Symbols and the culture of memory in Republika Srpska Krajina

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 893-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vjeran Pavlaković
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Process ◽  
World War Two ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Government ◽  
Republika Srpska

This article examines how rebel Serbs in Croatia reinterpreted narratives of World War Two to justify their uprising against the democratically elected Croatian government in 1990 and gain domestic and international legitimacy for the Republika Srpska Krajina (RSK) parastate. While scholars have written about the strategies nationalist elites used regarding controversial symbols and the rehabilitation of World War Two collaborators in Croatia and other Yugoslav successor states, the RSK's “culture of memory” has received little attention. Based on documents captured after the RSK's defeat in 1995, this article shows that it was not only the government of Franjo Tudjman that rejected the Partisan narratives of “Brotherhood and Unity,” but a parallel process took place among the leadership in the Krajina. Ultimately the decision to base the historical foundations of the Croatian Serbs’ political goals on a chauvinist and extremist interpretation of the past resulted in a criminalized entity that ended tragically for both Serbs and Croats living on the territory of the RSK.

Causes of Death

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Anderson ◽  
Corinne Roughley
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
World War Two ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Disease Mortality

The principal reported causes of death have changed dramatically since the 1860s, though changes in categorization of causes and improved diagnosis make it difficult to be precise about timings. Diseases particularly affecting children such as measles and whooping cough largely disappeared as killers by the 1950s. Deaths particularly linked to unclean environments and poor sanitary infrastructure also declined, though some can kill babies and the elderly even today. Pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchitis were eventually largely controlled. Reported cancer, stroke, and heart disease mortality showed upward trends well into the second half of the twentieth century, though some of this was linked to diagnostic improvement. Both fell in the last decades of our period, but Scotland still had among the highest rates in Western Europe. Deaths from accidents and drowning saw significant falls since World War Two but, especially in the past 25 years, suicide, and alcohol and drug-related deaths rose.

Beyond Realism

Renascence ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-19
Author(s):  
Maurizio Ascari ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Subject ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
World War Two ◽  
World War ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
Literary Character ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Human Condition

A complex and controversial novel, Atonement is at the core of a lively critical debate, opposing those who focus on the impossibility of Briony’s atonement – also in relation to the author’s atheist views – to those who conversely explore the redemptive quality of her “postlapsarian” painful self-fashioning. Far from concerning simply the destiny of a literary character, this debate has to do with the impact Postmodernist relativism has on both the conception of the human subject and the discourses of the past, from memory to history and fiction. Discarding any potentially nihilistic interpretations of Atonement as disempowering, this article delves into Ian McEwan’s multi-layered text in order to comprehend its ambivalences, its subtle investigation of the human condition, and its status as a postmemory novel reconnecting us to the events of World War Two.

Ideology and science: The story of Polish psychology in the communist period

2020 ◽  
pp. 095269512096550
Author(s):  
Leszek Koczanowicz ◽  
Iwona Koczanowicz-Dehnel
Keyword(s):  
World War Two ◽  
World War ◽  
Sociopolitical Change ◽  
Psychological Practice ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cult Of Personality ◽  
Psychology Courses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Frames

This article presents a fragment of the history of psychology in Poland, discussing its development in the years 1945–56, which saw sweeping political and geographical transformations. In that maelstrom of history, psychology was particularly affected by the effects of geopolitical changes, which led to its symbolic ‘arrest’ in 1952, when psychological practice was prohibited and all psychology courses were abolished at universities. Amnesty was declared only in 1956, with the demise of the so-called Stalinist ‘cult of personality’ and the onset of a turbulent period when the crimes of the Stalinist era were prosecuted. We have adopted three time frames for our description and analysis of this dramatic period in the development of psychology in Poland. ‘The past’ is a story about the flourishing of Polish psychology before World War Two and the hopes for the discipline’s restoration after the war. ‘The present’, as the core of this narrative, represents the events of 1950–56. ‘The future’ refers to the period when Stalinist abuses were prosecuted during the Thaw, following the collapse of the Stalinist dictatorship, and the resurgence of Polish psychologists’ hopes for resurrecting their discipline. In all these periods, the narrative is interwoven with the story of the Polish psychologist Mieczysław Kreutz, who offers a model example of the hypothesized dependence of scientific research on sociopolitical change.

Long-Run Convergence of Ethnic Skill Differentials: The Children and Grandchildren of the Great Migration

ILR Review ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
George J. Borjas
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Great Migration ◽  
World War Two ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Surveys ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Great Migration

This paper investigates whether the ethnic skill differentials introduced into the United States by the inflow of very dissimilar immigrant groups during the Great Migration of 1880–1910 have disappeared during the past century. An analysis of the 1910, 1940, and 1980 Censuses and the General Social Surveys reveals that those ethnic differentials have indeed narrowed, but that it might take four generations, or roughly 100 years, for them to disappear. The analysis also indicates that the economic mobility experienced by American-born blacks, especially since World War Two, resembles that of the white ethnic groups that made up the Great Migration.

scholarly journals A Precis on How Democracies Die as a Consequence of America’s, Failure of Government Working for the People while Serving the Interests of the Wealthy

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. p65
Author(s):  
Frederick D. Bedell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Government ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War Two ◽  
World War ◽  
The People ◽  
States Government ◽  
The Government

This precis speaks to the failure of the United States government to sustain the wealth of the middle-class after the post-World War Two years’, while serving the wealthiest Americans. It will document how the country has become polarized and fractured along ideological and cultural lines. This situation has created a segmentation of the country that has competing visions, purpose and meaning which is tearing it apart.It will also focus on the inequality in the country that has emerged from the Oligarchy’s domination of the political and free market space-government of the 1%, by the 1% AND FOR THE 1%. Their mantra is to keep the government out of business and have business in the government.

scholarly journals Neoliberalism 4.0: The Rise of Illiberal Capitalism Comment on "How Neoliberalism Is Shaping the Supply of Unhealthy Commodities and What This Means for NCD Prevention"

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Labonté
Keyword(s):  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
World War Two ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Liberal Philosophy ◽  
Income And Wealth Distribution

Neoliberal logic and institutional lethargy may well explain part of the reason why governments pay little attention to how their economic and development policies negatively affect health outcomes associated with the global diffusion of unhealthy commodities. In calling attention to this the authors encourage health advocates to consider strategies other than just regulation to curb both the supply and demand for these commodities, by better understanding how neoliberal logic suffuses institutional regimes, and how it might be coopted to alternative ends. The argument is compelling as possible mid-level reform, but it omits the history of the development of neoliberalism, from its founding in liberal philosophy and ethics in the transition from feudalism to capitalism, to its hegemonic rise in global economics over the past four decades. This rise was as much due to elites (the 1% and now 0.001%) wanting to reverse the progressive compression in income and wealth distribution during the first three decades that followed World War Two. Through three phases of neoliberal policy (structural adjustment, financialization, austerity) wealth ceased trickling downwards, and spiralled upwards. Citizen discontent with stagnating or declining livelihoods became the fuel for illiberal leaders to take power in many countries, heralding a new, autocratic and nationalistic form of neoliberalism. With climate crises mounting and ecological limits rendering mid-level reform of coopting the neoliberal logic to incentivize production of healthier commodities, health advocates need to consider more profound idea of how to tame or erode (increasingly predatory) capitalism itself

Die politische Säuberung der französischen Wirtschaftselite nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg

2010 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Barjot
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
World War Two ◽  
World War ◽  
Car Industry ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Two Sectors

AbstractHistoriography on the French post-World War Two economic purge has in the past been very limited. Recently, however, a radical change has occurred as a result of the intersection of two previously separate research fields: on the one hand economic and business life during the Occupation, and on the other hand, the purge of elites and other social groups. A conference addressing French Firms during the Occupation period paved the way for a synthesis round three axes: Firstly, it was necessary to estimate the effects of measures to seize illicit profits and to assess the impact of purges on business mobility after the War. Secondly, regional approaches could be used to define a French typology, which could then be compared to other occupied countries (Belgium for example) or occupying Nations (Germany). Thirdly, the study of branches, sectors and firms. Among these studies, two sectors have been privileged so far: the car industry as well as construction and civil engineering.

scholarly journals Natural Rights, Under-Specified Rights, and Bills of Rights

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-464
Author(s):  
Russell Hittinger
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Practical Purpose ◽  
Natural Rights ◽  
Constitutional History ◽  
World War Two ◽  
World War ◽  
Precise Nature ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
Case Basis

The lawers of antiquity defined justice as "giving to each what is his ius [due, right]": ius suum cuique tribuere. Until or unless someone can rightfully claim "that is owed to me [him, or them]" there is no issue of justice. For any practical purpose, the discourse of rights depends on our ability to recognize with some precision who owes what to whom. Bills and charters of rights typically enumerate things which the government owes to citizens or persons. Since World War Two, domestic and international declarations have emphasized obligations of states to recognize human or natural rights. However, these lists often include "rights" which are rather general and under-specified. Under-specified rights have two deleterious consequences for constitutionally limited governments. First, such "rights" inspire the belief that persons have rights prior to anyone knowing precisely what they are. Second, under-specified rights typically burden courts with the task of discovering on a case by case basis the precise nature of the right under dispute. Since bills or charters of rights aim to limit the government, we might doubt whether this purpose is really achieved when the government must specify the right on an ad hoc basis. These problems are investigated in light of U.S. constitutional history.

The War Prevention Policy of the United States

1928 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank B. Kellogg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Peace ◽  
Prevention Policy ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

It has been my privilege during the past few months to conduct on behalfof the Government of the United States negotiations having for their object the promotion of the great ideal of world peace. Popular and governmental interest in the realization of this ideal has never been greater than at the present time. Ever since the World War, which spelled death to so many millions of men, spread desolation over so much of the Continent of Europe and shocked and imperiled neutral as well as belligerent nations, the minds of statesmen and of their peoples have been more and more concerned with plans for preventing the recurrence of such a calamity.

scholarly journals Identity and War in Michael Ondaatje’s

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (-) ◽  
pp. 45-55
Author(s):  
Anamaria Enescu
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
The Novel ◽  
World War Two ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Construction Of Identity

Abstract This paper addresses the issue of identity in relation to war through a close reading of Michael Ondaatje’s The English Patient. It investigates the connections between war and the construction of identity, focusing on aspects such as violence and death. In his novel Ondaatje uncovers private histories alongside the framing events of World War Two. Kip’s perception of war and his way of living through it suggest that the engagement on the world’s battlefield is riddled with inner conflicts separating people or bringing them together. In The English Patient what is at issue is the quest for a redefinition of the self: Hanna, Kirpal Singh and Almásy attempt to liberate the self through an investigation of the past. Thus, the novel problematizes the convolutions of human interaction zooming in on ideas of movement and metamorphosis as thematized in the war plot, functioning as the fundamental mechanisms that shape identity.

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