On the Meaning of Occupational Status: Implications for Stratification Theory and Research

Background: Socioeconomic and demographic statuses are associated with adherence to the treatment of patients with several chronic diseases. However, there is a controversy regarding their impact on adherence among HIV/AIDS patients. Thus, we performed a systematic review of the evidence regarding the association of socioeconomic and demographic statuses with adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV/AIDS patients. Methods: The PubMed database was used to search and identify studies concerning about socioeconomic and demographic statuses and HIV/AIDS patients. Data were collected on the association between adherence to ART and varies determinants factors of socioeconomic (income, education, and employment/occupation) and socio-demographic (sex and age). Findings: From 393 potentially-relevant articles initially identified, 35 original studies were reviewed in detail, which contained data that were helpful in evaluating the association between socioeconomic/ demographic statuses and adherence to ART among HIV patients. Two original research study has specifically focused on the possible association between socioeconomic status and adherence to ART. Income, level of education, and employment/occupational status were significantly and positively associated with the level of adherence in 7 studies (36.8%), 7 studies (28.0%), and 4 studies (23.5%) respectively out of 19, 25, and 17 studies reviewed. Sex (being male), and age (per year increasing) were significantly and positively associated with the level of adherence in 5 studies (14.3%), and 9 studies (25.7%) respectively out of 35 studies reviewed. However, the determinant of socioeconomic and demographic statuses was not found to be significantly associated with adherence in studies related to income 9(47.4%), education 17(68.0%), employment/ occupational 10(58.8%), sex 27(77.1%), and age 25(71.4%). Conclusion: The majority of the reviewed studies reported that there is no association between socio- demographic and economic variables and adherence to therapy. Whereas, some studies show that age of HIV patients (per year increasing) and sex (being male) were positively associated with adherence to ART. Among socio-economic factors, the available evidence does not provide conclusive support for the existence of a clear association with adherence to ART among HIV patients. There seems to be a positive trend between socioeconomic factors and adherence to ART in some of the reviewed studies.

Download Full-text

Do Distributive and Procedural Justice Perceptions Matter for Public Employees?: Evaluating the Role of the Occupational Status and Organizational Culture

Korean Public Administration Quarterly ◽

10.21888/kpaq.2020.09.32.3.611 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 611-642

Author(s):

Sun-Young Pyo

Keyword(s):

Organizational Culture ◽

Procedural Justice ◽

Occupational Status ◽

Public Employees ◽

Justice Perceptions

Download Full-text

Sex, Schooling, and Occupational Status

American Journal of Sociology ◽

10.1086/227281 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 86 (3) ◽

pp. 551-583 ◽

Cited By ~ 197

Author(s):

William H. Sewell ◽

Robert M. Hauser ◽

Wendy C. Wolf

Keyword(s):

Occupational Status

Download Full-text

The functional impairment of different subtypes and occupational states in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder

BMC Psychiatry ◽

10.1186/s12888-021-03242-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xinyu Liu ◽

Xiaojuan Ma ◽

Wenchen Wang ◽

Jian Zhang ◽

Xia Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Social Functioning ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Verbal Learning ◽

Occupational Status ◽

Learning Performance ◽

Neurocognitive Functioning ◽

Type I ◽

Speed Of Processing ◽

Occupational Functioning

Abstract Background The aim was to explore the associations between clinical symptoms, demographic variables, social and neurocognitive functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder (BD) stratified by subgroups of DSM-IV BD (type I (BD-I) and type II (BD-II)) and occupational status (employed/unemployed), and to highlight the significance of occupational status when assessing social and neurocognitive functioning in euthymic BD patients. Methods A total of 81 euthymic BD patients were participated in the study. The severity of the depressive and manic/hypomanic symptoms was measured using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-17) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), respectively. Social functioning and neurocognitive functioning were evaluated by the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) and neurocognitive measures, respectively. Results Employed BD patients displayed greater social functioning (autonomy, occupational functioning, interpersonal relationship domain) and better verbal learning performance and speed of processing than unemployed BD patients. The correlation between neurocognitive functioning and social functioning was stronger in the employed group than in the unemployed group. There were no significant differences in neurocognitive and social functioning between the BD-I and BD-II groups, and the correlation between neurocognitive functioning and social functioning was similar between the BD-I and BD-II groups. Conclusion Employed BD patients may present greater occupational functioning and interpersonal relationships, as well as better verbal learning performance and speed of processing.

Download Full-text

Skilled Migrants in the Swedish Labour Market: An Analysis of Employment, Income and Occupational Status

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13063428 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 3428

Author(s):

Nahikari Irastorza ◽

Pieter Bevelander

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Occupational Status ◽

Division Of Labour ◽

Skilled Immigrants ◽

Highly Educated ◽

Highly Skilled Migrants ◽

Highly Skilled ◽

Integration Of Immigrants ◽

Employment Rates

In a globalised world with an increasing division of labour, the competition for highly skilled individuals—regardless of their origin—is growing, as is the value of such individuals for national economies. Yet the majority of studies analysing the economic integration of immigrants shows that those who are highly skilled also have substantial hurdles to overcome: their employment rates and salaries are lower and they face a higher education-to-occupation mismatch compared to highly skilled natives. This paper contributes to the paucity of studies on the employment patterns of highly skilled immigrants to Sweden by providing an overview of the socio-demographic characteristics, labour-market participation and occupational mobility of highly educated migrants in Sweden. Based on a statistical analysis of register data, we compare their employment rates, salaries and occupational skill level and mobility to those of immigrants with lower education and with natives. The descriptive analysis of the data shows that, while highly skilled immigrants perform better than those with a lower educational level, they never catch up with their native counterparts. Our regression analyses confirm these patterns for highly skilled migrants. Furthermore, we find that reasons for migration matter for highly skilled migrants’ employment outcomes, with labour migrants having better employment rates, income and qualification-matched employment than family reunion migrants and refugees.

Download Full-text

Changes in prolonged sedentary behaviour across the transition to retirement

Occupational and Environmental Medicine ◽

10.1136/oemed-2020-106532 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. oemed-2020-106532

Author(s):

Kristin Suorsa ◽

Anna Pulakka ◽

Tuija Leskinen ◽

Jaana Pentti ◽

Jussi Vahtera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sedentary Behaviour ◽

Sedentary Time ◽

Gradual Increase ◽

Occupational Status ◽

Retirement Transition ◽

Time Period ◽

Before And After ◽

Aging Study ◽

Transition To Retirement ◽

Daily Total

BackgroundProlonged sedentary behaviour is associated with a higher risk of cardiometabolic diseases. This longitudinal study examined changes in daily total, prolonged (≥30 min) and highly prolonged (≥60 min) sedentary time across the transition to retirement by gender and occupational status.MethodsWe included 689 aging workers (mean (SD) age before retirement 63.2 (1.6) years, 85% women) from the Finnish Retirement and Aging Study (FIREA). Sedentary time was measured annually using a wrist-worn triaxial ActiGraph accelerometer before and after retirement with on average 3.4 (range 2–4) measurement points.ResultsWomen increased daily total sedentary time by 22 min (95% CI 13 to 31), prolonged sedentary time by 34 min (95% CI 27 to 42) and highly prolonged sedentary time by 15 min (95% CI 11 to 20) in the transition to retirement, and remained at the higher level of sedentary time years after retirement. The highest increase in total and prolonged sedentary time was observed among women retiring from manual occupations. Men had more total and prolonged sedentary time compared with women before and after retirement. Although no changes in men’s sedentary time were observed during the retirement transition, there was a gradual increase of 33 min (95% CI 6 to 60) in prolonged sedentary time from pre-retirement years to post-retirement years.ConclusionThe transition to retirement was accompanied by an abrupt increase in prolonged sedentary time in women but a more gradual increase in men. The retirement transition may be a suitable time period for interventions aiming to decrease sedentary behaviour.

Download Full-text

Social inequality in parent–infant relations: Epidemiological study of community nurse records

Scandinavian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/1403494820983137 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 140349482098313

Author(s):

Bjørn E. Holstein ◽

Sofie Weber Pant ◽

Janni Ammitzbøll ◽

Trine Pagh Pedersen

Keyword(s):

Community Sample ◽

Occupational Status ◽

Home Visits ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Immigrant Parents ◽

First Year ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Parents And Children ◽

First Year Of Life

Background: Some studies suggest that favourable socioeconomic circumstances are associated with better parent–child relations but the documentation of such an association is limited and inconsistent. Few studies focused on infancy, few studies relied on objective measurement of parent–infant relations, and few studies included more than one measurement of parent–infant relations in the first year of life. Aims: To report the prevalence of objectively measured problems in parent–infant relations during the first year of life and to examine the association between socioeconomic circumstances and parent–infant relations in an unselected community sample of infants. Methods: Cross-sectional study of a community sample of children from birth to 10 months in 15 municipalities in Denmark, n = 11,765. The exposure variables were population register data about socioeconomic circumstances: (a) parents’ education, (b) family composition, (c) parents’ origin, and (d) parents’ occupational status. The outcome variable was the health visitor’s concerns about the parent–infant relation assessed at four home visits from birth to 10 months after delivery. Results: The proportion of children with concerns about the parent–infant relation was 10.5%, 7.8% at one home visit and 2.8% at two or more home visits. Logistic regression analyses showed that all four indicators of socioeconomic circumstances were associated with concerns about the parent–infant relation in the first year of life. Conclusions: The risk of problematic parent–infant relations were significantly elevated among, children of immigrant parents, and children of parents with shorter education and not in education or work.

Download Full-text

Health-Related Quality of Life among Cancer Survivors Depending on the Occupational Status

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18073803 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (7) ◽

pp. 3803

Author(s):

Kisook Kim ◽

Hyohyeon Yoon

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Cancer Survivors ◽

Occupational Status ◽

Influential Factors ◽

Health Related Quality ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Related Quality ◽

Health Related

The study aimed to identify and compare the factors affecting health-related quality of life (HRQoL) depending on the occupational status of cancer survivors. This study was a secondary data analysis from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2014 to 2018. Hierarchical multivariate linear regression was used to investigate the factors affecting the HRQoL of each group. Non-working cancer survivors had significantly lower HRQoL than working cancer survivors (p < 0.001). A hierarchical multiple regression model showed that demographic, health-related, and psychological characteristics explained 62.0% of non-working cancer survivors’ HRQoL (F = 4.29, p < 0.001). Among the input variables, health-related characteristics were the most influential factors (ΔR2 = 0.274, F = 9.84, p < 0.001). For working cancer survivors, health-related characteristics were the only variable that was statistically associated with HRQoL (F = 5.556, p < 0.001). It is important to enhance physical activities and manage the chronic disease to improve the HRQoL of working cancer survivors. Further, managing health-related characteristics, including depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation, is necessary for non-working cancer survivors. Regarding working survivors, psychological factors such as depressive symptoms and suicidal tendencies did not affect HRQoL. Therefore, an early and effective return to work program should be developed for the improvement of their HRQoL.

Download Full-text