The predictability of implicit causes: testing frequency and topicality explanations

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Denmark has pursued a mass testing strategy culminating in the testing of 12.167 individuals per 100,000 inhabitants per day during the spring of 2021. The strategy included free access to COVID-19 testing, and since 2021, compulsory documentation for negative tests or vaccination has been required for access to workplace, educational institutions, restaurants, and many other places. Testing and subsequent isolation if testing was positive were voluntary. The present study provides an analysis of whether testing frequency in Denmark showed any correlation to hospitalizations throughout the relevant stages of the pandemic. Mass testing was found not to correlate significantly with the number of hospitalizations during the pandemic. Interestingly, during the highest level of testing in spring 2021 the fraction of positive tests increased slightly; thus, the Danish mass testing strategy, at its best, failed to reduce the prevalence of COVID-19. Furthermore, the relationship between positives in antigen testing and in rt-PCR testing indicated that many patients were not tested early in their infection when the risk of transmission was at the highest. In conclusion, the Danish mass testing strategy for COVID-19 does not appear to have a detectable correlation to the number of hospitalizations due to COVID-19.

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Estimating the effectiveness of routine asymptomatic PCR testing at different frequencies for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infections

10.1101/2020.11.24.20229948 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Joel Hellewell ◽

Timothy W. Russell ◽

Rupert Beale ◽

Gavin Kelly ◽

Catherine Houlihan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vulnerable Populations ◽

Research Unit ◽

Asymptomatic Infection ◽

Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Symptomatic Infection ◽

Testing Frequency ◽

Peak Sensitivity ◽

Pcr Test ◽

Over Time

AbstractBackgroundRoutine asymptomatic testing using RT-PCR of people who interact with vulnerable populations, such as medical staff in hospitals or care workers in care homes, has been employed to help prevent outbreaks among vulnerable populations. Although the peak sensitivity of RT-PCR can be high, the probability of detecting an infection will vary throughout the course of an infection. The effectiveness of routine asymptomatic testing will therefore depend on testing frequency and how PCR detection varies over time.MethodsWe fitted a Bayesian statistical model to a dataset of twice weekly PCR tests of UK healthcare workers performed by self-administered nasopharyngeal swab, regardless of symptoms. We jointly estimated times of infection and the probability of a positive PCR test over time following infection, we then compared asymptomatic testing strategies by calculating the probability that a symptomatic infection is detected before symptom onset and the probability that an asymptomatic infection is detected within 7 days of infection.FindingsWe estimated that the probability that the PCR test detected infection peaked at 77% (54 - 88%) 4 days after infection, decreasing to 50% (38 - 65%) by 10 days after infection. Our results suggest a substantially higher probability of detecting infections 1–3 days after infection than previously published estimates. We estimated that testing every other day would detect 57% (33-76%) of symptomatic cases prior to onset and 94% (75-99%) of asymptomatic cases within 7 days if test results were returned within a day.InterpretationOur results suggest that routine asymptomatic testing can enable detection of a high proportion of infected individuals early in their infection, provided that the testing is frequent and the time from testing to notification of results is sufficiently fast.FundingWellcome Trust, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit, Medical Research Council (UKRI)

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INFLUENCE OF LEPTIN (LEP) GENE POLYMORPHISM ON DAIRY AND MEAT PRODUCTIVITY OF HOLSTEIN HEIFERS

Scientific Notes Kazan Bauman State Academy of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.31588/2413-4201-1883-245-1-24-28 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 245 (1) ◽

pp. 24-28

Author(s):

E.R. Gaynutdinova ◽

◽

N.Yu. Safina ◽

Sh.K. Shakirov ◽

M.I. Varlamova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Polymorphism ◽

Holstein Cows ◽

Holstein Cattle ◽

Frequency Of Occurrence ◽

Dna Testing ◽

Economic Traits ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Testing Frequency ◽

Lep Gene ◽

Meat Productivity

The aim of this study was to research the association between leptin gene polymorphism in Holstein cows with their dairy and meat traits of productivity. To conduct DNA testing on the LEP gene blood samples were selected from 228 Holstein heifers. Animal genotyping according to the leptin gene was performed by AC-PCR. All possible genotypes of the LEP gene were identified in the course of DNA testing. Frequency of occurrence of genotypes and alleles was ranked as fol-lows: CC – 32.5 %, TC – 49.1 %, TT – 18.4 % and C – 0.57, T – 0.43. The results of this study show that animals with genotype TT of LEP gene can be useful in breeding for the improvement of population of Holstein cattle by economic traits associated to the dairy and meat productivity. This research was supported by the FASO Russia project АААА-А18-118031390148-1.

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Fitness Testing Frequency Differs Between Sexes And Across Sports In A Division 1 Athletics Program

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/01.mss.0000759192.84771.53 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 53 (8S) ◽

pp. 15-15

Author(s):

Thoren T. Bradley ◽

Alexus S. Green ◽

Genevieve K. Humphrey ◽

Alexia E. Amo ◽

J. Mark VanNess ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fitness Testing ◽

Testing Frequency ◽

Division 1

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A cross-sectional study of low HIV testing frequency and high-risk behaviour among men who have sex with men and transgender women in Lima, Peru

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-015-1730-5 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Sky W Lee ◽

Robert G Deiss ◽

Eddy R Segura ◽

Jesse L Clark ◽

Jordan E Lake ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Hiv Testing ◽

Risk Behaviour ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Transgender Women ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Testing Frequency ◽

High Risk Behaviour ◽

Sex With Men

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Nondestructive Evaluation for Duplex Stainless Steel Tube Using Multi-Frequencies Remote Field Testing

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.633 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 659 ◽

pp. 633-637

Author(s):

Cherdpong Jomdecha ◽

Isaratat Phung-On ◽

Kasemsak Sritarathorn

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Duplex Stainless Steel ◽

Eddy Current ◽

Field Testing ◽

Steel Tube ◽

Stainless Steel Tube ◽

Frequency Range ◽

Testing Frequency ◽

Wall Loss ◽

Different Depths

This paper presents the determination of Remote Field Testing (RFT) frequencies to accomplish the inspection of duplex stainless steel tubes grade ASME/ASTM SA 789. The tube specimen was 25.4 mm of outside diameter, and thickness of 1.65 mm with the different artificial flaws. A dual-pickup coils type of RFT probe was employed to inspect the specimen by inserting a probe within the tube. Optimum of testing frequency Range was determined based on an eddy current through transmission generation to produce different magnetic field density. RFT inspection frequency range for duplex stainless steel was consequently determined from 5 to 25 kHz which was different than those inspection frequencies of general ferromagnetic steel tube. In the experiment, calculated frequencies were then generated to the Eddy current (ET) and RFT probes for detecting the flaws of the tube specimen. The inspection signals were specifically shown in function of impedance plane to identify the flaw characters. The results showed that the RFT can be utilized to quantify the wall loss levels of duplex stainless-steel tube better than the ET. Especially, phase angle of inspection signals can be used to evaluate the different depths of the wall losses. Sensitivity of RFT showed the detection performance at minimum 20% of tube wall loss.

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Factors related to HIV testing frequency in MSM based on the 2011–2018 survey in Tianjin, China: a hint for risk reduction strategy

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11948-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zhongquan Liu ◽

Yang Chen ◽

Tingting Yao ◽

Tiantian Zhang ◽

Desheng Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hiv Testing ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Snowball Sampling ◽

Logistic Analysis ◽

Testing Frequency ◽

Ordinal Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Young Msm ◽

Sex With Men ◽

Low Educated ◽

Hiv Aids

Abstracts Background In recent years, HIV testing has become one of the effective strategies to reduce the risk of the infection. Frequent quarterly HIV testing can be cost effective. Therefore, an in-depth study of factors related to the testing behavior of men who have sex with men (MSM) were analyzed to optimize intervention strategies. Methods From March 2011 to October 2018, the project was implemented in a Tianjin (China) bathhouse, and 5165 MSM were surveyed using snowball sampling. Factors related to HIV testing behavior were analyzed by ordinal logistic regression analysis after grouping according to testing frequency, and comprehensive analysis was performed. Results The multivariate logistic analysis showed that 6 variables including young MSM (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.49–0.92, p = 0.01), low-educated MSM (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.48–0.77, p < 0.0001), low HIV/AIDS knowledge (95% CI: 0.57–0.83, p < 0.0001), marital status (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.07–1.57, p = 0.007), acceptance of condom promotion and distribution (OR = 14.52, 95% CI: 12.04–17.51, p < 0.0001), and frequency of condom use (p < 0.05) could link to HIV testing behaviors. Conclusions In order to achieve the 95–95-95 goal, target publicity, HIV/AIDS education and promotion of HIV self-testing kits should be carried out to encourage frequent HIV testing among MSM who are young (especially students), married to women, poorly educated and who are reluctant to always use condoms.

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