Immersion positively effects learning in virtual reality games compared to equally interactive 2d games

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith Thompson ◽  
Cigdem Uz-Bilgin ◽  
M. Shane Tutwiler ◽  
Melat Anteneh ◽  
Josephine Camille Meija ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Interactive Media ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Content Assessment ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
Stereoscopic View ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Game Players ◽  
Immersive Media

Purpose This study isolates the effect of immersion on players’ learning in a virtual reality (VR)-based game about cellular biology by comparing two versions of the game with the same level of interactivityand different levels of immersion. The authors identify immersion and additional interactivity as two key affordances of VR as a learning tool. A number of research studies compare VR with two-dimensional or minimally interactive media; this study focuses on the effect of immersion as a result of the head mounted display (HMD). Design/methodology/approach In the game, players diagnose a cell by exploring a virtual cell and search for clues that indicate one of five possible types of cystic fibrosis. Fifty-one adults completed all aspects of the study. Players took pre and post assessments and drew pictures of cells and translation before and after the game. Players were randomly assigned to play the game with the HMD (stereoscopic view) or without the headset (non-stereoscopic view). Players were interviewed about their drawings and experiences at the end of the session. Findings Players in both groups improved in their knowledge of the cell environment and the process of translation. Players who experienced the immersive stereoscopic view had a more positive learning effect in the content assessment, and stronger improvement in their mental models of the process of translation between pre- and post-drawings compared to players who played the two-dimensional game. Originality/value This study suggests that immersion alone has a positive effect on conceptual understanding, especially in helping learners understand spatial environments and processes. These findings set the stage for a new wave of research on learning in immersive environments; research that moves beyond determining whether immersive media correlate with more learning, toward a focus on the types of learning outcomes that are best supported by immersive media.

scholarly journals Gamification and Hazard Communication in Virtual Reality: A Qualitative Study

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4663
Author(s):  
Janaina Cavalcanti ◽  
Victor Valls ◽  
Manuel Contero ◽  
David Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Training Environment ◽  
Hazard Communication ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
Compliance Behavior ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

An effective warning attracts attention, elicits knowledge, and enables compliance behavior. Game mechanics, which are directly linked to human desires, stand out as training, evaluation, and improvement tools. Immersive virtual reality (VR) facilitates training without risk to participants, evaluates the impact of an incorrect action/decision, and creates a smart training environment. The present study analyzes the user experience in a gamified virtual environment of risks using the HTC Vive head-mounted display. The game was developed in the Unreal game engine and consisted of a walk-through maze composed of evident dangers and different signaling variables while user action data were recorded. To demonstrate which aspects provide better interaction, experience, perception and memory, three different warning configurations (dynamic, static and smart) and two different levels of danger (low and high) were presented. To properly assess the impact of the experience, we conducted a survey about personality and knowledge before and after using the game. We proceeded with the qualitative approach by using questions in a bipolar laddering assessment that was compared with the recorded data during the game. The findings indicate that when users are engaged in VR, they tend to test the consequences of their actions rather than maintaining safety. The results also reveal that textual signal variables are not accessed when users are faced with the stress factor of time. Progress is needed in implementing new technologies for warnings and advance notifications to improve the evaluation of human behavior in virtual environments of high-risk surroundings.

scholarly journals Evaluation of FlowVR: a virtual reality game for improvement of depressive mood

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Bittner ◽  
Fariba Mostajeran ◽  
Frank Steinicke ◽  
Jürgen Gallinat ◽  
Simone Kühn
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Depressive Mood ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
The State ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Positive Affectivity ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Anxiety Depression

AbstractObjectiveThis study evaluated the efficacy of FlowVR, a virtual reality (VR) game designed to improve mood and reduce feelings of depression. The aim is to contribute to the question of whether and how VR could be used for depression therapy, as research in this area is quite rare.Method18 healthy participants (9 female; Mage = 25.9) underwent three conditions, playing FlowVR in VR with a head-mounted display, playing FlowVR on a tablet or reading a text on a tablet. For each condition, they were tested on a separate day at the same time of day within a two-week period. Before and after every condition participants completed the Becks Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), the state part of the State-Trait-Anxiety-Depression-Inventory (STADI(S)) and the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form (PANAS-X).ResultsWhile the participants showed only a reduction in acute anxiety in the control and the tablet conditions, they showed improved affectivity in all variables measured in the VR condition. In addition, VR had significantly better results than the control condition in improving positive affectivity, negative affectivity and acute feelings of depression. Using a less conservative statistical approach, these significant differences could also be found between the tablet and the VR condition. There were no significant differences between the tablet and the control condition.ConclusionThe results indicate that due to its immersive nature, VR can be used effectively to improve mood and temporarily reduce feelings of depression. Long-term effects of FlowVR on participants with depression must be investigated in consecutive research.

Lecture-based, virtual reality game-based and their combination: which is better for higher education?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirza Rayana Sanzana ◽  
Mostafa Osama Mostafa Abdulrazic ◽  
Jing Ying Wong ◽  
Kher Hui Ng ◽  
Shams Ghazy
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Knowledge Retention ◽  
Learning Gain ◽  
Pedagogical Tool ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Traditional Lectures ◽  
Methods Of Learning ◽  
Oil Rig

PurposeThis paper presents an educational virtual reality (VR) game and experiments with different methods of including it into the teaching process. The purpose of this research study is to discover if immersive VR games can be used as an effective pedagogical tool if blended with traditional lectures by assisting learning gain, memory and knowledge retention while increasing edutainment value.Design/methodology/approachThis research design comprises three different methods of learning: lecture-based involving lecture slides, infographics, and a video, game-based involving an immersive VR game of oil rig exploration, and the combination of lecture and game-based. Participants of each method filled up a questionnaire before and after participation to measure the learning gain, memory, and knowledge retention.FindingsFrom the predominant findings of the study, the combined method demonstrated a significant increase in learning gain, memory, and knowledge retention and maybe a potentially suitable pedagogical tool.Research limitations/implicationsLimitations of the study include findings based on one VR game with a specific educational topic, additionally, it is suspected that having different participants for each of the three methods may have slightly affected the results, albeit to a limited extent.Practical implicationsFindings of this study will provide evidence that VR games can be used alongside traditional lectures to aid in the learning process. Educators can choose to include VR games into their curriculums to improve the educational delivery process.Originality/valueThis research contributes to ways of incorporating VR games into educational curriculums through findings of this study highlighting the combination of VR games with lectures.

Comparison of visual fatigue caused by head-mounted display for virtual reality and two-dimensional display using objective and subjective evaluation

Ergonomics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 759-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masakazu Hirota ◽  
Hiroyuki Kanda ◽  
Takao Endo ◽  
Tomomitsu Miyoshi ◽  
Suguru Miyagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Visual Fatigue ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
Objective And Subjective Evaluation

scholarly journals Effects of prolonged use of virtual reality smartphone-based head-mounted display on visual parameters: a randomised controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeon Jeong Yoon ◽  
Hyun Sik Moon ◽  
Mi Sun Sung ◽  
Sang Woo Park ◽  
Hwan Heo
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Randomised Controlled Trial ◽  
Choroidal Thickness ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Subjective Symptoms ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Accommodative Lag ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Subjective Discomfort

AbstractWe investigated the effects of using a virtual reality smartphone-based head-mounted display (VR SHMD) device for 2 h on visual parameters. Fifty-eight healthy volunteers were recruited. The participants played games using VR SHMD or smartphones for 2 h on different days. Visual parameters including refraction, accommodation, convergence, stereopsis, and ocular alignment and measured choroidal thickness before and after the use of VR SHMD or smartphones were investigated. Subjective symptoms were assessed using questionnaires. We analyzed the differences in visual parameters before and after the use of VR SHMD or smartphones and correlations between baseline visual parameters and those after the use of the devices. Significant changes were observed in near-point convergence and accommodation, exophoric deviation, stereopsis, and accommodative lag after the use of VR SHMD but not after that of smartphones. The subjective discomfort associated with dry eye and neurologic symptoms were more severe in the VR group than in the smartphone group. There were no significant changes in refraction and choroidal thickness after the use of either of the two devices. The poorer the participants’ accommodation and convergence ability the greater the resistance to changes in these visual parameters, and participants with a large exophoria were more prone to worsening of exophoria than those with a small exophoria.

scholarly journals Cyber sickness in low-immersive, semi-immersive, and fully immersive virtual reality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergo Martirosov ◽  
Marek Bureš ◽  
Tomáš Zítka
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
Sense Of Presence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Immersive Environment ◽  
Grooved Pegboard Test

AbstractIt is known that virtual reality (VR) experience may cause cyber sickness. One aspect of VR is an immersion or otherwise sense of presence, the sense of feeling oneself in a virtual world. In this paper an experiment which was conducted in order to find the link between level of immersion and cyber sickness felt by participants is presented. Eighty-nine participants aged between 19 and 36 years have been equally divided into four groups with different level of VR immersion. The low-immersive group was represented by PC with monoscopic screen, the semi-immersive group was represented by CAVE with stereoscopic projector, the fully immersive group was represented by VR head-mounted display, and the last group was the control group without any kind of immersion. The task for the participants was to navigate through the maze for a specified amount of time (10 min). The Simulator Sickness Questionnaire was used as a subjective measure tool for cyber sickness level and Grooved Pegboard Test for assessing the fine dexterity, both before and after the experiment. Regarding the time spend in VR the fully immersive environment had the biggest problems as more than half of the participants had to stop before 10 min (p < 0.001). Concerning the cyber sickness, the significant increase in nausea score between pre-test and post-test scores has been observed in semi-immersive group (p = 0.0018) and fully immersive group (p < 0.0001). The increase in oculomotor score was smaller. The significant difference was noted only in fully immersive group (p = 0.0449). In spite of great nausea factor after the VR immersion the participants did not show a decrease of fine dexterity in any group (p < 0.001).

3D Virtual Environment Pada Stage Outdoor Evakuasi Simigapi

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
Agatha Maisie Tjandra
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Interactive Media ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Digital Learning ◽  
Media Design ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
3D Virtual Environment

SIMIGAPI merupakan simulasi digital pengenalan mitigasi gunung berapi yang diakses melalui media HDM (Head mounted display). Target penggunanya adalah anak-anak usia 7 sampai 11 tahun yang belajar mengenai mitigasi bencana gunung berapi menggunakan metode digital learning by doing. 3D virtual environment diciptakan sebagai tempat interaksi pada stage SIMIGAPI. Dalam menciptakan stage untuk simulasi virtual reality, diperlukan modeling 3D yang efektif dan efisien namun tetap menarik. Penggunaan teori mengenai virtual environment dan data mengenai peta area bencana sangat dibutuhkan sebagai dasar perancangan. Keywords : simulasi, 3D virtual environment, virtual reality, interactive media design

scholarly journals “Empathy machine”: how virtual reality affects human rights attitudes

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 1407-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mila Bujić ◽  
Mikko Salminen ◽  
Joseph Macey ◽  
Juho Hamari
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Statistical Inference ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Attitudinal Change ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Immersive Technology

PurposeThis study aims to investigate how media content consumed through immersive technology may evoke changes in human rights attitudes. It has been proposed that our inability to empathize with others could be overcome by stepping into another's shoes. “Immersive journalism” has been postulated as being able to place us into the shoes of those whose feelings and experiences are distant to us. While virtual reality (VR) and 360-degree news videos have become widely available, it remains unclear how the consumption of content through immersive journalism affects users' attitudes.Design/methodology/approachUtilizing a between-subject laboratory-controlled experiment (N = 87) this study examined participant scores on the Human Rights Questionnaire before and after consuming 360-degree video immersive journalism content via VR (n = 31), 2D (n = 29), and Article (n = 27) formats. Collected data were analysed using statistical inference.FindingsResults indicate that immersive journalism can elicit a positive attitudinal change in users, unlike an Article, with mobile VR having a more prominent effect than a 2D screen. Furthermore, this change is more strongly affected by users' higher Involvement in the content.Originality/valueThese findings are relevant for grasping the distinct effects novel and recently popularized technologies and media have on attitudinal change, as well as inform the current debate on the value of VR as “empathy machines”.

scholarly journals Short Term Effect of Virtual Reality on Eye Accommodative Ability

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
Mohd Zulfaezal Che Azemin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After ◽  
3D Movie ◽  
Harmful Effects

Virtual reality (VR) is a fast-growing technology in the world today. Many countries use virtual reality for many purposes such as education, military and entertainment. Despite the benefits of VR, harmful effects of VR on the users are still inconclusive. With only a few reliable studies that investigate the effect of virtual reality on the users especially on the eyes, yet still there are a lot more things we do not know about the effects of VR. The purpose of this study was to compare the amplitude of accommodation before and after watching 3-dimesional (3D) movie utilizing VR and notebook (control group). Thirty-two participants volunteered in this study and all participants underwent amplitude of accommodation (AA) test using Royal Army Force (RAF) rule before and after watching three-dimensional (3D) movie for 30 minutes using VR and two-dimensional (2D) movie by laptop. The amplitude of accommodation between pre- and post-watching 3D movie on VR was insignificantly changed (p= >0.05). The similar trend was also found after 30 minutes watching movie using laptop (p= >0.05). The utilization of VR and laptop for 30 minutes did insignificantly alter the eye accommodation.

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