Restricting Russians: language and immigration laws in Soviet Latvia, 1956–1959

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1082-1099
Author(s):  
Michael Loader
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Municipal Services ◽  
Housing Supply ◽  
Immigration Laws ◽  
Residency Restrictions ◽  
Language Competency ◽  
Language Law ◽  
The City

In 1956, a prominent faction within the leadership of Soviet Latvia, the Latvian national communists, launched two ambitious initiatives designed to redress perceived Stalinist Russification polices – a language law and residency restrictions. This article examines and evaluates these two policies and asks if they were part of a “Latvianization” program that deliberately targeted Russians for denial of residency permits and required Russians to gain Latvian-language competency within a two-year timeframe or face the threat of dismissal. In an effort to restore the primacy of the Latvian language, the national communists created a law enforcing knowledge of Latvian and Russian for Communist Party and government functionaries and service sector personnel. Using the Soviet legal system, the national communists also attempted to halt the influx of predominantly Slavic immigration to the Latvian capital, Riga. By instituting passport restrictions on settling in the city, the national communists sought to limit Slavic migration in order to maintain Riga's Latvian character and reduce pressure on the city's housing supply and municipal services. Existing studies deem passport restrictions in other Soviet cities a failure. The author argues, however, that the national communists’ scheme was generally successful, dramatically curbing migration to Riga during its operation.

THE ONOMASTIC SPACE OF IRKUTSK

2020 ◽  
pp. 164-170
Author(s):  
V.I. Semenova
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Population Migration ◽  
Cultural Space ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Spatial Coordinates ◽  
Market Relations ◽  
The City

In the post-Soviet era, the onomastic space of Irkutsk noticeably changed. First, changes are found in ergonymy. The transition of the Russian economy to market relations caused the emergence of many new commercial enterprises, which receive their own names. The process of ergonymy development is seriously affected by international population migration. Most migrants work in the service sector and often give their enterprises names associated with their homeland or reflecting national peculiarities. In the linguistic and cultural space of the city, more and more ethnic names appear. These names are included in the system of urban spatial coordinates, significantly changing the composition of ergonyms. ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ:

Tubal, Shylock, and the Myth of Venice

Pólemos ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-428
Author(s):  
Peter D. Usher
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Merchant Of Venice ◽  
The Merchant Of Venice ◽  
The City

Abstract In Shakespeare’s comedy The Merchant of Venice, Tubal’s chief function seems to be to furnish cash for Shylock’s loan to Antonio. However, I argue that when Shylock approaches Tubal for money, Tubal does not confront Shylock but vows instead to establish conditions by which to convict the moneylender of intent to harm Antonio. For this to work, Tubal needs the connivance of the Duke, which gainsays one component of the myth of Venice that holds that the city-state’s legal system is above reproach.

scholarly journals Islamisasi di Kota Surakarta dan Sekitarnya Masa Orde Baru: Sebuah Tinjauan Awal

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Adif Fahrizal
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
New Order ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Communist Ideology ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The City

This article discusses the spread of Islam in the city and the neighborhood of Surakarta, Central Java during the New Order period. The spread of Islam took place through massive Islamic religious activities, such as mass prayer. In addition, the expansion of the number of mosques and mushola (Islamic praying sites) indicates a massive expansion of the influence of Islam in the region. Based on data from newspapers and interviews with relevant informants of the time, this article found out that the spread of Islam in Surakarta was a political agenda set up by the New Order government in order to counter the remnants of Communist ideology, which was withheld by sympathizers of the then Indonesian Communist Party. This article concludes that the massive spread of Islam shaped Surakarta, which had been known as the center of syncretic Javanese culture, to become religious and the government’s fear of Communism could be reduced. However, the process also made a sharp dichotomy between Islamist-based and Javanese-based identity of the city.

scholarly journals The impact of service quality on the viability of start-up businesses

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 518-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeleke Worku
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Predictor Variables ◽  
Municipal Services ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

A 3-year long survey was conducted in the Tshwane geographical region of Gauteng Province in South Africa in order to identify and quantify key predictors of adequate municipal services that are routinely provided to customers who operate newly established small businesses in the City of Tshwane, Pretoria, South Africa. Data was collected by using a structured, pre-tested and validated questionnaire of study from a stratified random sample of size 1, 058 small businesses. The key objective of study was to assess the relationship between viability in small businesses and the provision of quality municipal services by the City of Tshwane. The study was conducted against the background of a high failure rate among newly established small businesses in the City of Tshwane. The study was conducted over a 3-year period (2012 to 2014). Data was collected monthly during the three-year period of study on socioeconomic variables that are known to affect the perception of business operators on the quality of municipal services to business operators and the general public. Statistical procedures such as cross-tab analyses, panel data analysis, Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms and Bayesian methods were used for estimating parameters. The study showed that there was a significant association between positive perception of business operators on the quality of municipal services provided to them and viability of businesses. The results showed that 87% of viable businesses were satisfied with the quality of routine municipal services that were provided to them by the City of Tshwane. The corresponding figure for non-viable businesses was only 14%. The viability of businesses was significantly influenced by 3 predictor variables. These predictor variables were: lack of capacity for fulfilling the business and entrepreneurial needs of newly established businesses [Hazard Ratio = 3.58; P=0.000; 95% C. I. = (1.45, 5.46)], inappropriate policy [Hazard Ratio = 3.19; P=0.000; 95% C. I. = (1.39, 5.28)], and lack of tailor made training programmes directed at newly established small businesses [Hazard Ratio = 2.89; P=0.000; 95% C. I. = (1.24, 4.77)], in a decreasing order of strength. Similar findings were obtained from the analyses of in-depth interviews.

scholarly journals Wild orchids of Tyumen and challenges, related to their preservation

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 00053
Author(s):  
Mariya Kazantseva ◽  
Sergei Artyomenko
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Municipal Services ◽  
Public Gardens ◽  
The Family ◽  
Forest Belts ◽  
Epipactis Helleborine ◽  
The City

There are 11 plant species of the Orchidaceae family in the city area of Tyumen; eight of them are protected in the Tyumen region, one species is included in the Red Book of Russia. Representatives of the family are found in the urban forest complex, roadside forest belts, on lawns and in public gardens of the central part of the city. Most species are represented locally by single specimens or small groups; three species – Epipactis helleborine, Platanthera bifolia and Neottianthe cucullata can form large complete coenopopulations. The main anthropogenous factors negatively affecting the condition of orchids in the city are: reconstruction of roads and plantations, regular mowing of grass in the habitats of plants. The protection of species requires coordinated efforts of municipal services for the improvement of urban areas and environmental organizations.

scholarly journals STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OF RESTAURANT BUSINESS VINNYTSIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Uliya STAVSKA
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Core Competencies ◽  
Service Economy ◽  
Territorial Development ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
Project Approach ◽  
Local Budget ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Combined Strategy ◽  
The City

The article provides an essential description of the concept of «service economy», defines its difference from the «industrial economy». Approaches to the definition of the term «restaurant business» are considered. Taking into account the specifics of the restaurant business, it is proposed to use the concept of «service landscape», which provides comfort of the institution, convenience of its location, perfection of interior, quality of service, implementation and use of innovative technologies of restaurant business. During the study, the algorithm and methodological basis for choosing a strategy for the development of the service economy sector of the region - restaurant business, based on identifying its prospects and attractiveness and allow on a systematic basis to link the prerequisites and conditions of enterprise development with restaurant product differentiation. As a result of the morphological analysis, the restaurants of the city of Vinnytsia were identified by the type of competitive behavior. This allowed to develop a combined strategy for the development of the city's restaurant business, which is based on the formation of compatibility of key market competencies with the core competencies of the restaurant business. The study the consequences of the strategy for the development of the restaurant business in Vinnytsia, which will improve the tourist infrastructure of the city, increase the number of employees in the service sector and, accordingly, tax revenues to the local budget, as well as improve cultural leisure opportunities for residents and guests. The combination of realization of the project-target approach of development of restaurant business with program-target methods of management of territorial development is substantiated. Projects for the development of the restaurant business have been developed in two directions: projects for the differentiation of the restaurant product and projects for strengthening the service landscape, focused on the development of a culture of restaurant service and innovative ways of serving customers. It is established that the implementation of the developed combined strategy for the development of the restaurant business in Vinnytsia with the use of a project approach will increase the share of turnover of the restaurant business and achieve a number of positive socio-economic results.

Imperial Women of Rome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary T. Boatwright
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
The State ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Imperial Cult ◽  
Genealogical Trees ◽  
Imperial Power ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Family Ideology

This book explores the constraints and opportunities of the women in the Roman emperor’s family from 35 BCE, when Octavia and Livia received unprecedented privileges from the state, to 235 CE, when Julia Mamaea was assassinated with her son Severus Alexander. Historical vignettes feature Agrippina the Younger, Domitia Longina, and some others as the book analyzes the history of Rome’s most eminent women in legal, religious, military, and other key settings of the principate. It also examines the women’s exemplarity through imaging as well as their presence in the city of Rome and in the empire. Evidence comes from coins, inscriptions, papyri, sculpture, and law codes as well as ancient authors. Numerous illustrations, maps, genealogical trees, and detailed tables and appendices complement the text. The whole reveals imperial women’s fluctuating but persistent marginalization and lack of agency despite their potential, even as it elucidates Rome’s imperial power, legal system, family ideology, religion and imperial cult, court, capital city, and military customs.

Z pragmatyki działalności instruktorów szkolenia ideologicznego nauczycieli u schyłku okresu stalinowskiego na przykładzie miasta Tarnowa i powiatu tarnowskiego

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 32-46
Author(s):  
Paweł Juśko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Organization Management ◽  
Teachers Union ◽  
Socialist State ◽  
Important Link ◽  
Teaching Community ◽  
The City ◽  
New Curricula

The article concerns the organization of mass ideological training of teachers in People's Poland in the years 1949-1956. It includes a section related to the activity of poviat ideological training instructors of teachers who were an extremely important link in this process, carried out by the Polish Teachers' Union. The study focuses on the practical side of their activity, consisting primarily in the organization, management and supervision of the work of ideological training teams in schools. This topic is presented based on the example of the activities of the instructors of the city of Tarnów and the Tarnów poviat, at the end of the Stalinist period in the Polish People's Republic. The aim of mass ideological training was to indoctrinate the teaching community so that teachers were ready to implement new curricula, became familiar with the new terminology of philosophy, sociology and political economy, as well as pedagogical sciences based on Marxism-Leninism. Thus, they were to contribute to building a socialist state, in line with the expectations of the communist party.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Sektor Pariwisata Terhadap Perekonomian dan Keruangan Kota Bukittinggi (Pendekatan Analisis Input Output)

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 347
Author(s):  
Desi Arianti
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Power Index ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Investment Spending ◽  
The City

Bukittinggi city is one of the city located in the province of West Sumatra . Although it does not have the potential of natural resources that can be exploited , Bukittinggi has another potential, which is a beautiful natural conditions, the air is cool, has a historic heritage places, and is located in a strategic position potentially make this city as tourists visiting the area. Because of the potential of the tourism sector serve as a leading sector in the city of Bukittinggi, which is expected to be the main driver of the city economy. This research was conducted with input-output analysis approach, to examine how the influence of the tourism sector and linkages with other sectors of the economy of the town of Bukittinggi. Moreover it will be seen also how the spatial effect of the tourism sector on the pattern and structure of urban space Bukittinggi. The influence of the tourism sector to the economy of Bukittinggi shows the role of the tourism sector to the total demand is 40.86% when grouped into the business field of agriculture and mining sector, industrial sector, tourism sector and the service sector. Linkages with other sectors of the tourism sector seen from the spread of the power index and the degree of sensitivity, all sectors related to tourism activities have spread of power index > 1. But the degree of sensitivity index > 1 only occurs in large & retail trade sector and the transport, while the hotel secto, restaurants and entertainment and recreation has index < 1. Multiplier effect of all relevant sectors of tourism activities have a relatively large effect on both the output multiplier effects, household income and employment. Application of financial input scenarios, showing the influence of the tourism sector on the economy will be larger Bukittinggi if allocated greater financial inputs to the sectors of tourism, both in the form of government spending and investment spending. The existence of attractions around the city center has affected the structure of the city, where the activity and tourism-related businesses keen to be located closer to attractions. However, the pattern of urban development to the east, north and south of the city is more influenced by the presence of the road network.

Lyric and the Service Sector

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper Bernes
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Service Work ◽  
The City

O’Hara’s “I do this, I do that” poems detail the poet’s movements through the city during periods of leisure. In this chapter, Bernes argues that such leisure periods are usually, implicitly or explicitly, circumscribed by periods of work. This is especially true in Lunch Poems, where the conceit of the book is that many of the poems were written during his “lunch hour.” O’Hara’s lunch-hour pastorals are not so much opposed to the workday and its unfree time of getting things done as they are a space for an alternative kind of work. This chapter proposes that we see O’Hara as poet of service work as much as poet of consumption, reorienting ourselves to the presence of labor (his own and others’) within the poems. In particular, Bernes argues, O’Hara adapts the resources of the lyric poem to the transactional space of service work.

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