Comparison of visual fatigue caused by head-mounted display for virtual reality and two-dimensional display using objective and subjective evaluation

Purpose This study isolates the effect of immersion on players’ learning in a virtual reality (VR)-based game about cellular biology by comparing two versions of the game with the same level of interactivityand different levels of immersion. The authors identify immersion and additional interactivity as two key affordances of VR as a learning tool. A number of research studies compare VR with two-dimensional or minimally interactive media; this study focuses on the effect of immersion as a result of the head mounted display (HMD). Design/methodology/approach In the game, players diagnose a cell by exploring a virtual cell and search for clues that indicate one of five possible types of cystic fibrosis. Fifty-one adults completed all aspects of the study. Players took pre and post assessments and drew pictures of cells and translation before and after the game. Players were randomly assigned to play the game with the HMD (stereoscopic view) or without the headset (non-stereoscopic view). Players were interviewed about their drawings and experiences at the end of the session. Findings Players in both groups improved in their knowledge of the cell environment and the process of translation. Players who experienced the immersive stereoscopic view had a more positive learning effect in the content assessment, and stronger improvement in their mental models of the process of translation between pre- and post-drawings compared to players who played the two-dimensional game. Originality/value This study suggests that immersion alone has a positive effect on conceptual understanding, especially in helping learners understand spatial environments and processes. These findings set the stage for a new wave of research on learning in immersive environments; research that moves beyond determining whether immersive media correlate with more learning, toward a focus on the types of learning outcomes that are best supported by immersive media.

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Objective and Subjective Evaluation of Flavor caused by Filter for Drink Extraction

IEEJ Transactions on Sensors and Micromachines ◽

10.1541/ieejsmas.139.385 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 139 (11) ◽

pp. 385-392

Author(s):

Yusuke Tahara ◽

Zhang Shiyu ◽

Rui Yatabe ◽

Rumina Obi ◽

Chie Okamura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subjective Evaluation ◽

Objective And Subjective Evaluation

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Do the Speed and Brightness in the Virtual Reality Matter for Hearing Impaired Learners with Head Mounted Display?

Korean Association for Educational Information and Media ◽

10.15833/kafeiam.22.4.861 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 861-877

Author(s):

Jeeheon Ryu ◽

Dongyeon Choi ◽

Minjeong Kim

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Hearing Impaired ◽

Head Mounted Display

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Cybersickness in current-generation virtual reality head-mounted displays: systematic review and outlook

Virtual Reality ◽

10.1007/s10055-021-00513-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Polona Caserman ◽

Augusto Garcia-Agundez ◽

Alvar Gámez Zerban ◽

Stefan Göbel

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Virtual Reality ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Subjective Evaluation ◽

Future Research ◽

Current Generation ◽

Research Areas ◽

Head Mounted Displays ◽

Skin Response ◽

Golden Standard

AbstractCybersickness (CS) is a term used to refer to symptoms, such as nausea, headache, and dizziness that users experience during or after virtual reality immersion. Initially discovered in flight simulators, commercial virtual reality (VR) head-mounted displays (HMD) of the current generation also seem to cause CS, albeit in a different manner and severity. The goal of this work is to summarize recent literature on CS with modern HMDs, to determine the specificities and profile of immersive VR-caused CS, and to provide an outlook for future research areas. A systematic review was performed on the databases IEEE Xplore, PubMed, ACM, and Scopus from 2013 to 2019 and 49 publications were selected. A summarized text states how different VR HMDs impact CS, how the nature of movement in VR HMDs contributes to CS, and how we can use biosensors to detect CS. The results of the meta-analysis show that although current-generation VR HMDs cause significantly less CS ($$p<0.001$$ p < 0.001 ), some symptoms remain as intense. Further results show that the nature of movement and, in particular, sensory mismatch as well as perceived motion have been the leading cause of CS. We suggest an outlook on future research, including the use of galvanic skin response to evaluate CS in combination with the golden standard (Simulator Sickness Questionnaire, SSQ) as well as an update on the subjective evaluation scores of the SSQ.

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Visual Fatigue Induced by Watching Virtual Reality Device and the Effect of Anisometropia

Ergonomics ◽

10.1080/00140139.2021.1957158 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-23

Author(s):

Sang Hyeok Lee ◽

Martha Kim ◽

Hyosun Kim ◽

Choul Yong Park

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Visual Fatigue

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Physically Based Soap Bubble Synthesis for VR

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11073090 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 3090

Author(s):

Sangwook Yoo ◽

Cheongho Lee ◽

Seongah Chin

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Virtual Space ◽

Soap Bubble ◽

Temporal Constraints ◽

High Expectations ◽

Soap Bubbles ◽

Physical Motion ◽

Head Mounted Display ◽

Interesting Topic ◽

Physically Based

To experience a real soap bubble show, materials and tools are required, as are skilled performers who produce the show. However, in a virtual space where spatial and temporal constraints do not exist, bubble art can be performed without real materials and tools to give a sense of immersion. For this, the realistic expression of soap bubbles is an interesting topic for virtual reality (VR). However, the current performance of VR soap bubbles is not satisfying the high expectations of users. Therefore, in this study, we propose a physically based approach for reproducing the shape of the bubble by calculating the measured parameters required for bubble modeling and the physical motion of bubbles. In addition, we applied the change in the flow of the surface of the soap bubble measured in practice to the VR rendering. To improve users’ VR experience, we propose that they should experience a bubble show in a VR HMD (Head Mounted Display) environment.

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Gamification and Hazard Communication in Virtual Reality: A Qualitative Study

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21144663 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (14) ◽

pp. 4663

Author(s):

Janaina Cavalcanti ◽

Victor Valls ◽

Manuel Contero ◽

David Fonseca

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

New Technologies ◽

Training Environment ◽

Hazard Communication ◽

Head Mounted Display ◽

Compliance Behavior ◽

Before And After ◽

Recorded Data ◽

The Impact ◽

Different Levels

An effective warning attracts attention, elicits knowledge, and enables compliance behavior. Game mechanics, which are directly linked to human desires, stand out as training, evaluation, and improvement tools. Immersive virtual reality (VR) facilitates training without risk to participants, evaluates the impact of an incorrect action/decision, and creates a smart training environment. The present study analyzes the user experience in a gamified virtual environment of risks using the HTC Vive head-mounted display. The game was developed in the Unreal game engine and consisted of a walk-through maze composed of evident dangers and different signaling variables while user action data were recorded. To demonstrate which aspects provide better interaction, experience, perception and memory, three different warning configurations (dynamic, static and smart) and two different levels of danger (low and high) were presented. To properly assess the impact of the experience, we conducted a survey about personality and knowledge before and after using the game. We proceeded with the qualitative approach by using questions in a bipolar laddering assessment that was compared with the recorded data during the game. The findings indicate that when users are engaged in VR, they tend to test the consequences of their actions rather than maintaining safety. The results also reveal that textual signal variables are not accessed when users are faced with the stress factor of time. Progress is needed in implementing new technologies for warnings and advance notifications to improve the evaluation of human behavior in virtual environments of high-risk surroundings.

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Assessment of Wheelchair Propulsion Performance in an Immersive Virtual Reality Simulator

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18158016 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (15) ◽

pp. 8016

Author(s):

Yu-Sheng Yang ◽

Alicia M. Koontz ◽

Yu-Hsuan Hsiao ◽

Cheng-Tang Pan ◽

Jyh-Jong Chang

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Spinal Cord Injuries ◽

Qualitative Interviews ◽

Real Life ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Wheelchair Propulsion ◽

Subjective Data ◽

Wheelchair Users ◽

Head Mounted Display ◽

Propulsion Performance

Maneuvering a wheelchair is an important necessity for the everyday life and social activities of people with a range of physical disabilities. However, in real life, wheelchair users face several common challenges: articulate steering, spatial relationships, and negotiating obstacles. Therefore, our research group has developed a head-mounted display (HMD)-based intuitive virtual reality (VR) stimulator for wheelchair propulsion. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of this VR stimulator for wheelchair propulsion performance. Twenty manual wheelchair users (16 men and 4 women) with spinal cord injuries ranging from T8 to L2 participated in this study. The differences in wheelchair propulsion kinematics between immersive and non-immersive VR environments were assessed using a 3D motion analysis system. Subjective data of the HMD-based intuitive VR stimulator were collected with a Presence Questionnaire and individual semi-structured interview at the end of the trial. Results indicated that propulsion performance was very similar in terms of start angle (p = 0.34), end angle (p = 0.46), stroke angle (p = 0.76), and shoulder movement (p = 0.66) between immersive and non-immersive VR environments. In the VR episode featuring an uphill journey, an increase in propulsion speed (p < 0.01) and cadence (p < 0.01) were found, as well as a greater trunk forward inclination (p = 0.01). Qualitative interviews showed that this VR simulator made an attractive, novel impression and therefore demonstrated the potential as a tool for stimulating training motivation. This HMD-based intuitive VR stimulator can be an effective resource to enhance wheelchair maneuverability experiences.

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Immersive virtual reality health games: a narrative review of game design

Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation ◽

10.1186/s12984-020-00801-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Gordon Tao ◽

Bernie Garrett ◽

Tarnia Taverner ◽

Elliott Cordingley ◽

Crystal Sun

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Physical Exercise ◽

Game Design ◽

Ad Hoc ◽

Narrative Review ◽

Therapeutic Interventions ◽

User Engagement ◽

Exercise Interventions ◽

Head Mounted Display ◽

Sufficient Detail

Abstract Background High quality head-mounted display based virtual reality (HMD-VR) has become widely available, spurring greater development of HMD-VR health games. As a behavior change approach, these applications use HMD-VR and game-based formats to support long-term engagement with therapeutic interventions. While the bulk of research to date has primarily focused on the therapeutic efficacy of particular HMD-VR health games, how developers and researchers incorporate best-practices in game design to achieve engaging experiences remains underexplored. This paper presents the findings of a narrative review exploring the trends and future directions of game design for HMD-VR health games. Methods We searched the literature on the intersection between HMD-VR, games, and health in databases including MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Compendex. We identified articles describing HMD-VR games designed specifically as health applications from 2015 onwards in English. HMD-VR health games were charted and tabulated according to technology, health context, outcomes, and user engagement in game design. Findings We identified 29 HMD-VR health games from 2015 to 2020, with the majority addressing health contexts related to physical exercise, motor rehabilitation, and pain. These games typically involved obstacle-based challenges and extrinsic reward systems to engage clients in interventions related to physical functioning and pain. Less common were games emphasizing narrative experiences and non-physical exercise interventions. However, discourse regarding game design was diverse and often lacked sufficient detail. Game experience was evaluated using primarily ad-hoc questionnaires. User engagement in the development of HMD-VR health games primarily manifested as user studies. Conclusion HMD-VR health games are promising tools for engaging clients in highly immersive experiences designed to address diverse health contexts. However, more in-depth and structured attention to how HMD-VR health games are designed as game experiences is needed. Future development of HMD-VR health games may also benefit from greater involvement of end-users in participatory approaches.

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Annoyance evaluation of noise emitted by urban substation

Journal of Low Frequency Noise Vibration and Active Control ◽

10.1177/14613484211014324 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 146134842110143

Author(s):

Li Jun ◽

Li Li ◽

Zhang Yongxiang ◽

Chu Zhigang ◽

Fan Xiaopeng

Keyword(s):

Regression Model ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Subjective Evaluation ◽

Noise Pollution ◽

Objective Evaluation ◽

Semantic Differential ◽

Differential Method ◽

Practical Application ◽

Noise Evaluation ◽

Objective And Subjective Evaluation

In China, noise pollution from substations in urban areas is becoming more and more serious. An annoyance evaluation of the noise emitted by urban substations is presented. First, the subjective evaluation is conducted on the noise samples from urban substations via the semantic differential method. Subsequently, according to the typical characteristics of urban substation noise, 14 acoustical metrics are used to describe the noise samples for objective evaluation. Then the correlation analysis and regression analysis between the objective and subjective evaluation results are carried out. Finally, a regression model for urban substation noise evaluation is established. Practical application shows that the regression model can correctly predict the subjective annoyance of urban substation noise.

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