An Input-Output Study of Labor Productivity in the U.S. Economy, 1947–72

1986 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo M. Ochoa
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Input Output ◽  
The U.S

PERBEDAAN TEKNOLOGI PRODUKSI: IMPLIKASI PADA KONTEN FAKTOR PERDAGANGAN INDONESIA-AMERIKA SERIKAT

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-228
Author(s):  
Berlian Sitorus
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Production Technology ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The United States ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Factor Content ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Capital Intensive ◽  
The U.S

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan teknologi produksi antara Amerika Serikat (AS) dan Indonesia, khususnya untuk mengestimasi intensitas faktor produksi pada perdagangan bilateral kedua negara berdasarkan persyaratan Leamer (1980). Model penelitian mengacu pada definisi konten faktor perdagangan dari Trefler & Zhu (2010) berdasarkan data World Input-Output Database (WIOD) yang diuji dengan asumsi teknologi sama dan pada saat teknologi berbeda. Dalam konten faktor perdagangan bilateral, upah pekerja AS 16 kali upah pekerja Indonesia, namun secara total, rata-rata akses modal tenaga kerja AS 23 kali rata-rata akses modal tenaga kerja Indonesia dan nilai tambah dari tenaga kerja di AS 35 kali lebih tinggi dibanding di Indonesia. Dengan memperhitungkan produktivitas faktor produksi berdasarkan nilai tambah tersebut, ternyata Indonesia padat modal dan AS padat karya; dan disimpulkan juga bahwa teknologi produksi yang digunakan di AS berbeda dengan di Indonesia. Selama 2000-2009, sebagian besar, yaitu sekitar 84,57% dari 35 sektor produksi yang diamati adalah padat modal. Untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tenaga kerja, penelitian ini merekomendasikan agar modal dan teknologi yang baru diprioritaskan ke sektor-sektor yang masih rendah produktivitasnya seperti sektor pertanian sehingga pada gilirannya akan menambah volume dan nilai tambah ekspor Indonesia. This study aims to compare the production technology between the United States and Indonesia, especially to estimate the factor intensity of production on bilateral trade based on the Leamer’s requirements (1980). The research model refers to the definition of trade factor content of trade of Trefler and Zhu (2010) based on data from the World Input-Output Database (WIOD). The model was tested based on two technology assumptions, similar technology and different technology. On the bilateral trade factor content, the labor prices of the U.S. was 16 times than Indonesian; however in overall, the average of capital access per labor of the U.S. was 23 times than Indonesian and the labor productivity in the U.S. was 35 times higher than in Indonesia. By accounting the production factors productivity based on value-added in exportimport of goods and services, Indonesia is capital intensive and the U.S. is labor intensive; and the production technology used in the U.S. is unlike that one used in Indonesia. In the period of 2000-2009, the production sectors, which are classified as capital intensive are around 84.57 percent. To increase labor productivity, the study recommends that the new capital stocks and technology should be prioritized to the sectors that are still low in productivity such as agriculture, which in turn will increase the volume and exports value-added of Indonesia.

scholarly journals Does wage reflect labor productivity? A comparison between Brazil and the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEXANDRE GORI MAIA ◽  
ARTHUR SAKAMOTO
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Wage Differentials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
Economic Cycles ◽  
Productivity Differentials ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT The study compares the relationship between wages and labor productivity for different categories of workers in Brazil and in the U.S. Analyses highlight to what extent the equilibrium between wages and productivity is related to the degree of economic development. Wages in the U.S. has shown to be more attached to labor productivity, while Brazil has experienced several economic cycles were average earnings grew initially much faster than labor productivity, suddenly falling down in the subsequent years. Analyses also stress how wage differentials, in fact, match productivity differentials for certain occupational groups, while for others they do not.

scholarly journals Physical and Monetary Methods for Estimating the Hidden Trade of Materials

Resources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Wei-Qiang Chen ◽  
Zi-Jie Ma ◽  
Stefan Pauliuk ◽  
Tao Wang
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Physical Method ◽  
Time Cost ◽  
Standard International Trade Classification ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Trade Data ◽  
Aluminum Iron ◽  
Trade Classification ◽  
End Use ◽  
The U.S

The hidden trade of a material (e.g., aluminum) refers to the trade of that material embedded in final products (e.g., automobiles). There are two methods for estimating the hidden trade amount of materials: (1) the physical method relies on the physical trade data (measured by physical units) in which products are categorized according to the standard international trade classification codes or the harmonized system codes; and (2) the monetary method relies on the monetary trade data (measured by monetary units) in which products are categorized in accordance to the sectors of an input–output (IO) table. Information on material concentrations in products can be relatively quickly estimated by an IO-based model in the monetary method, but will have to be collected from various sources with intensive time cost in the physical method. Exemplified by the U.S. hidden trade of aluminum, iron, and copper in 2007, this study attempts to compare the two methods. We find that, despite the unavoidable but reasonable differences in the amounts of three metals trade, the results generated by the two methods are consistent with each other pretty well for final products at the level of end-use product groups (e.g., total transportation facilities). However, the comparison for specific products (e.g., automobiles) is challenging or does not generate consistent enough results. We suggest that similar estimations be done for more materials, more countries/territories, and different years, to gain experience, reduce estimation time and costs, and increase the knowledge base on metal flows in society.

scholarly journals Developing Regional Input-Output Models from the U.N. Format Adopted by the U.S. In the New 1972 Input-Output Model: Comment

1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-165
Author(s):  
Mark Henry
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Algebraic Error ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Made In

In a recent article in this journal, DiPietre, Walker, and Martella presented the derivation of the Total Requirements Tables for the 1972 U.S. input-output study. As this same derivation is available from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, it is unfortunate that the article contains a minor algebraic error.The error is made in the derivation of equation 7 in the article and is carried through equations 8 and 9.

scholarly journals Labor Productivity of Services Sector in Malaysia: Analysis Using Input-output Approach

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Sahar Sauian ◽  
Norbaizura Kamarudin ◽  
Ruzanita Mat Rani
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Services Sector

scholarly journals Outcome of capital investment on labor productivity in agriculture sector of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-25
Author(s):  
Viktoriya Onegina ◽  
Nikolay Megits ◽  
Vitalina Antoshchenkova ◽  
Oleksandr Boblovskyi
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Fixed Capital ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Machinery Export ◽  
The U.S

Ukraine's agricultural sector accounts for 17% of the country's GDP and is continuously growing. For six consecutive years (2013-2018), Ukraine harvested over 60 million tons of grain annually, and 2018 export of ag commodities reached $18.6 billion. (State, 2020).  The anticipated land reform envisions lifting the moratorium on the agricultural land sale, which should encourage capital investments in ag.  The article analyzes the trends of investment opportunities in the Ukrainian ag sector for the last decade. The regression analysis of labor productivity with variables of fixed capital-worker ratio and yield of grain confirmed that the function of labor productivity depended on the value of fixed capital per worker.  As the U.S. investment in ag machinery export to Ukraine plays a significant role, we evaluated its effect on the current level of labor productivity in the Ukrainian agribusiness, comparing it with the U.S. farming outcome.

scholarly journals HAVE IMPORTED PRODUCER SERVICES IMPROVED MANUFACTURING IN SHANGHAI?

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Ling Yang ◽  
Jack W. Hou
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Financial Service ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Producer Services ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Lofty Goal ◽  
The U.S

Imported producer services play a vital role in the continued development of the industrialized economies. Countries like the U.S., UK, Japan, Germany, etc., utilize imported scientific research to help domestic manufacturing. Most developing nations are in the early stages of adopting this strategy, China is no exception. Among the four mega metropolitans (Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Chongqing) in China, Shanghai is the most advanced in the area of producer services; however, still lacking significantly behind Hong Kong and Singapore. The objective of this study is to examine whether imported producer services have been able to improve the manufacturing in Shanghai. We employ the input-output method to measure the effects of imported producer services on Shanghai manufacturing. Our findings are disappointing. Though Shanghai’s imported producer services continue to rise, the high-end knowledge-based producer services are severely lacking; and, to make matters worse, the trend is downwards and thus the gap with its advanced neighboring economies is ever widening. If Shanghai is to achieve the lofty goal of becoming an international financial service hub, there remains much work to be done. The Shanghai government, indeed the Chinese government, needs to take more conservative actions towards achieving this objective rather than just to pay lip service.

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