highest dry matter yield was obtained on condition of planting density of 20 thousand pcs./ha and application of N60P200K200 on both dark gray light loamy soil and sod-podzolic sandy soil, 15.5 and 13.1 t/ha respectively. The lowest yields on two types of soils were obtained on condition of planting density of 10 thousand pcs./ha in the trial field without fertilizers (check) – 12.0 t/ha and 9.1 t/ha on dark gray loamy and sod-podzolic light sandy soils, respectively. The application of mineral fertilizers at the rate of N60P100K100 ensured increase in the yield by 1.8 and 2.2 t/ha of dry mass on two types of soils. Increasing the dose of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers up to 200 kg. d. r./ha contributed to an increase in the amount of dry mass to 15.0 and 10.1 t/ha compared to the trial field without fertilizers. The results of the research confirm the fact that with the increase in grain planting density and application of mineral fertilizers, the yield of miscanthus biomass increases, thus, the yield of solid fuel and energy increases as well. Consequently, the highest fuel yield of 17.1 t/ha with the energy yield of 271 GJ/ha was ensured by the application of mineral fertilizers at the rate of N60P200K200 and an increase in planting density to 20 thousand pcs./ha on dark gray light loamy soil. The lowest productivity at this density was characterized by the option without fertilizers (check) - 12.2 t/ha of dry biofuel and 194 GJ/ha of energy. Planting miscanthus plantations with the density of 15 thousand pcs./ha for four years on average reduced the yield of biofuel to 11.0 t/ha and energy to 175 GJ/ha in the trial field without fertilizers (check). However, the lowest amount of biofuel of 10.1 t/ha and energy yield of 159 GJ/ha was obtained in the trial field without fertilizers at the planting density of miscanthus of 10 thousand pcs./ha. The application of mineral fertilizers at the rate of N60P100K100 and N60P200K200 contributed to the increase of the above indices to 13.5 and 14.7 t/ha of dry biofuel and 215 and 235 GJ/ha of energy, respectively. Keywords: miscanthus, dry biomass, solid biofuels, energy, soil.
Исследования проводили на экспериментальной базе Коренево ВНИИКХ (Московская область) в 2018-2019 годах на новом среднеспелом сорте картофеля Кумач. В опыте на дерново-подзолистой супесчаной почве изучали агротехнические приемы (сроки, густоту посадки и способы внесения минеральных удобрений) с целью: ускорить рост, развитие растений и формирование хозяйственно значимого урожая клубней до наступления неблагоприятных метеорологических условий (жара, засуха) улучшить параметры товарных клубней в структуре урожая обеспечить бесперебойное питание растений в течение всей вегетации. Клубни высаживали в два срока: ранний (третья декада апреля при температуре почвы не ниже 5 С) и базовый (контроль) через 7-10 дней после первого срока. Посадку проводили на фоне удобрений, внесенных локально тремя способами при нарезке гребней и последующих междурядных обработках: 1. единовременно N90P90K135 (контроль) 2. дробно (стартовое N60P60K90 подкормка N30P30K45 через 7-10 дней после всходов) 3. дробно (стартовое N30P30K45 подкормка N30P30K45 через 7-10 дней после всходов подкормка N30P30K45 в фазу бутонизации). Густота посадки: 44 (контроль) 50 и 56 тыс. клубней/га по схеме 7530 7527 и 7524 см. Ранняя посадка способствовала ускорению появления всходов на 4-6, а фазы бутонизации и цветения растений на 3-7 дней. На варианте с посадкой клубней в 1 срок и дробным внесением удобрений (стартовое N60P60K90 подкормка N N30P30K45 через 7-10 дней после всходов) увеличивались масса ботвы, площадь ассимиляционной поверхности листьев в среднем на 2,2 т/га и 4,6 тыс. м2/га, а при загущении посадок на 1,3-3,8 т/га и 1,4-4,5 тыс. м2/га в сравнении с контрольными вариантами. Прибавка урожая от ранней посадки составила в среднем за два года до 1,8 т/га или 5,1 от дробного внесения удобрений до 2,5 т/га или 7,1, а от загущения посадок на 1,9-2,9 т/га или до 8,2 в сравнении с соответствующими контролями. Совокупное применение агроприемов в опыте позволило получить прибавку урожая в размере 4,0 т/га или 11,4 в сравнении с базовыми вариантами. Условный доход составил 41 тыс. р/га.The research of new medium-ripe potato variety Kumach was conducted at the experimental base Korenevo (Lorch Potato Research Institute, Moscow region) in 2018-2019 years. In the experiment on sod-podzolic sandy loam soil, agricultural techniques (timing, planting density and methods of mineral fertilizers applying) were studied with the aim of: 1. accelerate the growth, development of plants and the achievement of high yield before the beginning of unfavorable conditions (heat, drought) 2. improve the parameters of tubers commodity in the crop structure 3. ensure plant nutrition throughout the growing season on constant level. Tubers were planted in 2 terms: early (3rd decade of April at a soil temperature above 5C) and basic (control) - 7-10 days after the first term. Planting was carried out on the background of fertilizers applied locally during ridging in three variants: 1. N90P90K135 (control) at a time 2. fractional (starting N60P60K90 top dressing N30P30K45) 7-10 days after germination 3. fractional (starting N30P30K45 top dressing N30P30K45 7-10 days after germination top dressing N30P30K45 in the budding phase). Planting density: 44 (control) 50 and 56 thousand tubers/ha according to the scheme 75x30 75x27 and 75x24 cm. Early planting contributed to acceleration of seedlings emergence by 4-6 days, and the phases of budding and flowering of plants by 3-7 days. In variant of planting tubers in first term (fractional appliance - N60P60K90 by ridging N30P30K45 after 7-10 days after germination) the mass of the plants, the area of the assimilation surface of the leaves increased by an average on 2.2 t/ha and 4.6 thousand m2/ha, and in variant of thickening the plantings-by 1.3-3.8 t/ha and 1.4-4.5 thousand m2 / ha in comparison with the control variants. The increase in yield from early planting was on average up to 1.8 t/ha or 5.1 over 2 years from fractional fertilization up to 2.5 t / ha or 7.1, and from thickening of plantings-by 1.9-2.9 t / ha or up to 8.2 in comparison with the corresponding controls. The combined use of agricultural practices in the experiment allowed to get an increase in yield of 4.0 t / ha or 11.4 in comparison with the control variants. Income was 41 thousand rubles / ha.
BIOFERTILIZAÇÃO E ADUBAÇÃO ORGANOMINERAL: CONCENTRAÇÃO DE NUTRIENTES NA FOLHA E PRODUTIVIDADE DE FRUTOS DE PINHEIRA SARITA LEONEL1; JAIRTON FRAGA ARAÚJO2 E MARCO ANTONIO TECCHIO3 Eng. Agrônomo, Doutor, Departamento de Horticultura, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu-SP, CEP 18.610-307, e-mail: [email protected] , Eng. Agrônomo, Doutor, Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciências Sociais, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Juazeiro- BA, e-mail: [email protected] Eng. Agrônomo, Doutor, Departamento de Horticultura, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu-SP. e-mail: [email protected] 1 RESUMO A adubação com o emprego de compostos orgânicos é uma prática complementar à fertilização química e absolutamente necessária no sistema de produção integrada de frutas, o qual já é uma realidade em praticamente todos os países da Europa. O Brasil tem tentado se adaptar a esse sistema de produção, no entanto, faltam resultados de pesquisa que possam subsidiar a recomendação dessas técnicas aos fruticultores. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o emprego de adubos minerais naturais e orgânicos, em associação com biofertilizantes líquidos (BLE = Biofertilizante Líquido Enriquecido e BF = Biofertilizante Foliar) sobre a diagnose foliar e a produtividade de frutos de pinheira. O experimento foi realizado em um pomar de pinheira com nove anos de idade e sem variedade definida. O espaçamento utilizado foi de 4m x 2m, com densidade de plantio de 1.250 plantas ha-1. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e oito tratamentos: T1= plantas sem adubação; T2= 60g de N; T3= 90 g de N; T4= 30g de N + 15L de BLE + BF a 5%; T5= 60g de N + 30L de BLE + BF a 5%; T6= 90g de N + 45L de BLE + BF a 5%; T7= 120g de N+ 60L de BLE + BF a 5%; T8= 150g de N + 75g de BLE + BF a 5%. As parcelas foram constituídas por 3 plantas, totalizando 32 parcelas e 96 plantas. As variáveis avaliadas foram: produtividade física por área e composição mineral das folhas em macro e micronutrientes. Os tratamentos 3, 4 e 6 proporcionaram produtividades de 23,6 t ha-1; 21,9 t ha-1 e 23,0 t ha-1, respectivamente. Os teores médios de macronutrientes apresentaram-se na faixa adequada para a cultura e dos micronutrientes boro, ferro, manganês e zinco, abaixo da mesma. Palavras-chave: Annona squamosa L., adubação orgânica, biofertilizantes, estádios fenológicos LEONEL, S.; ARAÚJO, J.F.; TECCHIO, M.A.BIO AND ORGANOMINERAL FERTILIZATION: NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS IN THE LEAF AND YIELD OF SUGAR APPLE FRUITS 2 ABSTRACT Fertilization using organic compounds is a complementary practice to chemical fertilization and strictly necessary to the integrated production of fruits, which is already a reality in almost all European countries. Brazil has tried to adapt its crops to that system, however, there is lack of results in the literature to support recommendations of these techniques to fruit growers. Based on these considerations, the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of natural and organic mineral fertilizers in combination with liquid biofertilizers (ELB= Enriched Liquid Biofertilizer and LB = Leaf Biofertilizer) on the diagnosis of the nutritional status and fruit production of sugar apple. The experiment was carried out in a 9-year old fruit farm of sugar apple with a non-defined cultivar. Spacing was 4 m x 2 m and 1,250 plants ha -1 planting density. A randomized block experimental design was used with four replicates and eight treatments: T1= plants with no fertilization; T2= 60g N; T3= 90 g N; T4= 30g N + 15L ELB + 5% LB; T5= 60g N + 30L ELB + 5% LB; T6= 90g N + 45L ELB + 5% LB; T7= 120g N+ 60L ELB + 5% LB; T8= 150g N + 75g ELB + 5% LB. Plots consisted of 3 plants, amounting to 32 plots and 96 plants. The following variables were analyzed: physical yield per area and mineral composition of leaves in macro and micro nutrients. Treatments 3, 4 and 6 led to yields of 23.6 t ha-1; 21.9 t ha-1 and 23.0 t ha-1, respectively. Mean macronutrient levels were appropriate for the crop, whereas boron, iron, manganese and zing micronutrient levels were inappropriate. Keywords: sugar apple fruit, organic manure, biofertilizers, yield.
